Unyolo nyukiliya anachita. Zikhalidwe za nyukiliya unyolo anachita

Chiphunzitso cha relativity limanena kuti misa - ndi mtundu wapadera wa mphamvu. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti n'zotheka kuti atembenuke misa mu mphamvu ndi mphamvu mu misa. Pa mlingo intraatomic, maganizo chichitike. Makamaka, ena mwa unyinji wa phata atomiki tingalingalire mu mphamvu. Izi zimachitika mu njira zingapo. Choyamba, pachimake mwina awononge mu angapo mtima ang'onoang'ono, linachepa amatchedwa "kugwa". Kachiwiri, maso ang'onoang'ono mosavuta kugwirizana kuti zikuluzikulu - kaphatikizidwe uyu anachita. M'chilengedwe chonse, zochita zimenezi si zachilendo. Wokwanira kuti kuti maphatikizidwe anachita - gwero la mphamvu kwa nyenyezi. Koma zimene zimawonongeka ntchito ndi anthu nyukiliya, monga anthu aphunzira kulamulira njira izi zovuta. Koma kodi ndi nyukiliya unyolo anachita? Momwe angathetsere vutolo?

Kodi chimachitika mu phata la atomu

Nyukiliya unyolo anachita - njira akuthamanga mwansanga wa particles pulayimale kapena mtima ndi mtima ena. N'chifukwa chiyani "unyolo"? Izi ya zochita yotsatana umodzi nyukiliya. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi pali kusintha kwadzidzidzi boma nucleon ndi zikuchokera mu ngale, ndi kuonekera particles ngakhale watsopano - mankhwala zotani. Nyukiliya unyolo anachita, zakuthambo zimene zimathandiza inu kufufuza njira ya mogwirizana wa mtima ndi mtima ndi tinthu - njira yaikulu kwa kupanga zinthu zatsopano ndi isotopes. Pofuna kumvetsa unyolo anachita, choyamba tiyenera kuthana ndi kamodzi.

Kodi zofunika anachita

Pofuna kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zimenezi, monga nyukiliya unyolo anachita, m'pofunika kuti asonkhanitse particles (pachimake ndi nucleon mitima iwiri) pa mtunda wa utali wozungulira mogwirizana amphamvu (pafupifupi Fermi wina). Ngati kutalika lalikulu, mogwirizana ndi tinthu mlandu ndi mwangwiro Coulomb. Mu anachita nyukiliya, mogwirizana ndi malamulo onse: kusamala mphamvu, nthawi patsogolo, baryon mlandu. unyolo nyukiliya anachita ndiwo amaimira zizindikiro ndi, b, ndi, d. Chophiphiritsa amatanthauza munthu kuyambira pachimake, b - chochitika tinthu, ndi - ndi particles latsopano panamveka, ndipo anthu d amatanthauza pachimake chotsatira.

mphamvu zotani

Unyolo anachita nyukiliya zichitike onse mayamwidwe ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu, amene ali wofanana ndi kusiyana Unyinji wa particles pambuyo anachita ndi patsogolo pake. The mphamvu odzipereka Mzimuyo osachepera kayendedwe mphamvu za kugunda, ndi otchedwa pakhomo nyukiliya anachita zomwe izi amatuluka bwinobwino. pakhomo Izi zimadalira particles kuti nawo mogwirizana, ndipo makhalidwe awo. Pa siteji koyamba, particles onse ali anakonzeratu kwadzidzidzi boma.

yatikhudza

Ndiwo particles mlandu amene alipo phata ndi tinthu accelerator, amene amalola matabwa a mapulotoni, ayoni olemera ndi mtima kuwala. neutrons pang'onopang'ono amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nyukiliya. Pakuti Kukhazikitsa chochitika mlandu particles angagwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana zochita nyukiliya - onse kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwola. Mwina iwo zimadalira magawo a particles kuti adzawombana. Kuyambira Mwina izi amagwirizana ndi khalidwe amenewa, chigawo mtanda zotani - kufunika kwa malo ogwira amene amadziwika pachimake ngati chandamale kwa particles chochitika ndi omwe ndi muyeso wa Mwina particles kulowa phata ndi kucheza. Ngati zimene ali anapezeka particles ndi phindu nonzero sapota, gawo ndi mwachindunji amadalira kuonetsa. Popeza kumbuyo kwa particles lilinkudza si zochokera kwathunthu mosintha, ndi zambiri kapena zochepa mwadongosolo njira, corpuscles onse magetsi. Kachulukidwe mapangidwe a sapota-zochokera limafotokoza kugawanika vekitala.

Limagwirira anachita

Kodi nyukiliya unyolo anachita? Monga tanenera kale, ndi ndondomeko ya zochita chosavuta. Tsatanetsatane wa chochitika tinthu ndi anzake ake ndi pakati amadalira misa, mtengo, ndi mphamvu kayendedwe. Mogwirizana anatsimikiza ndi digiri ya ufulu wa mtima, amene ali okondwa pamene kuwombana. Kupeza kulamulira njira zonse izi zimathandiza kuti ndondomeko monga ankalamulira unyolo nyukiliya anachita.

zochita mwachindunji

Ngati mlandu tinthu kuti igunda chandamale phata, monga wokhudza izo, nthawi ya kugunda akadali zofunika kugonjetsa nyukiliya utali wozungulira mtunda. Zimenezi nyukiliya amatchedwa mwachindunji. Makhalidwe wamba zochita zonse za mtundu uwu ndi mwambo wa ochepa madigiri ufulu. Mu ndondomekoyi, itatha yoyamba kugunda tinthu ali mphamvu akadali zokwanira kuthetsa kukopa nyukiliya. Mwachitsanzo, Mwanjira imeneyi, monga inelastic nyutironi kubalalika, mlandu kuwombola, ndipo molunjika. Zopereka ndondomeko choterechi khalidwe lotchedwa "okwana mtanda gawo" watsoka ndithu. Komabe, kufalitsidwa mankhwala mzere kudutsa anachita nyukiliya kudziwa Mwina wa umuna wa mbali ya malangizo mtengo, kwadzidzidzi manambala selectivity asezare limati ndi kudziwa kapangidwe awo.

chisanadze mgwirizano umuna

Ngati tinthu sasiya munda wa mgwirizano nyukiliya pambuyo kugunda woyamba, adzakhala nawo mu kugwa kwa mwansanga motsatizana. Izi ziri chimodzimodzi chimene chimatchedwa nyukiliya unyolo anachita. Chifukwa, zikatero mphamvu kayendedwe particles ndi anagawira mwa magawo chigawo cha ngale lapansi. Boma zomwezo phata pang'onopang'ono kukhala zambiri zovuta. Pa ndondomeko zina nucleon kapena limodzi lonse (gulu la nucleons) mphamvu akhoza kuyang'ana, ndi okwanira kuti umuna wa nucleon ku phata la. yosangalala Komanso udzathera mu mgwirizano zowerengera ndi mapangidwe phata pawiri.

zochita unyolo

Kodi nyukiliya unyolo anachita? Izi ndondomeko ya ziwalo constituent. Ie angapo zotsatizana umodzi zochita nyukiliya chifukwa cha particles mlandu amaoneka ngati mankhwala anachita mu masitepe m'mbuyomu. Kodi amatchedwa nyukiliya unyolo anachita? Mwachitsanzo, fission a mtima katundu, pamene zochitika angapo fission anayambitsa akamagwira yapita limawola n'kusanduka neutrons.

Features a nyukiliya unyolo anachita

Pakati pa zochita zonse mankhwala analandiracho lonse yogawa unyolo. Particles ndi kugwirizana makuponi kukwaniritsa udindo wa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu kapena maatomu. Mu ndondomekoyi, monga nyukiliya unyolo anachita, limagwirira kumene ake kupereka neutrons amene ali Coulomb chotchinga chimwemwe phata pa mayamwidwe. Ngati sing'anga limapezeka zofunika tinthu, izo zimayambitsa unyolo wa masinthidwe wotsatira, amene adzapitiriza unyolo scission chifukwa imfa ya particles chonyamulira.

Chifukwa anataya chonyamulira

Pali zifukwa ziwiri zokha imfa ya particles chotengera zochita mosalekeza unyolo. Choyamba ndi mayamwidwe particles popanda ndondomeko sekondale umuna. The chachiwiri - kusiya particles mwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amathandiza ndondomeko unyolo.

Awiri mitundu ya ndondomeko

Ngati wagawo wabadwa basi tinthu chonyamulira aliyense anachita nthawi unyolo, ndiye ndondomeko izi angatchedwe unbranched. Si kungachititse kuti amasulidwe mphamvu mwaunyinji. Ngati pali zambiri chonyamulira particles, umatchedwa anachita nthambi. ndi nyukiliya unyolo anachita ndi nthambi chiyani? Wina analandira akuchita wakale particles sekondale pitirizani atayamba kale unyolo, koma ena adzalenga zochita atsopano kuti nawonso nthambi. Ndi ndondomeko izi zikhala kupikisana njira kuyambitsa breakage. The vuto chifukwa adzakupatsani pakhale yeniyeni yovuta, ndiponso m'mbali chodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kupitiriza kwa kuposa unyolo mwangwiro latsopano, zimene kudziletsa thandizo n'zosatheka. Ngakhale chimwemwe ake chongopeka kuyambitsa mu sing'anga anakhumba chiwerengero cha particles, ndondomeko adakali zokha pa nthawi (zambiri ndithu mofulumira). Ngati chiwerengero cha unyolo watsopanoyo adzaphulitsa upambana chiwerengero yopuma, unyolo anachita adzayamba kufalikira padziko lonse zakuthupi.

kudwala mwakayakaya

A dera yapadera ndi wosiyana chikhalidwe madera a nkhani patsogolo kudzikonda opatsa unyolo anachita ndi dera kumene anachita zimenezi sizingatheke konse. chizindikiro ichi amakhala ndi kusasiyana pakati pa chiwerengero cha madera atsopano ndi chiwerengero yopuma zotheka. Monga pamaso pa chonyamulira kudwala mwakayakaya tinthu-free ndi chinthu chachikulu mu mndandanda monga "zikhalidwe za nyukiliya unyolo anachita." Kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe ichi zingadziŵike mwa zifukwa zotheka. Nagawira katundu mchitidwe phata ndi wokonda nyutironi chimodzi chokha. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi, monga unyolo zimene fission nyukiliya, pali neutrons kwambiri. Choncho, ndondomeko izi zikhoza zokolola nthambi anachita pamene onyamula ndi neutrons adzachichita. Ngati kumene mlingo wa nyutironi analanda popanda magawano kapena maulendo (mlingo imfa) adzakhala kulipidwa liwiro kubalana chonyamulira particles, unyolo anachita adzatuluka mu mode n'kupuma. aone kuti pali umu chulutsa china. Zikatero ndi wofanana ndi umodzi pamwamba. Mu mphamvu za nyukiliya chifukwa kumayambiriro a maganizo olakwika pakati pa mlingo wa kumasulidwa mphamvu ndiku chulutsa chinthu akhoza anazindikira kulamulira zochita nyukiliya. Ngati chiŵerengero uyu ali wamkulu kuposa wina, ndiye zimene kukhazikitsa exponentially. unyolo kusalankhula anachita ntchito zida za nyukiliya.

unyolo nyukiliya anachita mu gawo la mphamvu

The reactivity wa riyakitala ndi anatsimikiza ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha njira zikuchitika m'dera ake yogwira. makhalidwe onsewa ofunitsitsa ndi otchedwa koyefishienti wa reactivity. Mphamvu ya kusintha kutentha ndodo graphite, coolants kapena ureniamu reactivity wa riyakitala ndi mphamvu ya ndondomeko percolation monga nyukiliya unyolo anachita, yodziwika ndi kutentha koyefishienti (kwa coolant, ureniamu, pa graphite). Palinso kudalira makhalidwe a mphamvu, malinga ndi zizindikiro barometric la magawo nthunzi. Kukhalabe zimene nyukiliya mu riyakitala zofunika kusintha mchitidwe ina. Pakuti ichi m'pofunika kuganizira zinthu otaya nyukiliya unyolo anachita - kukhalapo kwa chinthu okhoza kugawanitsa ndi kuonetsetsa okha oipa angapo a particles pulayimale kumene monga Motero, adzachititsa mpumulo wa mitima magawano. Monga mankhwala otere nthawi zambiri ntchito ureniamu-238, ureniamu-235, nyukiliyazo basi-239. Pa ndime ya unyolo nyukiliya anachita isotopes wa zinthu izi adzachita apasuke ndi kupanga zinthu zina awiri kapena kuposa mankhwala. Mu ndondomekoyi, izo panamveka otchedwa "Popanga madzi a gamma" -rays, ndi tima mphamvu kumasulidwa, anapanga neutrons awiri kapena atatu zochita angathe kupitiriza anachita. Kusiyanitsa neutrons wodekha ndi kusala, chifukwa kuti phata la atomu a ndisungunuka, particles ayenera kuuluka pa liwiro zina.