Network ndi luso maukonde. luso mudziwe Network

Masiku ano, pa Intaneti ndi matekinoloje maukonde kulumikiza anthu padziko lonse ndipo apatseni mpata wolowa mwanaalirenji lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse - kulankhulana anthu. Anthu popanda chopinga macheza ndi kusewera ndi anzanu amene ali m'madera ena a dziko.

zochitika amadziwika onse pa dziko masekondi. Wina angathe kulumikiza ku intaneti ndi kuyika kachidutswa wake zambiri.

luso mudziwe Network: mizu ya anachokera

Mu theka lachiwiri la chitukuko anthu atumwi wotsiriza inakhalapo ndi awiri a mafakitale kofunika kwambiri sayansi ndi luso - kompyuta ndi telefoni umisiri. Kota zaka mafakitale awa onse zayambika paokha, ndi mwa iwo motero, kompyuta ndi kutumiza mauthenga pa Intaneti zinalengedwa. Komabe, kotala watha zaka mazana makumi awiri chifukwa cha zamoyo ndi interpenetration nthambi ziwiri nzeru za anthu, ndipo panali timawatcha mawu akuti "maukonde luso" ndi kagawo ndi maganizo kwambiri ambiri a "luso nkhani."

Chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo panali latsopano zamakono kusintha dziko. Monga zaka pang'ono dziko padziko yokutidwa ndi tinjira misewu, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma zapitazi, mayiko onse, mizinda ndi midzi, makampani ndi mabungwe komanso nyumba aliyense zokhudzana "mudziwe superhighway." Komabe, iwo onse zinthu zosiyanasiyana Intaneti deta HIV pakati pa kompyuta, yomwe ena luso mudziwe kufala chimenechi chidza-.

Network Technology: lingaliro ndi wokhutira

luso Network ndi chokwanira pa Kumangidwa kwa maukonde data-processing n'zothandiza malamulo chifaniziro ndi kufala kwa mudziwe, zagwiridwa ngati otchedwa "ndondomeko muyezo", komanso hardware ndi mapulogalamu, kuphatikizapo adaputala azamagetsi maukonde ndi madalaivala, zingwe ndi CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe, zolumikizira osiyana ( zolumikizira).

"Tili Nazo" zikutanthauza kuti zovuta ndi minimization ake, pokhalabe kuthekera yomanga zopezera chopindulitsa. Izo ziyenera timatha kukonza Mwachitsanzo, mwa kulenga kuti subnets, napempha ntchito ndondomeko misinkhu yosiyanasiyana, komanso spetskommunikatorov, zafala monga "routers". Ndi kusintha kwa maukonde amakhala mofulumira ndi odalirika kwambiri, koma pa mtengo wa kuyendera superstructures pa amabweretsera maukonde luso chigawo cha maziko ake.

Mawu akuti "maukonde luso" nthawi zambiri ntchito pamwamba tanthauzo yopapatiza, koma nthawi kwambiri monzama kutanthauziridwa monga amaika sankatsatira malamulowa ndi kumanga mitundu ina ya pa Intaneti, monga "m'dera makompyuta Intaneti."

A zinachitika umisiri maukonde

The zinachitika woyamba amalumikizana computer, koma osati koma maukonde yokha, inayamba mu 60-80s wa. Mu zaka zapitazo, Mipikisano osachiritsika dongosolo. Nkhani ya polojekiti ndi kiyibodi, yomwe ili pa mtunda lalikulu mainframe ndi zikugwirizana kuti iwo kudzera modems telefoni kapena mizere anausiya, malo mwa malo a ITC ndipo anabalalitsidwa mu nyumbayi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, kupatulapo woyendetsa kompyuta kwa ITC, onse ogwiritsa apatsidwa mwayi kulowa malo keypad ntchito zawo ndi kuwunika kuphedwa awo pa polojekiti, ndi kuchita zina kasamalidwe ntchito ntchito. kachitidwe kuti litsatira onse ma aligorivimu kulekana nthawi ndi mtanda processing, wotchedwa machitidwe akumidzi ntchito kulowa.

WANs

Potsatira machitidwe Mipikisano osachiritsika mu 60s mochedwa. mzaka zana makumi awiri. Izo analengedwa ndi mtundu woyamba wa maukonde - padziko lonse kompyuta maukonde (GCS). Iwo umangidwa ndi yopanga zinalili mu magazini limodzi ndi kusunga deta wapadera ndi pulogalamu kompyuta yaikulu, anaika iwo pa mtunda mpaka zikwi makilomita, kudzera Intaneti telefoni ndi modems. Njira imeneyi maukonde poyamba anayesedwa mu machitidwe Mipikisano osachiritsika.

The SSC koyamba mu 1969 anakhala ARPANET, amene ankagwira ntchito ku Unduna wa za chitetezo ndi integrates makompyuta sakanikira ndi machitidwe osiyana opaleshoni. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi dopmoduley kwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa kulankhulana ndondomeko network wamba anthu onse amalumikizana makompyuta. Iyo inali ndizosowa ake a sayansi maukonde ntchito panopa anayamba.

Chitsanzo choyamba cha mgwirizano wa kompyuta ndi telefoni Intaneti

GCS tinatengera kugwirizana pa Intaneti akulu ndi lonse - .. telefoni, mwachitsanzo kuyala mizere watsopano wautali zinali mtengo kwambiri. Choncho, kwa zaka zambiri ntchito njira mawu analogi kwa HIV pa nthawi anapatsidwa kukambirana kamodzi kokha. Intaneti deta ndi anasamutsidwa pa liwiro otsika kwambiri (makumi kbit / s), ndi luso kuchepetsa kufala kwa owona deta ndi imelo.

Komabe, kulowa matelefoni, SCS sanatenge pakati luso lawo lagona pa mfundo za dera kusinthitsa, pamene gulu lirilonse la olembetsa kuti nthawi zonse gawo anaima njira pa liwiro zonse. The GCS ntchito yatsopano makompyuta network kumadalira pa mfundo za paketi kusinthitsa, imene deta mu mawonekedwe a mbali yaing'ono ya mapaketi pa mlingo zonse zaperekedwa mu maukonde unswitched ndipo analandira mwa olandira mu maukonde zizindikiro zawo adiresi ophatikizidwa mu paketi maheda.

akalambula LANs

Zikamera mu 70s mochedwa. mzaka zana makumi awiri. LSI kwachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha mini-kompyuta ndi mtengo wochepa ndi magwiridwe wolemera. Anayamba kwenikweni kupikisana ndi makompyuta ikuluikulu.

Achita wotchuka kwambiri mini-kompyuta PDP 11 banja. Iwo anaikidwa pa onse, ngakhale mayunitsi kupanga yaing'ono kwambiri kulamulira ndondomeko luso ndi mayunitsi ndondomeko munthu, komanso makampani kasamalidwe dipatimenti kugwira ntchito mu ofesi.

Panali mfundo anagawira chuma kompyuta ogwira lonse, ngakhale minicomputers anali kugwira autonomously.

Kubwera kwa LAN-Intaneti

Pofika m'ma 80s. mzaka zana makumi awiri. Ife kuyamba umisiri kaphatikizidwe mini-makompyuta mu maukonde, zochokera kusinthitsa a mapaketi deta monga mwa GCS.

Iwo asiya ntchito yomanga zopezera makampani, wotchedwa m'deralo (LAN - LAN), mwa ntchito pafupifupi zazing'ono. Pakuti chilengedwe chake, muyenera kugula adaputala maukonde kwa sayansi LAN-anasankha Mwachitsanzo, Efaneti, dongosolo muyezo chingwe, anaika pa zolumikizira ake chingwe (malo) ndi kulumikiza ndi adaputala kwa mini-makompyuta ndi wina ndi mnzake mu zingwe izi. Kenako, kompyuta Seva anakhazikitsidwa mmodzi wa opaleshoni dongosolo lakonzedwa LAN bungwe - maukonde. Pambuyo pake, anayamba ntchito, ndi inalowa wotsatira aliyense minicomputers sanayambe mavuto alionse.

Kusapeŵeka kwa zikamera Intaneti

Ngati zikamera wa minicomputers analola kuonetsetsa chuma kompyuta wogawana pa gawo amakampani, zikamera mu 90s oyambirira. PC zinachititsa kuti zikamera awo pang'onopang'ono woyamba aliyense kuntchito aliyense wogwira ntchito chidziwitso, ndiyeno mokhala munthu.

Wachibale mtengo otsika ndi mkulu kudalirika kwa PC woyamba anapatsa mphamvu kwambiri kwa LAN-network, kenako zinachititsa kuti zikamera amalumikizana kompyuta lonse - Internet, kusesa dziko lero.

Kukula Intaneti mwezi uliwonse kukula ndi 7-10%. Ndi pakati binder Intaneti zosiyanasiyana m'dera ndi lonse amakampani ndi mabungwe padziko lonse ndi mzake.

Ngati gawo loyamba pa Intaneti makamaka opatsirana deta owona ndi mauthenga e-mail, koma lero makamaka amapereka mwayi kutali ndi anagawira Information Resource ndi yachokera pakompyuta, kuti informsluzhbam mayiko malonda ndipo sanali malonda ambiri. mwayi wake yachokera ufulu ali ndi mfundo okhudza m'madera onse a chidziwitso ndi zochita za anthu - kuchokera kumbali yatsopano mu sayansi kuti odziŵa za nyengo.

Kuweta Network LAN-network luso

Ena mwa iwo ndi umisiri pakati pa zomwe maziko a maukonde iliyonse akhoza kumangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati odziwika bwino luso monga LAN-Efaneti (1980), chizindikiro mphete (1985) ndi FDDI (mapeto 80s.).

Cha m'ma 90 ntchentche. mtsogoleri LAN-Efaneti mgwirizano luso anatuluka luso kulumikizanitsa chakale zosinthika zake ndi ndalama deta kufala 10 Mbit / s ndipo Fast Efaneti (mpaka 100 Mbit / c) ndi Gigabit Efaneti (1000 Mbit / c). Onse Efaneti-sayansi mfundo zofanana ntchito, kuchepetsa utumiki wawo ndi kaphatikizidwe LAN-Intaneti m'Malemba.

Mu nthawi yomweyo, pachimake pafupifupi onse dongosolo kutukula kompyuta opaleshoni anayamba kumanga ntchito zawo zopezera kugwiritsa tatchulawa intaneti ofotokoza luso nkhani. Analiponso apadera kulankhulana Os ngati iOS Cisco Systems kampani.

Kodi luso GCS

GCS luso pa njira analogi telefoni chifukwa mkulu mlingo wa kukhota mu izi osiyana ma aligorivimu zovuta kulamulira ndi deta kuchira. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi chitukuko cha luso X.25 akadali chiyambi cha 70s lapansi. mzaka zana makumi awiri. More umisiri patsogolo Intaneti - chimango kulandirana, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - ndi acronym kutanthauza "digito maukonde ndi ntchito Integrated", amalola wozengereza conferencing kutali kanema. mwayi Akutali amaperekedwa ndi khazikitsa ndi PC ISDN adaputala azamagetsi akuthamanga nthawi zambiri mofulumira kuposa modems iliyonse. Palinso mapulogalamu kuti amalola asakatuli otchuka ndi machitidwe opaleshoni ntchito ndi ISDN. Koma kukwera mtengo kwa zipangizo ndi zosowa kuyala ulalo wapadera kumalepheretsa chitukuko cha njira imeneyi.

WAN luso patsogolo ndi Intaneti telefoni. Pambuyo pa kubwera kwa digito telephony Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Intaneti wolowezana wakhala anayamba (PDH), amene amathandiza imathamanga mpaka 140 Mbit / s ndi ntchito kulenga malonda Intaneti zawo.

umisiri Synchronous Intaneti ufumu (SDH) mu 80s mochedwa. mzaka zana makumi awiri. kukodzedwa bandiwifi digito njira telefoni 10 GB / C, ndi wandiweyani Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) luso - mazana GB / C ndi mpaka ku terabits angapo / c.

luso Internet

Internet maukonde umisiri zachokera m'chinenero hypertext (kapena HTML chinenero) - spetsyazyka chodetsa zikalata pakompyuta, kupanga anatilamula ya makhalidwe (Tags), anayambitsa chisanadze kutukula Websites aliyense masamba awo. Kumene, mu nkhani iyi ife sindikuyankhula za lemba kapena zikalata likutipatsa (photos, zithunzi) kuti kale "dawunilodi" kwa wosuta Internet, pokumbukira PC wake ndi kuona kupyolera lemba kapena akonzi zojambulajambula. Izi otchedwa masamba Web Kuwaona kudzera pulogalamu osatsegula.

Kutukula pa Intaneti anawalenga pa HTML chinenero (panopa analenga zida zambiri ndi umisiri kuti ntchito, gulu lotchedwa "malo Kamangidwe") mu mawonekedwe a tsamba limodzi, ndipo eni malo anayikidwa mu maseva Internet pansi pangano kuchokera eni maseva yosungirako (otchedwa "khamu"). Iwo akugwira ntchito padziko koloko pa Intaneti, wotumikira zofuna za owerenga ake kuona masamba kuwonjezera kwa iwo.

Asakatuli wosuta ma PC, analandira ndi makina a athandizi anu Internet kupeza Seva makamaka adiresi amene ali mu dzina la Webusaiti anapempha, mwayi kuti pamalowo. Ndiponso, kupenda HTML-opatsidwa kwa tsamba lililonse muli kuonera asakatuli kupanga chifaniziro chake pa zenera mu mawonekedwe yomwe pakati ndi mapulogalamu malo - ndi mutu onse, mitundu ndi zilembo, oyika osiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi, zithunzi, zithunzi, ndi zina zotero. .