Novgorod Kremlin. Velikiy Novgorod. Photos ndi ndemanga ya m'nyumbayi wapoyera

Kodi ndi wamkulu mu Russia, boma la Russia? Veliky Novgorod - izi ndi mzinda umene mukufuna kukaona kuti asakhudze mizu ya mbiri ya dziko. Koma izo zimachitika kuti malo akale sakhala patali ndi alendo chodabwitsa ofukula zinthu zakale. Moto, asilikali, looting ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, Wachiwiri World nkhondo achititsa mpaka kalekale kuwononga mizinda yakale European. N'zovuta kwambiri pakati pa nyumba zamakono (kapena kusokoneza Khrushchev) kulingalira kuti apa, mu malo awa, anaima mipingo Romanesque kapena zokhalamo za mwala woyera. Koma nanga Novgorod? Kodi nthawi yokwanira? M'nkhani ino tikambirana za izo.

Atalipenda mayankho apaulendo, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti ulendo Novgorod Kremlin n'zotheka nyengo iliyonse ndi mtundu uliwonse wa nyengo. Ulendowu kwa nyumbayi bwino ndalama ake. A wosanjikiza pambuyo wosanjikiza poyera mu boma la Russia, mbiri ya Russia. Palibe kufunika Usatong'olere m'maganizo anu Assembly Novgorod, bwalo la Alexander Nevsky ndi tchalitchi akale. Nthawi zina chitsogozo anati, kuimira chinthu china: "Ndi remake." Ndipo, patapita Imani, iye anati :. "M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri" Amakedzana pano ndi palpable, zooneka. Tiyeni mme- mbiri ya Novgorod Kremlin ndi kuyambira pa chiyambi mapangidwe ake.

boma la Russia ndi chiyani?

Veliky Novgorod, malinga ndi etymology dzina la, ndi "latsopano tawuni". Ndipo pamene anali chimodzi? Old midzi Asilavo zinamangidwa pa mfundo yakuti olemba mbiri Western kuitana incastellomento, mwachitsanzo "m'makoma." Zinali zosiyana ku German mapulani mudzi, pamene Nyumbayi ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri anayima pa phiri, ndi pang'ono zivundi zina ankakhala. Mu mzinda wakale Asilavo monga Kiev, mipanda ndi kuthetsa lonse anazungulira. Koma ndiye Scandinavia anabweretsa awo, German, mwambo. N'chodabwitsa anatsala chitetezo ku mdani zotheka. Ndipo kalonga m'zaka khumi anamanga yekha ndi retinue zake zokhalamo m'linga. Poyerekezera ndi kuthetsa wakale inali kudziŵika ndi tauni yatsopanoyo. Kenako, kunapezeka kuti Novgorod.

Prince dissociated kwa nzika. Mu chinenero Chiyukireniya, ndi chachikale chinkawavuta kwambiri, izo zikumveka ngati "vіdokremlyuvatisya". Muzu wa mneni, natumikira monga dzina chifukwa malinga watsopano. Koma osati okhala Ambuye ang'onoang'ono ndi banja lake anali boma la Russia. Novgorod anali malo ndipo anapita kalonga, chelyadnikov, oimira boma ndi achipembedzo. Kotero boma la Russia zambiri dzina lina - Detinets. Izo sizinali utsogoleri okha, komanso pakati pa anthu ammudzi. Panali Novgorod Veche. Mderali alinso tchalitchi mzindawo.

Kodi boma la Russia?

Tsopano Detinets nsanja zokhalamo pa magombe a pa Volkhov Mtsinje. Reviews kuti njira yabwino boma la Russia ku Ilmen - zokongola ndi lalikulu nyanja. Kuchuluka kwa madzi anawonjezera okha fabulousness mu kukongola yosatheka kuneneka wa Edene. Bell mumafuna muziyamba kuchapa ndi kutengedwera kutali, ndipo zipupa ndi nsanja njerwa zofiira ankaoneka fungatirani pamwamba pa nyanza. Koma alendo ayenera kukumbukira kuti zaka chikwi, malo zasintha pang'ono. Ndipo tsopano, monga kale, Volkhov umayenda mwa Nyanja Ilmen. Koma kalelo, anagawana wozama atagona malo zilumba zambiri. Ndipo pamene Scandinavia anafika kuno, iwo malowo ichi "Holmgard". Kutanthauza kungoti "dziko la zilumba".

Kuno mu malo, ndi mbali atazunguliridwa ndi madzi, ndipo anayamba kumanga Vladimir, mwana wa Yaroslava Mudrogo, mu 1044 Kremlin ake. Veliky Novgorod ankamuyembekezera ulemerero wa malonda mzinda waukulu, koma ndiye, kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi-khumi zinali kuthetsa yaing'ono. Asayansi zikutsutsanazo, choyamba Detinets chinaikidwa pa zimene anali chilumba. Koma palibe chikaiko kuti loyamba la makoma ake anali opangidwa ndi matabwa. Ambiri mwina, mpanda wolimba wotanganidwa chilumba apakatikati. Tsopano ndi mbali ya Detintsa pakati Vladimir ndi Prechistenskaya nsanja. Koma pali view wina. Boma la Russia sanathe kukhala malo tsopano ili Episcopal bwalo, ndiye pachilumba kumpoto.

mwala nyumba

Mbiri wotsatira wa Novgorod Kremlin likugwirizana ndi dzina la mkulu wa Polotsk Vseslav, amene 1065 analanda m'linga. mavuto ambiri si iyeyo amene watibweretsera mzinda koma ulendo mofanana amaopa ndi Novgorodians amakakamizidwa kuganizira kumanga kwambiri wangwiro makoma Detintsa. Reviews la alendo akulangizidwa kulabadira njira ya ku mlatho kudutsa boma la Russia. Pakati pa atumwi khumi ukukhudzana mzinda Munthu ya chimaliziro ndi uku Nerevskoy. Kotero kuti zipata ziwiri Detintsa anapuma ndipo Probojnaja Main Street. Ndipo msewu waukulu wa boma la Russia unali Biskuplya (ie Episcopal msewu). Chinatchedwa choncho chifukwa mlatho chifukwa inamangidwa pa ndalama Metropolitan. msewu uwu mitanda ya citadel kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo, ndi kupita kunja ku mlatho kwambiri kudutsa Volkhov. Ndipo potero, mu 1097 ndi Detinets matabwa kamodzinso kutenthedwa, Prince Mstislav (mwana wa Vladimir Monomakh) analamula kudula chitetezo latsopano. Ntchito anamalizidwa mu 1116, a Novgorod Kremlin (Detinets) kwambiri kuchuluka kukula. Izi zikusonyeza kuti amafotokoza: "Pohorje Detinets ndipo anaika Mstislav Novgorod pervago kwambiri." Pakuti boma la Russia mipukutu Ufumuyo kumpoto (OCD) ndi kum'mwera (okolotok) gawo. Olemba mbiri zambiri anali pachiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma akhumi Detinets anafika kukula kwake pano. Koma iwo amati ndemanga, zimene zikuchitika masiku ano alendo, amanena kuti nthawi ina.

mwala Kremlin

Chifukwa nthawi yake (la leveni akhumi m'ma) Detinets matabwa anali wodalirika achitetezo. Mmodzi yekha Polotsk kalonga anali wokhoza kuti aulande. Koma m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu zikhalidwe za kuzinga anasintha. Panali kuponya zida, amene angakane mwala makoma okha. Komanso anati nkhondo ya magulu a Batu Khan, anthu osunga Russia. Veliky Novgorod, mwamwayi, napulumuka looting. Koma malamulo pa nthawi imeneyo Metropolitan kuganiza za kulimbitsa chitetezo imapanga Detintsa. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, m'malo za malinga la matabwa mwala zinachitika pang'onopang'ono kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi ndi chitatu-chinayi, ntchito izi zikuyamba ndi Vladychny pabwalo.

Reviews kuti ndiye zinamangidwa wamkulu nsanja Detintsa amene anapulumuka masiku ano: Chiwukitsiro ndi Mpulumutsi (1297), Protection (1305) ndi Vladimir (1311). Mu Middle Ages pamwamba pa nyumba izi korona mipingo chipata. Bishop Basil mu mmasate za m'ma cinai yalimbikitsa Detinets. Iye m'malo makoma matabwa a mwala namanga nsanja angapo latsopano. Chronicle cha 1333 limatiuza kuti "mbuye wa mzinda wa Kamen pakuti pospeshestvovaniem Mulungu mu zaka ziwiri." Anasintha Metropolitans - Mose 1360 ndi Yohane mu 1400s wa - kulimbitsa ndi kukuza Detintsa makoma, akuika nsanja latsopano. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, ntchito inafikira okolotok.

Kremlin akachisi

Detinets sanali kokha likulu la mzinda, koma likulu la uzimu wake. Choncho mipingo Novgorod Kremlin zinali zofunika kwambiri. The woyamba, Sophia, inamangidwa pamodzi ndi Detinets kwambiri. Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich mu 1045 anayamba ntchito yomanga kachisi ndipo si ololera kuwona izo mathero. mpingo inamangidwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iwo anali opatulidwira ku 1502, kenako mkulu sanakhale moyo mwezi. Iye anaikidwa mu mpanda wa tchalitchi wamkulu mu Russia.

Reviews amasonyeza kuti kachisi ayenera kudzacheza. Pali makombo a frescoes za m'ma akhumi. Komanso, alendo akulangizidwa kulabadira chipata chachikulu cha kachisi. Monga mukudziwa, iwo anapangidwa m'zaka khumi mu Magdeburg. Mkati yopemphereramo ndi chidwi kuyang'ana pa malo Ivana Groznogo. Linapangidwa nkhuni ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli. Koma kumene, kukopa waukulu wa kachisi ndi necropolis - wamkulu mu Russia la Orthodox.

Zosachepera pa tchalitchi, chidwi ndi belu nsanja ya Novgorod Kremlin. Kutchula koyamba za chipilala ili a zomangamanga ikukhudzana bwanji ndi 1437. Alendo akulangizidwa kukaona chionetsero cha mabelu, limene lili pansi lachiwiri la Campanile. Only pano anasonkhana ngati chopereka wathunthu. Ndipo ngati inu musakhale aulesi ndi kukwera kwa kuonerera sitimayo, mukhoza kuona wa Great Novgorod kuchokera pa mtunda wa mbalame ndege. Kum'mwera kwa mpingo ili Detintsa Andreya Stratilata. Poyamba inali mbali ya zaka (1167-73 gg.) Boris ndi Gleb mpingo. Mwambo ananena kuti woperekayo yaikulu yomanga tchalitchi lidalengedwa ndi kuluka Sytinich (wamalonda Sadko). Alikibishopu Euthymius mu 1441 kachisi mu mawonekedwe kuti ife tikuziwona lero.

Episcopal bwalo

Mu mmasate za m'ma akhumi ku Novgorod kulamulira demokalase m'tawuni. Mphamvu ya kalonga anakhala pafupi mwadzina. Zigamulo zonse anatengedwa pa Veche. Detinets ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu mu mzinda anapita ku Republic Novgorod. Ndipo kalonga anasamukira chiundocho.

Tsoka, nthawi demokalase ku Russia inatenga nthawi yaitali. Posachedwa mphamvu Novgorod mwakachetechete anapita ku tchalitchi cha Orthodox. Mabishopu yomweyo anayamba adziwe Novgorod Kremlin. m'dziko - Episcopal bwalo - unatenga mbali yaikulu ya citadel lapansi. Kuwonjezera nyumba zogona ndi malonda, ndi panali zambiri mipingo. Reviews mwamphamvu amalangiza osati kuyang'ana Episcopal bwalo, komanso kukaona okhala maalikibishopu - Faceted Komiti. Ndi nyumba yokhayo ya zovuta, izo watsikira kwa ife kuchokera theka zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu.

Kukhalamo loyamba okhala anali Euthymios chachiwiri. Iye analamula kuti amange chipinda awo kalembedwe Gothic. Pa ntchito yomanga nyumba zitatu storey wa njerwa ntchito za mmisiri German. Reviews amatchula kuti mwa Interiors la nyumba ya zinasungidwa zidutswa zojambula choyambirira khoma. Izi nyumba Ambuye anatenga akazembe anakumana kachipembedzo bwalo, anakonza maphwando wapadera. Komanso, pali ankati yamalamulo Novgorod - Bungwe la Ambuye.

Tsopano Faceted Komiti ndi kowonera zakale. mode opaleshoni padzuwa, zomwe limanena za "wodzichepetsa" moyo wa mabishopu, ndi kuti tsiku lirilonse kwa maola khumi ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, masiku kutali - Monday ndi Lachitatu loyamba la mwezi uliwonse. Komanso, mu nyumbayi pali awiri zisudzo okhazikika - zodzikongoletsera Tirhana na Timatheriyali.

inalowa Novgorod kwa Moscow ukulu

chochitika ukasintha zinasintha tsogolo la veche Republic, chinachitika mu 1478. Ivan III, Duke wa Moscow, m'dziko Novgorod linalanda boma awo. Pamodzi ndi ufulu wa chinthu chakale ndi ukulu wa ulemerero wa mzindawo. Iye salinso membala wa bungwe la League Hanseatic, ndipo chigawo wachete, Komabe, anathandiza kwambiri mu chitetezo cha malire kumpoto, kumadzulo kwa bomalo latsopano. Choncho, 1484 Ivan "nachasha yaikidwa pa maziko a mzinda wakale Detinets mwala." The linga la Great Novgorod chakale mwamakhalidwe. Tsar Ivan III analamula kukuza munakhazikitsa nsanja atumiza ndi firearm. Kuteteza ndalama ya ntchito zimenezi, chimene chachitatu cha mtengo wa yokutidwa Bishop Gennady.

Kumanganso Detintsa anali zoopsa ngati kuti ife tikhoza kunena, linadzamangidwanso, ngakhale pa maziko akale. Koma ndiye, mu nineties za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, ndi Novgorod Kremlin anatenga fano limene ife tikuwona tsopano. Ena nsanja anamalizidwa kenako, monga Mwachitsanzo, Cocuy, anamanga pansi Peter Wamkulu. Koma ambiri, ndemanga onse amati Wamkulu Novgorod Detinets amanyamula wapaulendo m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu.

Nsanja Novgorod Kremlin

Alendo kukwapula mphamvu ya makoma kumbuyo kwa citadel otchuka. makulidwe awo zimasiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana: pa zitatu ndi theka mamita oposa asanu. Ndipo pamwamba pa mpanda zosiyana kwambiri. M'madera ena, aukitsidwa kwa meters fifitini, pamene ena - isanu ndi itatu yokha. Chinthu chapadera cha Detintsa ku Novgorod mipingo chipata. Amasonyeza achipembedzo ndi mphamvu wakudziko maalikibishopu.

Ena nsanja Kremlin kuti sanapulumuke kuti nthawi yathu. Pamalo a Chiwukitsiro ndi Prechistenskaya (Mayi wa Mulungu) tsopano gaping Chipilala kuyenda. Koma lonse la nsanja khumi anapulumuka naini, kuti inunso mukuvomereza osati zoipa. Onse unali olumikizidwa ndi ndime. Alendo akulangizidwa kuti mukwere Cocuy. Izi makumi mita Watch Tower, amene amanyalanyaza chigawo lonse. Ataona sitimayo ake mukhoza amasirira ansembe yotchedwa Anthony ndi Yaroslav Court. Ndipo pa tsiku bwino ngakhale iye kuonekera belu nsanja ya agulupa ku St. George. Tower Palace (1484-1499 gg.) Akugwira chionetsero chidwi kwambiri. Ngati inu pitani Novgorod Kremlin ndi mwana, onetsetsani kuti tione iwo. Mmodzi wa zisudzo zoyenera zida zankhondo otchuka Russian akhumi ndi zaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri.

Mbiri posachedwapa wa Novgorod citadel

Pa kuwuka kwa Asilavo wakutemwa chidwi mu Russia wakale boma la Russia anaonekera m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Kumapeto kwa zaka zino mbiri yakale kupereka maina nsanja anasunga kuti musakhale ndithu akufanana ndi mayina mbiri. mbali Kale makoma achitetezo anamangiriridwa Mpingo Chipata. Ndiko kuti, panali Kuukitsidwa, Bogorodnitskaya nsanja ndi zina zotero. D. Tsopano iwo amatchedwa Prince, ndi Metropolitan, Palace, Kokui. Mu 1862, ku likulu la boma la Russia pamaso pa Mfumu Alexander Wachiwiri ndi banja lake anatsegula chipilala odzipereka kwa Millennium la Russia. Ndipo chotero olemekezeka bungwe ngati UNESCO, kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Novgorod citadel mu mndandanda wa World Heritage Cultural Anthu. Mu 1865 mbali ya gulu loyimba izi anatsimikizidwa kowonera zakale-otetezedwa. Kuti apa si kupulumutsa ntchito. Veliky Novgorod, Kremlin - adiresi ku bungwe chikhalidwe ndi lophweka. Ndipo Detinets aona kuchokera mbali ina ya mzinda wakale.

Tinapita ku Novgorod Kremlin: maganizo a apaulendo

Reviews apatsidwa kumvetsa kuti m'nyumbayi amatenga lonse zovuta za citadel lapansi. Kuwonjezera iye boma la Russia anaika Regional Library, Philharmonic Hall, College of Tirhana, kukambirana kubwezeretsa, nyimbo ndi masukulu luso. Mwina ndicho chifukwa ntchito zovuta lonse bwino kwambiri alendo: kuchokera asanu m'mawa mpaka pakati pa usiku. Dera kwambiri boma la Russia amaganiza kuti kufunika kufufuza tsiku ndi omasuka nsapato zonse. Reviews akulangizidwa kutenga ulendo payekha - kotero inu mudziwe zambiri za boma la Russia. Alendo anachenjeza kuti Detintsa nsanja ndipo zina za izo, monga Episcopal m'Bwalo, ndi modes awo a ntchito. Ena kutsegula pa khumi m'mawa. Kubwera kwa boma la Russia ndi bwino Lolemba, chifukwa pa tsiku la sabata mu nsanja ambiri a Novgorod linanena bungwe citadel. Mukhoza kudya mu cafe, ndipo stylized Middle Ages. Kumeneko ndemanga kutamanda sbiten ndi kvass.