Nthawi nthaka. Neogene nthawi. Triassic nthawi. Jurassic

Malinga ndi malingaliro amakono asayansi, mbiri miyala ya dziko lapansili ndi zaka biliyoni 4,5-5. Mu ndondomeko ya chitukuko zili kuthandauza kwa nthawi Geological ya Earth.

zambiri

Earth Geological nthawi (Table pansipa) kuimira ndondomeko ya zimene zinachitika pa chitukuko cha dziko kuyambira mapangidwe adalira ya matanthwe a. Ndi ndime ya nthawi padziko pali njira zosiyanasiyana monga chilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko landforms m'madera dziko kumizidwa m'madzi ndi kuwalera, icing, komanso maonekedwe ndi mofulumira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zomera, ndi zina zotero. D. dziko ukuchitira kuda bwino maphunziro awo. Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti angathe kukonza mwatsatanetsatane awo masamu mu zigawo zosiyanasiyana za pathanthwe.

Magulu waukulu madipoziti

Akatswiriwa, kuyesera angakwanitse mbiri ya dzikoli, kuphunzira zigawo za miyala. Anavomera madipoziti deta ndi m'magulu asanu akuluakulu, kusonyeza zotsatirazi Nthawi miyala ya Earth: lakale (Archean), oyambirira (Proterozoic), akale (Paleozoic), pafupifupi (Mesozoic) ndi watsopano (Cenozoic). Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti malire pakati pawo imene zachilengedwe waukulu zamoyo zinachita zikuchitika padziko lathuli. Nthawi atatu otsiriza, amapatsidwa kugawidwa m'mbali, monga zakufa izi momveka bwino kwambiri anasunga zotsalira za zomera ndi nyama. Gawo lirilonse amakhala ndi zimene zinachitika ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu pa zimachititsa chilumbachi panopa pa Dziko Lapansi.

Mbali oyambirira

Archean nthawi ya Dziko Lapansi ali m'malo chipwirikiti njira chiphala zinachititsa kuti padziko lathuli anali lubwe miyala igneous - maziko mapangidwe mbale chokhala. Pa ndzidzi onowu akhalipo okha tizilombo kuti akhoza kukhala opanda mpweya. Amaganiza kuti madipoziti Archean chishango chivundikiro pafupifupi lonse osiyana dera lonselo, iwo zambiri chitsulo, siliva, miyala ya pulatinamu, golide ndi ores ena.

siteji oyambirira

nyengo Proterozoic komanso mmene mkulu chiphala ntchito. Nthawi imeneyi mapiri inakhazikitsidwa otchedwa Baikal lopinda. Mpaka lero pafupifupi sanakhale ndi moyo, tsopano zikuimira ena zikubweretsa zonyozeka ku zigwa. Nthawi imeneyi, dziko lokhalamo mogwirizana ndi buluu wobiriwira algae, ndi multicellular choyamba. Proterozoic thanthwe strata wolemera mu mchere: Mica, ores sanali akakhala ndi chitsulo ores.

siteji wakale

Nthawi woyamba wa nyengo Paleozoic zinali zodzaza ndi mapangidwe mapiri a Caledonian orogeny. Izi zapangitsa kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri mabeseni nyanja, komanso zikamera m'madera malo aakulu. Ife anapulumuka zitunda munthu nyengo: mu Urals, mu Arabia, South-East China ndi Europe Central. mapiri zonsezi "wolema" ndi otsika. Theka lachiwiri la njira Paleozoic orogenic amagwiritsidwa yodziwika. Apa zitunda anapanga kungomanga Hercynian. nthawi iyi zinali zamphamvu kwambiri, panali mapiri ambiri mu Urals ndi Western Siberia, Manchuria ndi Mongolia, Europe Central, komanso Australia ndi North America. Lero iwo amakhala ndi magulu otsika kwambiri blocky. Nyama Paleozoic nyengo - ndi zokwawa ndi achule, nyanja ndi nyanja ndi anthu ndi nsomba. Mwa dziko chomera kunalamulidwa ndi algae. Palaeozoic (Carboniferous nthawi) amakhala ndi madipoziti lalikulu la malasha ndi mafuta, zomwe chikanachitika mu nthawi iyi.

siteji Middle

Kuyambira Mesozoic yodziwika ndi nyengo ya wachibale chete ndipo pang'onopang'ono chiwonongeko cha machitidwe migodi anayamba kale, kuk malo athyathyathya (gawo Western Siberia). Theka lachiwiri la nthawi imeneyi chinali ndi mapangidwe zitunda Mesozoic lopinda. Panali yaikulu kwambiri lamapiri, amene ngakhale lero ndi mawonekedwe omwewo. Mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a kum'mawa Siberia, ndi Cordillera, m'madera ena a m'mayiko a China ndi Tibet. Dziko kuli yokutidwa ndi zomera zosangalala, amene pang'onopang'ono ndi kuvunda. Chifukwa yotentha ndi chinyezi nyengo ndi mapangidwe yogwira bogs peat ndi zithaphwi. Iyo inali nthawi ya abuluzi chimphona - zinyamazi. Anthu a nyengo Mesozoic (herbivores ndi carnivores) afalitsa padziko lonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo zikuoneka ndi nyama choyamba.

siteji latsopano

Cenozoic Atabwera, zomwe m'malo gawo pakati, ulipobe. Chiyambi cha nthawi iyi zinali zodzaza ndi kuwonjezeka mu ntchito za mphamvu mkati mwa dziko, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuukitsidwa ambiri m'madera a malo aakulu. lothandiza uwu khalidwe ndi maonekedwe a mapiri Alpine kungomanga mwa lamba Alpine-Himalaya. Nthawi imeneyi, iwo apindulira maphunziro amakono a mu Eurasian. Komanso, panali rejuvenation chapadera cha mitandadza wakale wa Urals, Tien Shan ndi Altai mapiri a Appalachia. Udasintha modabwitsa nyengo Padziko Lapansi, anayamba nthawi ya glaciation amphamvu. Movement wa misa ayezi anasintha zimachititsa chilumbachi wa mayiko a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Chifukwa, iwo anapanga zigwa akakhala ndi zambiri nyanja. Nyama nyengo Cenozoic - ndi nyama, zokwawa komanso achule, ambiri a nthawi koyamba ndipo anafika mpaka pano, pamene ena anakhala zinatha (mammoths, wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya zipembere, saber-imodzi akambuku, mphanga zimbalangondo, etc.) chifukwa chimodzi kapena chimzake.

Kodi nthawi miyala?

Geological gawo ngati botolo la Geological nthawi lonse la dziko lathuli akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali. Tiyeni tiwone zimene ananena za mawu amenewa buku lina. Nthawi (nthaka) - ndi imeneyi lalikulu la nthawi miyala imene miyala inakhazikitsidwa. Zikatero, izo lagawidwa mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono, ndipo amatchedwa nyengo.

Mbali yoyamba (Archean ndi Proterozoic) chifukwa anasiya kapena ochepa iwo mu mafuta a nyama ndi masamba chikhalidwe ogaŵikana malo zina podikira. Palaeozoic zikuphatikizapo Mathanthwe, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, karbonsky ndi Pemu nthawi. Mbali imeneyi amakhala ndi nambala yaikulu kwambiri ya boma intervals-, ena anali okha atatu okha. nyengo Mesozoic zikuphatikizapo Triassic, Jurassic ndi choko magawo. Cainozoic nyengo kumene kuphunzira nthawi, ankaimira Paleogene, Neogene ndi subintervals quaternary. Tiyeni tikambirane zina mwa izo.

Triassic

Triassic nyengo - uyu ndiye woyamba boma imeneyi ya nyengo Mesozoic. anakhala zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni zaka (oyambirira - zaka miliyoni 251-199 zapitazo). Iwo amakhala ndi kasinthidwe msilikaliyo ndi zinyama lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo kupitiriza kukhalapo ndi nthumwi zochepa za Paleozoic, monga spiriferid, tabulate, ena elasmobranch ndi ena. Pakati invertebrates ndi Aamoni ambiri, amene anapereka kwambiri a mitundu yatsopano, zofunika kwa stratigraphy. Pakati pa matanthwe zisanu rayed amachuluka mawonekedwe Brachiopod - terebratulidy ndi rinhonelidy, echinoderms gulu - urchins nyanja. Inakhala ali makamaka umaimiridwa ndi zokwawa - Saurischia zinyamazi lalikulu. Ponseponse thecodonts - nthaka losinthasinthali zokwawa. Komanso waukulu woyamba zamoyo za m'madzi kuonekera mu nthawi Triassic - ichthyosaurs ndi plesiosaurs, koma kutalika kwake akamafika yekha mu nthawi Jurassic. Komanso pa nthawi ino ndi nyama poyamba, amene anali kuperekedwa kwa mitundu yaing'ono.

Flora mu nthawi Triassic (miyala) wotaya zinthu Paleozoic ndipo amapeza mwapadera Mesozoic zikuchokera. Iwo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi fern mitundu zomera, sagovoobraznye, conifers ndi Ginkgo. nyengo yodziwika ndi kutentha kwambiri. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kuyanika ndi ambiri a kumtunda nyanja, ndipo otsalawo milingo zayamba kuchuluka amenewa. Komanso, yafupika kwambiri kudera la matupi kumtunda madzi, chifukwa kukhala malo a chipululu. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthawi izi monga Tauride mapangidwe Crimea chilumba.

Jurassic

Jurassic nthawi nalo dzina lake pa Jura mapiri ku Ulaya. Iye ndi gawo pakati pa Mesozoic ndi kuli amasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya chitukuko cha organic nyengo iyi. Poyankha, zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo atatu: m'munsi, pakati ndi chapamwamba.

The zomera nthawi imeneyi ukufanizidwa ndi invertebrates inafalitsidwa - cephalopods (Amoni, kudzera mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi genera). Iwo chosema ndi chikhalidwe Zigoba wosiyana kwambiri ndi akuluakulu a Triassic. Komanso, mu nthawi Jurassic chikukula gulu lina la molluscs - belemnite. Panthawi imeneyi, yapadera kwambiri anafika zisanu m'madzi nyumba ngale, thonje m'madzi, maluwa ndi urchins nyanja, komanso elasmobranch ambiri. Koma kwathunthu kutha Paleozoic brachiopod mitundu. M'madzi zomera peresenti mitundu losiyana kwambiri ku Triassic, izo kufika yaikulu zosiyanasiyana. Mu Jurassic nthawi ambiri nsomba m'madzi zokwawa - ichthyosaurs ndi plesiosaurs. Pa nthawi iyi pali kusintha kuchokera kudziko ndi kusinthasintha kwa chilengedwe m'madzi, ng'ona ndi akamba. A yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana angafikeko inakhala lapadziko - zokwawa. Pakati pawo kuti ukuyanga awo zinyamazi, amene ankaimira mwa herbivores, zolusa komanso zinthu zina. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi kwa mamita 23 m'litali, monga Diplodocus. The miyala ya nthawi iyi yopezeka mitundu yatsopano zapoizoni - ndi abuluzi zouluka, ndipo amatchedwa "pterodactyls". Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mbalame choyamba. Jurassic zomera umalandira kukula obiriwira: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, cycads, conifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye ndipo, ndithudi, Mumapezekanso, horsetails, ndi club ndere.

Neogene

Neogene nyengo - nthawi yachiwiri ya Cenozoic nyengo. Iwo anayamba zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zinatha zaka miliyoni 1.8 zapitazo. Panthawi imeneyi, zinthu zasintha kwambiri zomera ndi. Pali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri gastropods ndi bivalves, miyala yamtengo wapatali, foraminifera ndi coccolithophorids. Ambiri anayamba achule, akamba ndi nsomba Bony. Mu nthawi Neogene, zosiyanasiyana patali ndi dziko inakhala kupanga. Mwachitsanzo, panali mofulumira mitundu mwapang'onopang'ono hipparion: hipparions, akavalo, zipembere, antelopes, ngamila, Hobotova, nswala, mvuu, akadyamsonga makoswe, saber-imodzi akambuku, afisi, ndi anyani ena aakulu.

Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa nthawi ino mofulumira ikusintha dziko organic: pali nkhalango-steppe, nayonso, phiri steppe kumveka. Mu madera otentha - ndi savannah ndi rainforest. nyengo ndi pafupi masiku ano.

Nthaka sayansi

nthawi Geological la Dziko maphunziro sayansi - nthaka. Zikuoneka ndi posachedwapa - m'zaka za m'ma 20. Komabe, ngakhale achinyamata ake, ndi utomoni amatidziwitsa nkhani zambiri wolongolola pa mapangidwe dziko lathuli, komanso magwero a zilombo zokhala izo. Mu wamng'ono uyu malingaliro sayansi, koma zotsatira za kuzipenya ndi mfundo ntchito makamaka. N'zosakayikitsa kuti awasungira mu zigawo za kuda nthaka ya dziko Mulimonsemo, amapereka chithunzi molondola zapitazi, kuposa buku lina lililonse analembedwa. Komabe, kuti athe kuwerenga mfundo zimenezi ndi kumvetsa bwinobwino si umapatsidwa kwa aliyense, ngakhale mu sayansi yeniyeni, nthawi pangakhale olakwika kutanthauzira zochitika zina. Kodi pali kuda moto, akhoza motsimikiza kuti moto; ndipo kumene kuli kuda madzi, ndi chikhulupiriro chimodzimodzi ankanena kuti madzi anali, ndi zina zotero. Komabe zolakwa kudzali. Osati kukhala zoona, tiyeni tione chitsanzo chimodzi choterocho.

"Frosting"

Mu 1973 magazini "Chidziwitso - mphamvu" lofalitsidwa nkhani ndi zamoyo wotchuka AA Lyubimtseva "Pantchito frosty pa galasi." wolemba imatiuza owerenga 'kuti kufanana chapadera cha dongosolo ayezi ndi nyumba zomera. Monga kuyesera, iye kujambulidwa chitsanzo pa galasi ndipo anasonyeza chithunzi kuti mnzanga ndi katswiri. Ndipo mwamsanga anazindikira mu chithunzi unayambira zotsalira nthula. Kwa kapangidwe ka dongosolo izi zimachitika chifukwa crystallization wa gawo mafuta nthunzi. Komabe, zimenezi zitakuchitikirani pokonza graphite pyrolytic ndi pyrolysis wa dziko kuchepetsedwa ndi wa hydrogen. Choncho, anapezeka kuti popanda kamwazi izi kwaiye mitundu dendritic ofanana kwambiri kudzala zatsalira. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti pali malamulo ambiri amene amayendetsa mapangidwe mitundu zochita kupanga pa nkhaniyi ndi chikhalidwe.

Pa Akatswiriwa pachibwenzi nthawi yaitali lililonse miyala, zochokera kuda zomera ndi nyama mitundu opezeka madipoziti malasha. Ndipo zaka zochepa zapitazo, panali zonena ndi asayansi kuti njira imeneyi ndi lolakwika ndi kuti mafupawa onse - kanthu kena, monga chochokera kwa mapangidwe zigawo Dziko Lapansi. Mosakayikira, n'zosatheka kuyeza lomwelo, koma akhale njira kusamala kwambiri kuti nkhani chibwenzi.

Ndipo ngati glaciation padziko lonse?

Taganizirani mawu wina categorical asayansi, osati kwa akatswiri a nthaka. Tonsefe, kusukulu, anauzira glaciation World amene ankaphimba dziko lathuli, kuchititsa mitundu ya nyama zikutha: mammoths, wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya rhinos ndi ena ambiri. Ndipo m'badwo wamakono wamng'ono analeredwa pa Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Asayansi ku mawu amodzi kunena kuti nthaka - ndi sayansi yeniyeni, osalola ziphunzitso ndi amagwiritsa mfundo yekha kutsimikiziridwa. Komabe, siziri choncho. Pano, monga m'madera ambiri a sayansi (mbiri ya zinthu zakale, ndi anthu), tingathe kuona chinthu chimodzimodzi wa mbalume ndi kulimba ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma mochedwa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi pa akungoonerera ya Science anachita mkangano waukulu ngati kapena ayi icing. M'zaka za m'ma-makumi awiri, wotchuka wasayansi-miyala ndi nthaka IG Pidoplichko linasindikizidwa zinayi buku ntchito "Pa zaka oundana." Mu pepala ili, wolemba pang'onopang'ono kutsimikizira insolvency buku la glaciation lonse. Iye sadalira ntchito ndi akatswiri ena, ndipo iye ndi amene adaperekeza zofukulidwa Geological (ena amene anakhala ngati msirikali wa Red Army, nawo nkhondo ndi ankhondowo German) m'dziko lonse la Soviet Union ndi Ulaya. Iye ananena kuti glacier sanathe kuphimba Africa lonse, ndipo ankavala yekha chikhalidwe chakumaloko, ndi kuti si amene anayambitsa kutha kwa mitundu nyama, ndi zinthu zosiyana kwambiri - ndi masoka zomwe zinachititsa kuti kusamutsidwa zake ( "mbiri zokopa a Dziko Lapansi" A . Skliarov); ndi ntchito zachuma cha munthuyo.

Zongoganiza, kapena chifukwa asayansi osaganizira zoonekeratu

Ngakhale umboni woonekeratu anapereka Pidoplichko, asayansi sali mofulumira kusiya womulera buku la glaciation lapansi. Ndiyeno kwambiri chidwi. ntchito wolemba mabuku mu 50s oyambirira, koma ndi imfa ya Stalin, nthawi zonse za mabuku anayi achoka malaibulale ndi mayunivesite a dziko, asungidwa mu anawasema laibulale, ndi kuwatengera iwo kunja uko osati kwambiri zosavuta. Mu Soviet Union, aliyense kutenga bukhu ili mu laibulale unatengedwa pa nkhani ya misonkhano yapadera. Ndipo ngakhale lero pali mavuto ena kulandira buku lino. Komabe, zikomo Intaneti, aliyense akhoza kupeza bwino ntchito za wolemba, amene amafufuza mwatsatanetsatane nthawi ya mbiri nthaka ya dziko, limafotokoza chiyambi cha mayendedwe ena.

Nthaka - ndi sayansi yeniyeni?

Akukhulupirira kuti nthaka - sayansi mwangwiro komanso amene anamaliza yekha zimene amaona. Ngati choncho ndi lakuti, silinena chilichonse ankaona, akhoza kukambirana ndiponso postpones chisankho chomaliza mpaka nthawi imeneyi mpaka mwalandira kuonerera lomveka. Komabe, ikusonyeza kumapeto, ndi sayansi, nawonso, timalakwa (mwachitsanzo, sayansi kapena masamu). Komabe, zolakwa si tsoka ngati kutenga nthawi ndi zolondola. amachita lonse mu chilengedwe, ndipo ndi mtengo wamba, inu muyenera kukhala ndi mtima kulandira zoonekeratu, kudziwa tanthauzo bwino ndi kupitiriza kukumana kutulukira zinthu zatsopano. asayansi amakono asonyeza khalidwe ukasintha anyamata, chifukwa ambiri a kuunika kwa sayansi mu nthawi yake maudindo, mphoto ndi kuzindikira ntchito yawo, ndipo tsopano sindikufuna kusiyana ndi iwo. Ndipo khalidwe Timaona osati nthaka, komanso muzochitika zina za polojekiti. Only anthu amphamvu sali owopa kuvomereza musanyalanyaze awo, iwo amakhala ndi mwayi kukhala, chifukwa kudziwika zolakwa - si tsoka, koma mwayi watsopano.