Okhutira ndi kapangidwe ka ntchito zamaganizo

Aliyense wamoyo kukhoza interacts ndi dzikoli. Mu ndondomeko ya mogwirizana pali zinthu ziwiri: mutu, amene makamaka zimakhudza chilengedwe, ndi chinthu chimene chimakhala chinthu kukhutiritsa zofuna za nkhaniyi. Ponena za ntchito za anthu, zikhoza chimatanthauza ntchito dala umalimbana kukwaniritsa cholinga kapena zolinga zambiri. Monga mwachizolowezi, cholinga, pa dzanja limodzi, yogwirizana ndi zofuna ndi zosowa zomwe amafuna kukhuta, ndi pa zina - ndi zofunikira za anthu kwa munthu.

Lingaliro ambiri a ntchito

zochita za anthu angapo makhalidwe mwachibadwa. Choyamba, monga tanenera kale, kuti zochita za anthu yodziwika ndi kuzindikira (anthu akudziwa cholinga, njira kutanthauza adagwirizana, ndi kulosera zakambidwa). zamaganizo Scientific limanena kuti popanda kuzindikira zolinga anthu sitinganene za polojekiti, izo basi kugwira ntchito. Khalidwe mopupuluma umamumvera maganizo ndi zofuna ndi khalidwe la nyama. Kachiwiri, N'zovuta kulingalira ntchito anthu opanda kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusunga wotsatira zipangizo. Chachitatu, mafunso zokhudza zamaganizo ntchito ndi khalidwe lawo, chifukwa izo watchula anthu kapena gulu, zimasonyeza munthu chochita ndi mmene. Zikomo umenewu zimachitika pakati pa anthu amakhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi anthu ena ndi mtundu wina wa ubale ndi iwo.

Kuphunzira ntchito zamaganizo ku zofufuza Union wa zamaganizo (A. N. Leonteva, S. L. Rubinshteyna, A. A. Smirnova, B. M. Teplova neri Al.) Zinasonyeza kuti chikhalidwe cha njira ndi chitukuko cha njira zosiyana mu psyche chimadalira pa makhalidwe ntchito TV kutsitsimuka, angalimbikitsire dera lake. Komanso, zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo A. N. Leonteva ndi P. Ya. Galperina zikusonyeza kuti zotsatira mkati mwa ganizoli aumbike pa maziko a zinthu kunja kupyolera kusintha motsatizana otsiriza. Izi otchedwa internalization.

Kusiyana pakati pa ntchito ndi ntchito

Ntchito - ndi khalidwe wamba anthu onse moyo, kaya mlingo wa bungwe ndi chitukuko. Ndipotu, kumatithandiza kukhala yofunika ubale kwambiri kwa okhalapo onse chilengedwe. Tikumbukenso kuti gwero la ntchitoyi - lifunika Zimachititsa thupi kuchita kukwaniritsa iwo. zinthu zofunika kwa munthu ndi zosoŵa za nyama ndi kukhala zofanana ndi zosiyana. Zinthu zofunika zathupi ogwera onse a iwo, koma ena apamwamba - lililonse kuti anthu, monga iwo amaoneka mchikakamizo cha maphunziro onse.

Mafunso a zamaganizo ndi kuganizira kusiyana pakati pa ntchito ndi ntchito. Waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ndi zochitika ndi chifukwa kufunika kwa mutu ndi ntchito - kufunika ntchito yokha. Ntchito komanso poyamba poyerekezera ndi ntchito. Ndipotu, choyamba akuwonetseredwa mu maganizo athu, zolinga, kukhumbira, koma chachiwiri amagwirizana ndi zinthu, zikutanthauza. Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito ndi chinthu chivundikiro pa lonse ndondomeko ntchito. Ntchito imapereka mawerengedwe a mphamvu, nthawi, mphamvu, lolimbikitsa luso kugonjetsa inertia, akuziyambitsa onse kukwaniritsa zotsatira. Ntchito - lofunika kwambiri ndi kwambiri moyo wa munthu lingaliro. Psychology limatchula bungwe structural wa zodabwitsazi.

Ntchito ndi matabwa ake chigawo chimodzi

Kapangidwe ntchito zamaganizo ali grounding kwambiri chifukwa cha maphunziro ambiri ongolankhula ndi wazotsatira. The determinant chachikulu cha zochita za anthu - ndi chinthu chofunika. zamaganizo zoweta allocates gulu la zinthu zimene zidzakhala pansipa.

Amafotokozera woyamba chiwembu ichi - kufunika. Iwo limanenedwa ngati boma la moto kukhumudwa, amene kumapangitsa ntchito umalimbana kufunafuna chinthu chimene osangalala chikhalidwe ichi. zosowa anthu amakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe osati ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, komanso socialization ndi maphunziro. Yachokera pa kafukufuku awa, mabuku maganizo amapereka classifications awiri:

• Mitundu ya zosowa , kaya nkhani - osauka mwauzimu.
• Mitundu ya zosowa, kaya anachokera - zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe.

Asayansi dziwani kuti kufunika - ichi ndi mphamvu kuti munthu kusonyeza ntchito yawo. Koma osati zodabwitsazi chimatsogoleredwa ndi anthu. Malo ofunika wotanganidwa ndi mfundo cholinga.

Ngati munthu ali ndi kufunika kwa zinthu zatsopano, ndiye pitani pa kalasi mu maganizo, iye angathe pamaziko a zolinga kuwonjezeka. Zamaganizo kumasulira lingaliro ili mwa mawu kulimbikitsa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsa kufuna kupeza, ndi omwe ali ndi malangizo omveka bwino. Pakufunika palibe bwinobwino, palibe nkhani, koma cholinga - Mawu ake konkire. Zolinga zake, kuphatikiza awo ndi mitundu ya amachitira kuwerenga maganizo. Mwachidule akugwirizana zolinga pa onse ozindikira kukomoka. Woyamba tingasonyezere ndi mawu, wachiwiri - ayi, chifukwa iwo anazunzidwa. Tikumbukenso kuti si zothandiza kupeza cholinga cha cholinga, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti zolinga zosiyana ndi ogwirizana ndi cholinga chimodzi, ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana ogwirizana ndi cholinga chimodzi.

Cholinga wa zamaganizo sayansi lofotokoza zotsatira za polojekiti kuti alipo mu malingaliro a munthu ndi zomwe akufuna kukwaniritsa. Mawu a chandamale zingaoneke onse m'nkhaniyo ndi ndege maganizo. cholinga, kenako, lagawidwa ntchito yeniyeni kuti kuthandiza kukwaniritsa chimene mukufuna.

Choncho, osachepera ntchito chigawo chimodzi kuti amachita ntchito yapadera - zimenezi.

Ndicho chifukwa zinthu ngati ndi kapangidwe ka ntchito kuwerenga maganizo. Chiwembu pansipa, kudzakuthandizani zowoneka kuzindikira mfundo:

Kufunika - Cholinga - Cholinga - kanthu - chifukwa.

mitundu ya zinthu

Asayansi kukambirana ntchito monga lakunja thupi wamkati ndiponso mfundo maganizo. Choncho Psychology limatchula zochita zotsatirazi kuti kupereka ntchito m'kati zamatsenga: amamva ndondomeko (maganizo), kuganiza ndondomeko, njira mnemonic (kukumbukira), imazhitivny ndondomeko (m'maganizo). Ndi ntchito mkati amakonzekera zochita kunja. Chifukwa cha iwo, inu mukhoza kulenga ndondomeko mbali zonse zolinga ndi kulingalira chifukwa komaliza. Plus, mothandizidwa ndi kukumbukira munthuyo sadzakhala kubwereza zolakwika anachita kale.

Kapangidwe ntchito maganizo, ndicho mkati, lili ndi zinthu ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, ndi amapanga mofanana kusiyana wakunja, mu mawonekedwe a otaya kuti: ntchito ndi zochita zimachitika ndi zinthu kungoganiza m'malo weniweni, motero, chifukwa alinso ntchito maganizo. Kachiwiri, ntchito mkati anali opangidwa kuchokera kunja mu ndondomeko ya internalization. Mwachitsanzo, ana anawerenga mokweza woyamba ndipo patapita nthawi zina pali kusintha kalankhulidwe mkati.

Koma ntchito kunja umabala kunja substantive kanthu, ndicho galimoto (kaimidwe gululi mu mlengalenga), limaonetseratu kayendedwe (Kuyesezera ndi pantomime), manja, kayendedwe kugwirizana ndi mawu (timinofu).

The ndondomeko ina ya internalization imatengedwa externalization ndondomeko. Iwo kwagona kuti kanthu kunja amayambira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyumba ya mkati kuti anapanga pamaziko a internalization.

Opaleshoni, kuwunika, kuwunika: icho chiri

Kapangidwe ntchito zamaganizo lili zigawo zingapo, koma kwambiri konkire, yomwe ikuchitika mu chilengedwe - opareshoni. Asayansi, theorists kumatanthauza ntchito monga njira kuchita zinthu zina zoopseza. Opaleshoni amapereka mbali luso kanthu, chifukwa n'zotheka kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana.

Zotsatira za ntchito pamene anafika, akudutsa magawo a kuwunika ndi polojekiti. mphamvu za akuyerekeza chifukwa ndi chithunzi chenicheni ndi chandamale. The ziyenera limatchula mlingo wa mwangozi wa zotsatira ndi cholinga. Lowunikira - mofanana ndi chomaliza kulamulira. Zabwino ziyenera amalankhula wokhutira ndi ntchito zabwino ambiri, ndi zoipa - M'malo mwake. Ngati chifukwa sali ngati izo, inu mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro, mukhoza kutumiza icho younikanso ngati nkotheka.

Activities: Mafomu

zamaganizo Russian kuyamba gulu la mitundu ya ntchito. Adzaupereka kwa masewera, ntchito yophunzitsa ndi ntchito ntchito. Taganizirani chirichonse mu dongosolo.

masewera - zochitika kutsogolera ana, chifukwa kuyamika iwo kutengera moyo wamkulu, dziko lake kungoganiza, kuphunzira ndi kukhala. masewera sapereka mwana ena chuma, komanso zinthu zopangidwa sadzakhala chuma, koma amakumana magawo onse a zosowa za ana. Pakuti masewera amakhala ndi ufulu, kudzipatula, yosabala. Imakhala socialization mwana, akufotokozera gedonistichnost wake kulankhula, cognition ndi zilandiridwenso. Komanso ali ndi ntchito compensatory. masewera ali subspecies yake. Izi cholinga masewera, chiwembucho timasewero kusewera masewera ndi malamulo. mwana A udzadutsa siteji ena a chitukuko, iwo amayamba masewera ena. Mu ntchito yotereyi ya mwana zili mu mtima wake, mtima ndiponso makolo ndi nsonga hugest. Komanso ngati mwanayo ali ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi bwino kuthetsa ndi thandizo la masewera.

mawonekedwe lotsatira la ntchito akufotokozera anthu akamakula - ntchito yophunzitsa. Atatero, anthu kupeza zowombetsa mkota kudziwa ongolankhula, adziwe zochita substantive ndi nkhani. Chiphunzitso imapereka ntchito yothandiza anthu, ndondomeko ya pophatikiza achinyamata munthu mu dongosolo la makhalidwe kwa anthu amenewa. Mu ndondomeko ya ntchito kuphunzira akhoza kukhala ndi luso lawo kudziwa kwawo kuwumitsa. Mwanayo amaphunzira kulanga mitundu adzatero.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti chimaonetsera ntchito ntchito. ntchito Labor amapereka zingakhudzire chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi ntchito pa zofuna zawo mowa. Ntchito amakhala ndi kuzindikira, mowa mphamvu, anthu ambiri anazindikira ndi zoyenerera. Titamaliza yunivesite, kapena bungwe lina kapena mokulira, atangotha sukulu, munthu amayamba ntchito yake akatswiri. Psychological Kapangidwe ka ntchito katswiri ali ndi zigawo izi:

Cholinga cha amazindikira - chinthu ntchito - zida ntchito - ndi luso ntchito - ntchito ntchito.

Psychology chiphunzitso cha ntchito

ntchito chiphunzitso amachita ngati mmodzi wa waukulu methodological kukhazikika m'maganizo ndi chikumbumtima kafukufuku. Mu chimango cha zochitika akuphunziridwa monga chodabwitsa kuti akutetezera zonse zochitika zamatsenga ndi njira. Izi sayansi anakumana kutsutsa kwa zamaganizo yachilendo. Mabuku pa zamaganizo a ntchito zokhudzana ndi zaka 20 zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi akupitiriza kusintha lero.

Ku mbali iyi, pali kutanthauzira awiri. Anafotokozedwa koyamba S. L. Rubinshteynom, amene anali mapulogalamu za mfundo za mgwirizano wa chikumbumtima ndi ntchito. The chachiwiri analenga wotchuka wasayansi A. N. Leontev, amene anafotokoza motere nkhani ya kapangidwe gulu la kunja ndi mkati ntchito maganizo.

Ntchito chiphunzitso S. L. Rubinshteyna

wasayansi Izi kuphunzira psyche ndi disclosing asapita kofunika ndi cholinga khama. Rubinstein ananena kuti si koyenera kuona ntchito mkati mwa psyche ngati kuti aumbike mwa kusandulika kwa kunja. Determinism ndi zinthu zoweta ali nkhoswe mchitidwe zimayambitsa kunja. Chikumbumtima ndipo ntchito - si njira ziwiri za mawu a umodzi, nthawi ziwiri kuti alenge umodzi indivisible.

Ntchito chiphunzitso A. N. Leonteva

Dokotala-kafukufuku amakhulupirira psyche mawonekedwe ntchito yopindulitsa. Leontiev ndi kutsatira za chiphunzitso cha internalization ndipo ananena kuti ntchito mkati aumbike chifukwa cha kusintha zochita kunja mu zamatsenga mkati. ntchito Scientific ndi kuzindikira nawo za mtundu wa ndondomeko ya mapangidwe chithunzi chenicheni. Popanga chiphunzitso cha mmene kapangidwe ka ntchito maganizo, Leontiev anapereka ntchito zake anasonkhana kumbuyo mu 1920s ndi. Iye ankagwira ntchito katswiriyu pa chiyambi cha L. S. Vygotskogo, kuphunzira njira mnemonic asonyezedwa mu mzere ndi ntchito cholinga. Mu 30s zaka mazana makumi awiri asogolera Kharkov sukulu zochitika anapitiriza kukula ongolankhula ndi experimental pa nkhani imeneyi. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, kuyambira 1956 1963 ankachititsa zatsopano Leontiev. Chotsatira chake chinali chakuti anali kuthekera mapangidwe phula anthu ndi khutu si zabwino kwambiri nyimbo ndi zoyenela. maganizo ake kuti alingalire ntchito monga ya zochita ndi ntchito akhala ndithu anavomera mu dziko la sayansi maganizo. Leontiev nayenso anaphunzira mmene malingaliro anatuluka ndipo anayamba m'kupita kwa nthawi zamoyo zinachita, mmene chikumbumtima ikutuluka njira ya chitukuko anthu, chiŵerengero ntchito ndi chikumbumtima, m'badwo Kukula kwa psyche ndi chikumbu, angalimbikitsire ndi zamalankhulidwe anamvetsa njira ndi mbiri za kuwerenga maganizo.

Ntchito chiphunzitso L. S. Vygotskogo

Ine ntchito chiphunzitso ntchito kufotokoza peculiarities wa psyche wa anthu ndi Lev Semenovich. Iye anayamba chiphunzitso cha ntchito apamwamba maganizo ndipo anali kutsatira za chiphunzitso cha internalization.

Apamwamba maganizo ntchito wasayansi wotchedwa njira chidziwitso kuti adamulowetsa mu psyche wathu. Iye anakhulupirira izo kale, pamene anthu anali wosazindikira, ntchito apamwamba maganizo anali ubale pakati pa anthu. Koma m'kati kusanduka zinachitika internalization ubale izi, iwo anali lidzasinthidwa zochitika zamatsenga. Khalidwe lalikulu la VPF - ndi pokambiranapo mwa zizindikiro zina ndi zizindikiro. Ngakhale pamaso mawu, anthu akulankhula, kusamutsa nzeru ndi kudziwa kudzera mwa zizindikiro. Izi zikutanthauza kuti athu njira maganizo ntchito pa dongosolo chizindikiro. Koma tikayamba kumvetsa mawu, kenako mungaone kuti izo ndi chizindikiro lolozeka.

Apamwamba ntchito maganizo zili mu lobes mazunzo a kotekisi ubongo. magawo angapo a chiyambi cha ntchito apamwamba maganizo tingaone:

• Mawonekedwe wa anthu - ndondomeko yapakati-maganizo.
• Internalization.
• Ndipo kwenikweni, apamwamba maganizo ntchito - intrapsychic ndondomeko.

Ntchito chiphunzitso akhala zambiri ndipo adzakhala maziko maphunziro ambiri maganizo danga zoweta.