Oletsedwa phwando. Gulu la zipani, mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi atsogoleri

Pakali pano, ku Russia, ananena mfundo yakuti palibe mfundo sangathe ankamuona ngati kumangako, Msikiti view ali ndi ufulu kulibe. Anthu amene amakhulupirira ayi zikhulupiriro ndi maganizo, ndi ogwirizana mabungwe andale, kusonkhezera Pamlingo wamkulu kapena wamng'ono ziwalo mphamvu, kapena m'malo iwo chifukwa cha chisankho. Komabe, pali madera osiyanasiyana amene ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo kwa zifukwa zingapo. Kuthandiza pa ntchito ya zinthu zimenezi zinadzala ndi zilango chigawenga, ndipo ngakhale weniweni m'ndende. Iwo ndikoletsedwa ndi chipani oletsedwa, zambiri za zomwe m'nkhani.

ndi zipani chiyani?

Kuti tione nkhani ya mabungwe yoletsedwa lathu ndale, ayenera kulabadira, kodi chipani wonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, akatswiri andale amati, kuyesera kuphatikiza gulu la ena chifukwa chofanana. Pali yoyenera kwambiri nthawi gulu lathu maphwando, ukugawa iwo mu muyezo waukulu zisanu:

1. Poyerekezera ndi chipani cholamulira ndi onse kulamulira ndiponso kutsutsidwa. Choyamba kuima kumbali ya panopa thandizo la boma kapena okha amenewa. The kanthu chachiwiri ndi boma, amapereka maganizo awo kudzera Zionetsero kapena m'mabuku awo. Mwa njira, ambiri maphwando oletsedwa ndi chitsutso.
2. Malinga ndi bungwe la chipani ali chachikulu ndi ndodo. Chachikulu lotseguka ku zigawo zonse za anthu, iwo akhoza kukhala mmodzi. Pali madera amenewo kudzera zopereka ndalama zaufulu yotentha ndi ophunzira. Ogwira n'zochepa, yopapatiza bwalo la anthu, ndipo anayamba ntchito mwakhama madzulo a masankho, ndalama ndi othandizira olemera.
3. Party pa mfundo maganizo ogaŵikana lamanja, kumanzere ndi centrist. Anatinso tsiku ankaona kuti ndinachoka phiko nthumwi za magulu zokomera ndi chikominisi, pomwe - olekerera ndi nationalists komanso amadziona ngati zimenezi. Centrists - ndi pachimake gulu la zipani ovomereza a boma, kuchirikiza njira ya boma pano.
4. Social, kalasi muyezo wa mabungwe andale amafalitsidwa pakati pa bourgeoisie ndi antchito.
5. Pa kapangidwe ake, chipani angakhale mtundu tingachipeze powerenga, kapena kayendedwe ngati, kapena kuti-kampani, ndiponso mukhoza kuchita monga chibonga ndale.

Pali gulu lina la zipani. Unapereka asayansi ndale Richard Günther ndi Larri Daymondom. Izi chipani elitist, wowerengeka chisankhidwe, chipani ndi lathu mtundu wa bungwe, wochokera mu magulu andale.

mabungwe mobisa mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19 ndi 20 mu Russian Ufumu anayamba kupanga ndale. Ponena za mabungwe oletsedwa, ayenera kulabadira oimira wotchuka kwambiri wa mobisa nthawi: izi ndi Democrats Social ndi Socialist-boma, otchedwa Socialist-boma. Nkhani zimene zimapezeka onsewo - chiwembu pa mlingo wokweretsa, mwachiphamaso ntchito mobisa, uchigawenga ndi chosintha.

The Democrats Social monga m'munsi maganizo ntchito Marxism. maganizo awo - kupasula dongosolo capitalist ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa olamulira ankhanza proletarian ndi kulengeza sosholisimu, ndilo guarantor chilungamo. Za munthu amene anayambitsa chipani, wodziwika kudzera iliyonse buku mbiri sukulu. Izi Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), Martov, Plekhanov ndi ena. M'tsogolo, bungwe unagawanika mu Bolsheviks, otsatira Lenin, ndipo Mensheviks, otsatira Martov a. Monga tikudziwa, ndi Bolshevik chipani anabwera mphamvu October kuukira boma ndipo ndiye kholo la CPSU.

The Socialist-boma anapanga awo chipani mu pophatikizana mwa mabungwe populist. Zimenezi zakhala motalika kokwanira. Mpaka nthawi ya kukwaniritsidwa kwa February utasintha, ndi boma Social kumeneko mozemba, kulenga mabwalo, kayendedwe, kuphatikizapo kuchita zinthu zachiwawa. Iwo anapanga bungwe kuphedwa kwa mfumu ndi anthu ena a boma pa nthawi imeneyo.

Oletsedwa gulu landale mu USSR

Malinga ndi kafukufuku boma ku Soviet Union panali mmodzi zandale - Gulu Communist, koma panali gulu oletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mobisa kayendedwe Maoists mphamvu mu zaka 1960-1980. ganizo lawo lalikulu linali kulimbana ndi bourgeois alibe utsogoleri wa MCP. Atamwalira Iosifa Vissarionovicha Stalina m'malo yekha wa lingaliro chikominisi chinaoneka monga Mao Zedong, ndipo anayamba kulamulira mu Soviet Union Nikitu Sergeevicha Hruscheva anazindikira monga functionary chipani, koma osati mtsogoleri.

Komanso mu mobisa m'nyengo Soviet anayenera kusiya okhulupirira - chipembedzo ankaona kuti "bongo mwa anthu" mu dziko Soviet, iye analibe malo. Onse mabungwe a zipembedzo zokopa akuzunzidwa chifukwa dissent, anawononga nyumba zawo kulambira.

Komanso, mu Soviet Union analipo kayendedwe mobisa, kuimira gulu la achinyamata komwe anthu kukambirana mfundo chikominisi ndi zofuna za moyo wawo weniweni.

Kumene ntchito ya magulu amenewa ku Soviet Union kunali koletsedwa.

Analetsa gulu lathu achipembedzo

Malinga ndi zofunika malamulo chikalata cha dziko - Constituion, palibe chipembedzo akhoza anazindikira ndi boma. Ankalalikira ufulu wa chikumbumtima, aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha chipembedzo chawo. Kulekana kwa chipembedzo ndi boma boma. Choncho, chipembedzo zipani zandale yoletsedwa, monga cholinga chachikulu cha anthu - ndi imposition a chipembedzo ngati n'kofunika m'dziko limene chipembedzo kuuzidwa muzochitika zones za moyo dziko, kuphatikizapo aphungu. Izi zikusiyana ndi malamulo. Komabe, mpaka 2003, mabungwe awa ndale zinakhalapo ndipo ankachita kuteteza zofuna za okhulupirika. Mwachitsanzo, chipani "Pakuti Woyera Russia" anatenga gawo mu chisankho aphungu. Zabwino zonse kwa GGI pa mbali ya Party wa Orthodox sizinawakhudze, chifukwa anali peresenti n'komwe.

Pakali pano, gulu, kulumikizanitsa pa malo achipembedzo ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Zocitika za ena pafupi ndi mpatuko; Cholinga chawo - mabodza achipembedzo, nthawi zambiri kuti achite chinyengo ndi zinthu zina oletsedwa.

Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a boma ndi mpingo osiyana, malinga ndi lamulo lalikhulu la dziko, oimira matupi boma zambiri kukumana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo a zikhulupiriro zimenezo kuboma ndi la Russia. Chifukwa zimachitika izi, okhulupirika kubweretsa maganizo awo ndi zofuna kupolisi.

zipani mu Russia lero

Pakali pano, dziko lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipani zandale ndi kayendedwe ka lathu iliyonse. Ndi chipani cholamulira ankaimira mu State Duma, komanso mabungwe amene, chifukwa wina akhala kumeneko. Mwa izi pali madera ndale ndi magulu kutsutsidwa ndi ovomereza a boma. Ngati tikambirana chipani oletsedwa, iwo makamaka anapeza pakati pa magulu oppositional. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti, monga mwa chilamulo Russian, gulu kulimbikitsa kupasula achiwawa kuti alipo, ndi chidani pa malo mitundu, chikhalidwe ndi zina, ndikoletsedwa.

chitsutso Official ku Russia

Zionetsero mu Russia ukufanizidwa angapo a mabungwe. Ngati ife kulankhula za otsutsa boma, ife tikhoza kutchedwa ndale, anadutsa aphungu. Mwachitsanzo, KPRF, LDPR ndi "Fair Russia". ntchito yawo Zionetsero chimaoneka osati kudzera mwachindunji - zionetsero, pickets, akulowera ndi ena, komanso mwachindunji ndi maulamuliro, kumene iwo ali ndi owayimilira. Iwo akhoza kugonjera maganizo awo pa ankafuna kukambirana.

Komanso, pali zipani zomwe zapita ndondomeko kalembera, ntchito yawo ndi malamulo, koma pa zifukwa wina musalekane pa misonkhano malamulo. maphwando awa mwina sanali kusonkhanitsa chiwerengero ofunikira mavoti mu masankho, kapena sankaloledwa ali ndi udindo chisankho.

Nkhani zimene zimapezeka oimira chitsutso sanali zokhudza zonse

Non-zokhudza zonse oppositional maphwando si akuimira mu chapakati ndi makonsolo, ntchito yawo ndi misonkhano yokopa mothandizidwa ndi misonkhano, misonkhano, pickets ndi njira zina otchedwa msewu demokalase. Ena mwa iwo kutulutsa mabuku awo kusindikizidwa msonkhano, kulenga malo pa Intaneti. maphwando amenewa malinga ndi Utumiki wa Justice Choncho, za zinthu tinganene kuti malamulo. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti iwo zoletsedwa. Maziko chiletso amakhala ntchito chipanichi, kuchita zachiwawa, mabodza fascism, tsankho chisangalalo pa malo alionse, akuitana kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Zoletsedwa phwando Russia

Madera ku kuletsa oletsedwa za ndale amasiyana m'chipembedzo m'mabungwe oterewa ndi chilango mwa chilamulo, ndi udindo pa chigawenga. Zimakopa monga ulamuliro, kwa kufalitsa mauthenga, kumalimbikitsa Fascism kusintha chiwawa mphamvu, ndi zina zotero. E. Party Yoyimitsidwa osiyanasiyana lalikulu wa malingaliro osiyana, kuchokera Kommunisticheskaya mathero madera owolowa manja ndi mtundu.

A nthumwi otchuka wa bungwe yoletsedwa ndale ndi National Bolshevik Party, Eduard Limonov anakhazikitsidwa mu November 1994, kuchokera nthawi ya mukawakankhira nkhani loyamba la nyuzipepala "chinanazi". chipani ichi kale anakana kulembetsa boma, nchifukwa chake iye sakanakhoza kutenga nawo mbali pa boma kulimbana ndale mwa chisankho. Mu 2007, NBP wakhala mwalamulo yoletsedwa, m'munsi anatumikira monga ena zionetsero Zipani. Komabe, anthu ake asiya ntchito ndale - "The Russia Other" anakhazikitsidwa mu 2010. The kulembetsa iye anakana, kotero tsopano dera lino yothandizana zosiyanasiyana maphwando oletsedwa ndale.

Mabungwe ndi magulu omwe amalimbikitsa Fascism

A malo apadera mwa maphwando analetsa zatenga mabungwe lopondereza. Woyamba Russian lopondereza Party analengedwa mu Soviet Union, mu 1931. Chikhochi ndi chimodzi mwa bungwe maphwando obwera anali ndi mfundo ndi dongosolo bwino. Komabe, kupanga malo zifukwa zoonekeratu, kodi Soviet Union ndi Manchuria. Oyambitsa - Russian emigres amene analimbikitsa odana Semitism ndi odana ndi chikominisi. Nkhondo ya Nazi Germany pa Soviet Union chinaoneka ngati mwayi kuchotsa "goli" achiyuda ndi chikominisi. chipani inaletsedwa ndi akuluakulu Japanese mu 1943. Pambuyo asilikali Soviet analowa Manchuria, woyambitsa wa chipani - Konstantin Vladimirovich Rodzaevsky - mwaufulu anagonja kwa akuluakulu Soviet, kenako anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa chaka chotsatira.

Pakali pano, ndi Russian lopondereza chipani kulibe, koma pali mabungwe ena omwe amalimbikitsa Nazism, ndipo oletsedwa ndi Utumiki wa Justice.

kayendedwe mtundu mu Russia zamakono

Movement, ndilo nsanja maganizo a dziko, naperekanso mndandanda wa mabungwe. maphwando mtundu omenyera conventionally ogaŵikana lochepa kwakukulu, komanso bongo. Total zidutswa zoposa 50. Pakati moderates kusankha National Democratic Party, kayendedwe "fundo" ndi ena. Ambiri a m'midzi ndi madera amene ali moyo wathanzi, kwa chitsitsimutso cha makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima. Kwambiri cha ntchitoyi ndi zaphindu ndithu, koma mamembala a zipani awa ali m'munda wa mabungwe yazamalamulo zithetsedwe zinthu zophwanya malamulo.

Oletsedwa Russian mtundu maphwando ndi mwachilungamo yowala woimira - Russian National Umodzi (RNE). Izi kopitilira muyeso-bwino mabungwe, malinga ndi akatswiri ena andale - lopondereza, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1990. Alexander anatsogolera gulu Barkashov. Kuzunza yogwira ntchito gulu la mphamvu analetsedwa, koma chifukwa chake chinali kusintha mtundu wa anayambitsa. Kuyambira mu 1997, RNU wayamba zikukhala yokha gulu chikhalidwe-dziko lawo, unachitikira msonkhano woyamba.

RNU mwadongosolo lero, si mwalamulo m'kaundula. Mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za kayendedwe - kutumiza magulu mongodzipereka pa dera la kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ukraine.