Orleans, France: History ndi zowoneka

Orleans, France - umodzi mwa mizinda yakale kwambiri mu zakale pamene achiwiri kukula mu dziko, wotchuka kugonjetsa English, amene ankapita ndi wotchuka Joan waku Arc. Tsopano mzindawo ndi lalikulu mafakitale, vinyo ndi mafuta onunkhiritsa likulu la France. Chimakopa alendo ndi mbiri yake olemera ndi zipilala mapulani.

History Orleans

Oyambitsa a mizinda ndi mafuko a Gauls, amene anamanga ngati doko la Loire Mtsinje, ndipo ntchito ngati malo zachuma ndi mayendedwe a France. Komabe, mu 52 BC. e. izo anawonongedwa ndi asilikali a Roma otsogozedwa ndi Yuliem Tsezarem.

Chitsitsimutso Orleans zinatenga zaka 200, pamene anayamba kulamulira, mfumu Mark Avrely, kenako anapereka dzina Avrelianuma (1275). Dzina limeneli ndi kale zaka 17, imene, chifukwa kusintha phonetic chinenero anali kuwerenga monga Orleans (France).

Atagwa mu Ufumu wa Roma Avrelianum n'kukhala likulu la ufumu, ngakhale zaka mazana angapo - likulu la duchy pa ankalamulira ndi achibale a olamulira a French.

Orleans malo Hrs anasankhidwa chifukwa cha moyandikana ndi njirazo mtsinje malonda amene zombo anabweretsa France katundu padziko lonse. Kenako kale pouma, iwo anawoloka kuti Paris, ili 100 chabe Km from mzinda.

Zaka zapitazi, Orleans mobwerezabwereza pansi oukira ndi nkhondo, ndi VI lapansi. pa zaka 38 akale anakhala likulu la dziko chifukwa cha Tchalitchi (Ansembe Msonkhano) unachitikira kuno. Kwa nthawi yaitali pambuyo gulu la Wachifulanki boma mzinda n'kukhala likulu la Ufumu wa Orleans. Popeza X mu. amaona mzinda wachiwiri mu France, malo kofunika kwambiri kuti Paris.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kunachitika m'zaka za m'ma XIII. - atulukira yunivesite, kotero kuti mzinda ukhala malo sayansi France.

Orleans mu Ages Middle ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XIX.

M'zaka za m'ma XV. The Orleans zinali kwambiri, kusiya osapezekanso malo mu mbiri ya France ndi England, ndi apa kuti pa zaka 100 ndi nkhondo pakati pa maiko awiri zikomo kwa asilikali, amene anatsogolera Joan waku Arc, kupambana nkhondoyi, ndipo pambuyo pake analandira udindo aulemu a "wantchito wa Orleans" .

tsiku lina losaiwalika m'mbiri French, koma movutika - m'chaka cha 1572 mu mzinda panali Night wa St. Bartholomew, amene anakhala nkhondo yomaliza chipembedzo pakati pa Akatolika ndi Huguenots. Usiku wina pano anafa imfa yoipa pafupifupi 1 zikwi. Huguenots.

kuzinga wina wa mzinda anakumana nawo 1870s, kenako anagwidwa ndi asilikali Prussian.

Bwererani mphamvu kwa Bourbon mzera

Chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. dziko kwadziwika ndi masoka kwambiri m'mbiri: atagwa Napoleon anabwerera ku mphamvu, mzera wa Bourbons lapansi. Izi linasokonekera pamene Napoleon anathawa Elba, kumene ali mu ukapolo, kuyesera kuti abwerere kwa mphamvu. Komabe, 100 tsiku lake ulamuliro zinatha kugonjetsedwa kuti inapha ankhondo kuphatikiza la England ndi Prussia pa Nkhondo ya ku Waterloo. Pambuyo pake, Napoleon anali ku ukapolo ku St. Helena.

Kuyambira 1814, mbiri ya siteji Kubwezeretsa kumayambira France ndi Bourbon Orleans. Poyamba anabwera zopangira Lyudovik XVIII, ndiye - Charles X, amene anabweretsa abale ake aang'ono amene anaphedwa 1792 pa Choyamba French kuukira boma, Mfumu Louis XVI. Nthawiyi amakhala m'madera osiyana-biso pontho chiwembu, kutanthauza kuti anayenera ankagwirizana Napoleon ndi Republican ambiri.

Lyudovik XVIII anali kale ndi zaka zambiri, iye anasiya zikutsatiridwa ndi Civil Code ndi kapangidwe utsogoleri wa boma, pamene Analeredwa ndi French Constitution, unatengera English.

Charles X analibe maganizo kulimbikitsa kopitilira muyeso Party kwa mizati boma koma kuyambira 1827, pambuyo kusankha, olekerera anayamba kufika pa nsanamira othandiza. Ku France, Bourbons ndi Orleans (8 kalasi akuphunzira maphunziro a mbiri) anali vuto chifukwa cha mfundo pachithunzichi a boma ndi wosakhutira nzika wamba, zimene zinachititsa kuti zisinthe wina.

Kukwera wa 1830

July 1830 chinali kusintha Paris, limene Charles X unagonjetsedwa, ndipo malo ake wakhala otsiriza French Korol Lui Philippe Ine, Duke wa Orleans (a mutu anatenga 1800).

France ndi Bourbon Orleans ku utasintha mpaka kumapeto a 1848, Pamilunguyo malamulo a kusintha kwa hayala (1830), amene anali ngati maziko kufanana chipembedzo, ziŵalo lamulo masankho ndi kuchepetsa chikoka cha ufumu. Lui Filipp pankhaniyi anali yotchuka dzina "nzika mfumu". Mu ulamuliro wake Pambuyo Kusakhazikika mu moyo chikhalidwe cha dziko, ziwembu zambiri za adani ake, kuukirana Republican, ndipo ngakhale chiwembucho.

Udindo wa osauka France ndi Bourbon Orleans ku utasintha cha 1830 ndipo sanasinthe: pambuyo ayambe zachuma mu 1840s oyambirira anadza mavuto, anayamba kuculuka ulova, ndi impoverishment antchito anapitiriza. Kuyambira 1846, chuma dziko umachokera maganizo pamodzi ndi zipolowe wamba. February 1848 zinali zodzaza ndi erection wa okwatiranawo m'misewu ya Paris ndi zipolowe otchuka, monga chinali chiyambi cha Republic Chachiwiri. Mfumu Lui Filipp anathawira ku England, iye antchito.

Kubwezeretsa Orleans pambuyo pa nkhondo

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mzinda mu nthawi kuchokera 1940 mpaka 1944 anali m'manja mwa asilikali Nazi. Pa nthawi kumasulidwa kwake, ndi US Air Force kwathunthu mabomba mzinda inawonongedwa kwambiri wa nyumba ndi zipilala.

Choncho, zaka pambuyo nkhondo, nyumba ambiri anamanganso malinga ndi ntchito akale ndi zojambula pokhalabe kalembedwe, koma kutenga nkhani maofesi ano zoyendera.

Orleans, France Zosangalatsa

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za nzika amakhulupirira Orleans Jeanne d'Arc, amene mumzinda umenewu wakhala wotchuka monga wankhondo ndi wopambana, motero zokopa a mzinda opatulidwira kwa iye.

The tchalitchi chachikulu cha Orleans (France) - St. Croix, chinamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIV. potsanzira wa Paris-Notre Dame. Iwo anamangidwira pa malo a kachisi, kumene Joan waku Arc mukondwerera chigonjetso ndi asilikali ndi nzika. Kum'mawa kwa wapakamwa kachisi wapangidwa kalembedwe Gothic, kumadzulo - mu chosiyana, Romanesque. Izo zinachitika chifukwa cha chiwonongeko mu 1568 Huguenot opanduka. M'zaka XVI-XIX, pa tchalitchi inakonzedwanso, zimene anabweretsa ndi mapulani chosiyana ndi omanga. Posachedwapa ambiri omwe adamangidwa belu nsanja, kuchokera komwe, chifukwa cha kutalika kwake 80 m, maganizo wokongola wa mzinda wonsewo. Othimbirira galasi mazenera a tchalitchi Mwachitsanzo nkhani ya mtsikana amene anapulumutsa mzindawo ku zovuta.

Pa apakati pali chipilala Martrois mdzakazi wa Orleans (ziboliboli E. Fuat), ndipo sadali kutali ndi izo - kowonera zakale odzipereka kwa iye ngakhale. The chipilala anamangidwira mu 1855 ku malo akale adzawonongedwa pa zisinthe, kuponyedwa ku mifuti British lotha ndi adakonzeka ndi Antiokeya-ziboliboli zosonyeza ntchito za Jeanne.

, который занимается сбором всех документов, которые имеют отношение к ее жизни. The Orleans kuyambira 1974 pali Center wa Joan waku Arc, amene amatenga mapepala onse amene ali kuchita ndi moyo wake.

Orleans Museum

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zokopa za mzinda chinali ndi dzina la Jean d'Arc - kunyumba wakale wa dziko Duke wa Orleans, kumene iye anakhala masiku angapo mu 1429 pambuyo kukhazikitsanso pano ndi Museum mbiri ya France wotchedwa "Nyumba ya Joan waku Arc," chimene chimafotokoza za Chimwana cha Orleans moyo chibadwire mu umodzi wa midzi ya Lorraine asanapachikidwe. Mmodzi wa zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho akulalikira za kuzinga mzinda 1429, makamu zisudzo odzipereka kwa Ages Middle.

M'mbiri komanso Archaeological Museum ukugwira ntchito kwa 1823 ndipo ikusonyeza alendo Kupezeka kwa nyengo Gallo-Aroma (a mndandanda wa zinthu zakale ku Mkuwa Age), anapeza zinthu zakale mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX., Komanso kukhudzana ndi Zapakati ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. M'nyumbayi anasonyeza zosiyanasiyana handicrafts ndi zosemasema. Iwo atakutidwa mu nyumba imodzi Kabyu, amene amatchedwa Nyumba ya Diane de A Poitiers.

Chimodzi mwa nyumba zokongola kwambiri Orleans (France) - Groslo zazikulu, anamanga mu kalembedwe Burgundy, "nsanja" m'zaka za m'ma XVI. wamanga du Serso. Kwa nthawi munkakhala Mfumu François II, ndi pa ulimi wa ofesi ameya a inali. The Interiors ndi mipando atsala sichinasinthe.

Museum of Wabwino Tirhana akupereka ntchito za ambuye French ndi European wa zithunzi, zosemasema, mipando ndi ziwiya, kuphatikizapo mndandanda wa ntchito za akatswiri a zaka XVII-XIX. pastels (ankaona chigawo chachiwiri waukulu pambuyo Louvre). Pali zipinda za Art Nouveau komanso masiku ano, nthawi zambiri makamu zisudzo.

Royal Bridge pa Loire - ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zokopa za Orleans (France) - anamanga mkulu wa Mfumu George 5, amene anakonda iye kuyenda ndi kusangalala mzinda. Izo zikugwirizana kugombe la France wamkulu mtsinje, kuli zomwe chikugwirizana ndi mbiri ndi chuma cha dziko. achinyamata ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito malo ano ndi kukayenda madzulo mwa mzindawo.

Museum Charles Peguy, mbadwa ya Orleans, amene anakhala ndakatulo ndi wolemba, ili mu Nyumbayi wokongola kalembedwe Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Nawa kugwira wake ndi ntchito stylized akale zinsinsi achipembedzo.

Joan waku Arc mu Orleans holide

Holide yoyamba Orleans (France), odzipatulira kwa Joan waku Arc, unapangidwa bungwe ndi City mu 1435, imene kuyamba wa sewerolo "chinsinsi cha kuzinga Orleans," imabereka ndendende ndi zonse zochitika zonse. Zinali ngakhale mmodzi wa anzake a Joan wa Gilles de A Rais, pang'ono zimachokera ku ntchito. The zilembo zazikulu - mnyamatayo, ndi wodzichepetsa, amene amasankha anthu ndi City Hall.

Kuyambira pamenepo, chaka chilichonse pa May 8, unachitikira chikondwerero m'chigawo chapakati cha mzindawo, kuchotserapo anapangidwa panthawi ya nkhondo zachipembedzo. Zaka zapitazi, ankachitika kusintha yaing'ono, anawonjezera otchulidwa, anayambitsa mwambo wa kugwira wa Virgin rackets.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX. mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Lui Filippa izo anatchedwa tchuthi dziko kuyambira 1920 mpingo ndi holide anthu pa May 8 anali ophatikizidwa.