Pushkin nthawi andakatulo: mndandanda wa ntchito

Andakatulo nthawi Pushkin a - chodabwitsa kuti ndi zaka golide andakatulo Russian ndi kumatanthauza chimango 1810-1830 gg. (Pakuti linati: kutsatira - Silver Age - ali malire 1894-1929 gg.). Ngati kuwala golide dzuwa amapereka, usiku mwezi - siliva, koma kuti ndi nkhani ina, ndipo ndi osangalatsa kwambiri.

Nanga panali chinthu choterocho - "ndakatulo ya nthawi Pushkin a"? Pafupi Pushkin analenga lyricists angati anzeru. Koma bwalo ili ndi lomveka kuti alakatuli amene anali pafupi ndi zapamwamba zazikulu mu mzimu, anakambirana naye mfundo, chikhalidwe ndi woganizirana malo, chikumbumtima ndi zokongoletsa zikhulupiriro, anthu amene ankatsutsana ndi adani chomwecho zolembalemba.

Andakatulo Pushkin Times: mndandanda

Ndi kukafola mndandanda, kotero muyenera kulankhula mosamala kwambiri. Ngati m'pofunika kuonetsetsa Zhukovsky Batiushkov ndi D. Davidov, ndiye Lermontov, Koltsov Polezhaeva ndi kale anatchula poslepushkinskoy nyengo, monga iwo akhala mavuto ena ndi pathos ndakatulo.

Komabe nthawi zambiri akukhulupirira kuti alakatuli nthawi Pushkin a - ndi anthu amene amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito pa nthawi imodzi ndi Pushkin. Ndipo ziribe kanthu momwe pafupi anali mwauzimu ndi ku mfundo zolembalemba maganizo, wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka, anali zikuluzikulu zokha kuti iwo ankachita ndakatulo pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi nthawi zonse patsogolo luso lawo ndi kuphunzira kwa wina ndi mnzake.

Choncho, amene ali alakatuli nthawi Pushkin chiyani? Mndandanda, ndithudi, kuyamba ndi amisiri monga V. A. Zhukovsky ( "Svetlana", "Nyanja", "Lyudmila," "Mfumu ya Forest," "Mgonero"), K. Batyushkov ( "Dream", " uthenga kwa I. M. Muravevu-Apostol "," moto wanga "," Ariosto ndi Tasso "," Petrarch "), pA Vyazemsky (" chosawonongeka maluwa "," Kulira kutsanzikana "," mpingo Village "," King nandolo "" anthu Good "), nkhanza za m'banja Davydov (" wapaulendo "," Borodino munda "," Hussar kuvomereza "," nyimbo yanga "," Nzeru "," Ndimakukonda chifukwa ... "" Siskin ndi duwa "), F. N. Glinka (" pa moyo piiticheskoy Pushkin a "," nkhani nkhondo ya Borodino "," Yobu, free odrazhanie Bukhu la Yobu, "" Hurray! Pakuti kuponya atatu kamodzi "), M. V. Milonov (" kwa chikuku "," Kuti mlongo wanga "," Kugwa masamba "," Uthenga kwa alimi "), PA Katenin ( "Natasha", "wambanda", "Goblin", "Olga", "Andromache") ndi ena amene kale anali olemba, ndipo ena anali wokulirapo ndipo wodziŵa zambiri kuposa Pushkin yekha. Komabe, atakomana naye iwo anazindikira zotsatira zake zamphamvu, onse anthu ndi luso.

Ambiri ndi otchuka mutu wa zaka golide za ndakatulo ndi Uthenga wochezeka. Andakatulo Pushkin Times Batyushkov ndi Zhukovsky, amene ankaona aphunzitsi ake anali makolo ake, koma ndiye mtundu uwu ndakatulo angwiro ndipo anapitiriza Pushkin yekha. Alexander anakonda Batiushkov ndipo anamutcha iye "ndi katswiri wa mkulu-mzimu" ndi "Parnassian osangalala Kanyamaka" chifukwa Batiushkov ndakatulo ankasiyana euphony kapena, molondola kwambiri, phokoso nyimbo. Iye anagunda alliteration modabwitsa omwe anabwereza consonant "s": "Chimwemwe kuwuka kasupe"; "Lovelier kasupe" ndi zina zotero. D.

M'kalasi lyceum

Kenako mu mndandanda ayenera mulinso m'kalasi lake, ophunzira akusekondale, ndi anzake okondedwa ake: V. K. Kyuhelbekera ( "Griboyedov", "Ode imfa ya Byron", "Argives," "Mu 1829", "The tsogolo la ndakatulo Russian"), A. A. Delviga ( "A. S. Pushkinu", "Misozi chikondi", "Sonnet", "Epilogue") ndi A. D. Illichevskogo ( "Hope", "October 19", "atatu wakhungu", "The panyengo ndi chifukwa "," zomangamanga ndi kalipentala "). Mwa njira, otsiriza a chithumwa weniweni wa Pushkin amatchedwa "chosiririka nzeru", "bwenzi ndi mdani" ngati mmene anachitira ankaona mdani wakeyo waukulu ndakatulo.

Tinali mndandanda kuti ndi m'nthawi amene anakumana ndi ndakatulo kwambiri panyengo zosiyanasiyana za moyo wake, ndipo, ndithudi, chifukwa cha mphatso zawo ndi luso, iwo zikupezeka mu luso la mabuku. Izi NM Zilankhulo ( "Namondwe", "Spring", "A. S. Pushkinu", "Trigorskoye", "Morning"), EA Baratynsky ( "Achilles", "imasonkhezera", "mathithi") . njira zawo kulenga kufika, kenako analekanitsa ndi Pushkin.

Pamndandanda uwu tikhoza kuwonjezera gulu lina - anthu amene anali ndi luso pang'ono kwambiri, koma pambuyo kuona mphamvu za umunthu ndi chithumwa namatetule Pushkin a, zosavuta kuphunzira mutu ndi chomasuka kalembedwe bwino ndi poyela ndakatulo. Iwo KF Ryleev ( "Ivan Susanin", "Imfa Ermak", "Dimitriy Samozvanets"), FA Tumansky ( "Birdy," "Elegy", "Mama"), VI Tumansky ( "Odessa "," woimba, "" Tiff "," chiyanjano "), V. G. Teplyakov (" Munthu ukakhala "," tsamba White "" Mzimu "," dona anga akale "), DP Oznobishin (" nkhata " "chinsinsi cha mneneri," "nsanje chiwanda", "Duma"), A. I. Podolinsky ( "maere", "Chithunzicho", "Phunziro", "Star"), ndipo ena.

akutsanza

Pamndandanda uwu munali ena akutsanza ndi epigones ya Pushkin, amene anali basi anagonjetsa talente ndakatulo ya namatetule wamkulu (PA Pletnev, M. D. Delaryu, V. N. Schastny, AA Shishkov, E. F. Rozen) .

Ambiri, mayina onsewa - ndi nthawi ndakatulo Pushkin a. Davydov Komabe, mkulu amene anakhalako nthawi ya Pushkin, limabweretsa kunyada kwa malo pa mndandanda. Pushkin chidwi kwambiri ntchito zake ndakatulo, ndipo anapita ikuthamangira kuti "kumangitsa" mavesi.

Hussar Davydov anali wapadera ndi wolemekezeka choyambirira ndakatulo mawu. Iye anaika pa chigoba zolembalemba wolimba ndi wakulungama, zoseketsa, ikuthamangira komanso akusangalala ndakatulo anthu oledzera-Mwachitsanzo ndakatulo amene sanadodome konse kuswa alipidwa zodyera chikhalidwe ndi zochita, pamene iye ankakonda kuphweka ndi zowongoka mawu zizoloŵezi cutesy, imene anali wotopetsa .

Gusar-ndakatulo

Ndithudi, kutali kukhala angelvmi zinali alakatuli nthawi Pushkin a. Davydov Denis Vasilevich mabwenzi amphamvu anali wokonzeka zochuluka aliyense, ndipo ankachita "chisembwere ufulu" pakati ndewu. Iye sakanakhoza kupirira careerists ndi campaigners, onse tepi ofiira ndi kubowola. Iye nthawizonse, ngakhale munthawi yochepa zina, musaiwale za Mama ndi ntchito asilikali kutsogolo kwake. ndakatulo wake ndi wapadera njira yake, iye anabadwa mu nkhondo, misonkhano, ndi intervals pakati pa nkhondo, ndipo iye amanyadira.

ndakatulo kwambiri choyambirira nthawi Pushkin a. Davydov Denis Vasilevich Monga chitsanzo cha chigoba mgugu hussar ndi ndakatulo razgulnika, kotero thukuta kwambiri ndipo sanatenge kutali, ngati anaphatikizidwa izo.

Mu mawu ake ankamveka "hussar" nyimbo, ndakatulo satirical ndi chikondi elegy, analenga mtundu watsopano wa ngwazi - wankhondo-patriot, ufulu wachikondi, yogwira, ndi moyo lotseguka wa munthu.

Vyazemsky - ndakatulo nthawi Pushkin a

Kupitiriza ndi phunziro lathu ayenera kukumbukira kuti Pushkin kukonda ndi kulemekeza Vyazemsky. Iwo ankaganiza kuti izo kuwonjezekeredwa mwachibadwa chidwi ndi tanthauzo la modernity. Iwo anali munthu zodabwitsa erudite kwa kudziwa Buku.

Kuwonjezera Vyazemskij - adherent ndi theorist wa romanticism Russian. Koma mu zolemba zake, iye ankakonda kupita ku mfundo amene adatipatsa ntchito ndi dryness zina ndi pang'ono muffled maganizo maganizo ndi kukondana. chikhalidwe chake ndakatulo zikufanana kwambiri Pushkin. Vyazemsky kuziganizira yekha wolowa nyumba ya atumwi XVIII, kuonera anzeru French monga Voltaire, amene anali wanzeru M'badwo wa choonadi.

Pyotr Andreyevich Vyazemsky anatuluka wolemba ndakatulo chifukwa cha chikondi cha maphunziro ndi kuganiza izo kwachititsa liberalism, iye anali ufulu woganiza, kugwirira ntchito zopindulitsa anthu wamba ndipo boma. Komabe, ntchito yake, iye anali ndiwofatsa, ndipo ambiri zinkangokhala mitundu chikhalidwe ndakatulo - ufulu kukoma ode wochezeka uthenga, melancholic elegy, nthano, mafanizo, epigrams, Zotengera ndi didactics.

A. A. Delvig

Imodzi mwa alakatuli nthawi Pushkin ndi Anton Antonovich Delvig kuti, mosiyana Vyazemsky, romanticism wake wobvala Mitundu zachikhalidwe. Anagwiritsa ntchito wakale, Roman ndi Greek, miyeso ndakatulo ndi anasankha ndakatulo mtundu wanyimbo wake idyll. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za chithunzi chomwecho chikuchitika mu chete ozizira pansi pa mitengo ya gwero wothwanima. m'nyimbo wake - wonse si zayamba anasintha maganizo ndi zokhumba zawo. Imodzi yabwino ya ndakatulo wake wotchedwa - "Idyll". Apa iye limafotokoza nkhani ya chikondi chachikulu cha anthu awiri aang'ono, amene akabwezere mzake muyaya. Mu zina zachidule wake m'nyimbo anatha kusonyeza zimenezi, kuya ndi otchuka a maganizo amenewa wachifundo. Mmene wa milungu ndi chifundo ndi iwo, ndipo ngakhale pamene zilembo ndi akufa, magulu apamwamba kulondera lawi la chikondi chawo.

Pamene kuwerenga ntchito za Delvig zingaoneke kuti iye ndi classicist mochedwa, amene anaonekera mu nthawi chikondi (limatiuza kalembedwe ake, kukula ndi mtundu wanyimbo, anatengedwa pa classicists a). Koma kuzindikira kuti iwo si koyenera. Delvig - weniweni chikondi kufunitsitsa kwa nthawi anataya wakale, ndi dziko linakhazikika chakale mogwirizana ndi mogwirizana.

Iye wakhumudwa masiku ano, pomwe pali kalekale chikondi chenicheni ndi ubwenzi, pamene munthu akuona dissonance ndi anthu, ndi iwo eni ndi mantha m'tsogolo. Delvig anaphunzitsidwa polemba chinenero cha idyll zachilendo mtundu wanyimbo wa chisoni chifukwa mapeto a m'badwo wagolide.

Pushkin nkhaniyi anagwirizana ndi Delwig, iye anazindikira kuti wosatsutsana ndi wokongola, posapita nthawi kufa, koma kenako anabwerera, koma nthawi iyi mu maonekedwe osiyana kwambiri. Chisoni ndi matsoka chisoni ndi chisoni, komanso onse amene ali okongola, - alendo osakhalitsa m'dzikoli, ndipo mwatsoka, ndiribe mphamvu kwamuyaya.

Wokongola korona otchedwa golide zaka ndakatulo ndi nthawi Pushkin a. Delvig - wina wapatali ulemerero wake.

NM Zilankhulo

mosiyana Nyimboyi inali ndi ndakatulo Nikolaya Mihaylovicha Yazykova, amene analemba za chikondi pathos ufulu wa anthu. Iye anakhulupirira izo unrestrainedly wosangalala ndi osasamala m'moyo. Zilankhulo - ndakatulo Pushkin nthawi, amene anakonda moyo ndipo anali nthawi zonse wokondwa wildness ake mu mawonekedwe ake onse. Mtima umenewo sikudalira maganizo alionse nzeru zaumunthu kapena ndale, kunali wakulungama. Zinenero mulibe kumaonetsetsa kutchereza. mawu ake lolunjika pa chikhalidwe cha munthu monga wolamulira ndi ufulu wokhalapo. Mu ena a zolengedwa wake amalowetsa ena mdima ndi chisoni, koma chosowa kwambiri, Zikatero n'zochepa kwenikweni. Izi maganizo athu si mantha, osati imafoola, ndi zosavuta zokwanira kugonjetsa.

The chinenero ndakatulo ya wolemba anafotokoza momveka bwino ndi aluntha boma kuchangamuka ndi chikondi chachikulu kwa moyo. Choncho Mitundu wofunika - nyimbo zotamanda. Zilankhulo akhoza kukhala mtundu wanyimbo aliyense, kaya ndi elegy kapena nyimbo, nyimbo, kapena kuti uthenga kuwasandutsa nyimbo kapena chiyamikiro. Ndipo iwo adzatse- chogwidwa ndi chisangalalo ndi chimwemwe.

Kuti mudziwe kuti bwino kufotokoza ufulu umenewu ndi chikondi kusangalala wa moyo, chinenero anasanduka Pushkin, amene anathandiza kubweretsa kalembedwe wake ndakatulo ku ungwiro. zinthu zinenero unaturuka mavuto, mawu kwenikweni aphata mzake, katswiri nthawi ndakatulo, iye akanakhoza adzikonzenso ntchito yake wopanda mathero. Mwachitsanzo - uthenga "D. V. Davydov. "

EA Baratynsky

Ngati mlandu Yazikova m'nthawi mu malingaliro umphawi, mu ndakatulo wina, Baratynsky, owerenga sunawakhutitse owonjezera awo.

Kupeza kulenga Evgeniya Abramovicha Baratynskogo choyamba tisaiwale kuti pambuyo Pushkin ndi ndakatulo kwabasi a mbadwo wake, amene anabwera mabuku pambuyo Zhukovsky ndi Batyushkov. Ndakatulo wake makamaka chogwidwa elegies ndi ndakatulo. Iye sanatiuze mu ndakatulo Russian monga kwambiri ndakatulo elegik.

osiyana kwambiri anali kulenga malingaliro nthawi yawo ndakatulo Pushkin a. Baratynsky wosiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo a mu Peru ndi Batiushkov Zhukovsky, amene nthawi yaitali bwino. Zhukovsky ankakhulupirira kuti chimwemwe kudikira wosatha kwa anthu mu dziko lina, ndipo ndi kumene angapeze mtendere, bata ndi chikondi. Batyushkov pambuyo "nzeru pang'ono" ake omwe ananena kuti munthu wabadwa kwa chete moyo kwaokha ndi chikondi kamodzi inaonongeka ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba thawirani chipembedzo.

Koma Baratynsky anakhumudwa mu zonse, iye sanali kukhulupirira mu chiyanjano cha mtendere pa dziko lapansi, kuli kumwamba, ndipo anakayikira kuthekera chimwemwe "pano" ndi "kumeneko." Malinga ndi iye, munthu poyamba bifurcated ndi wosweka choncho sangathe kupeza mogwirizana aliyense ndi moyo wake kapena ndi dzikoli. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti malamulo a dongosolo la dziko.

Baratynsky chidwi kwambiri mphekesera kuti thupi lachivundi ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi, ndi moyo nthawi zonse chinang'ambika mlengalenga, ndipo ndi wosafa. Koma nthawi zambiri, mzimu umapulumuka kuima zinthu zonse padziko lapansi ndi wakufa thupi, ndipo thupi lake amakhala wopanda chifukwa ndi mphamvu, choncho tanthauzo. Iwo ankaganiza kuti munthu anapatsidwa chilakolako ndi imene iye ankakhala kwambiri ndi kwathunthu, koma moyo cholizira mu yopapatiza nthawi chimango cha tsogolo.

zotsutsana zonsezi sangathe kutha kapena zimafika, kapena kuyanjanitsa, chifukwa lamulo la Moyo. Baratynsky - amanenera, iye sanali nkhawa kuwonekera pa kukhumudwa chomwecho chabe kuganizira. Za moyo wake, iye anati monga mosalephera ndi masautso anthu kuti silipita izo ku kubadwa kwa imfa.

Ntchito Baratynsky m'nthawi anaona luso ndakatulo Pushkin makamaka sukulu. Koma kenako ntchito yake sanamvetse kutsutsako. Koma Symbolists Russian, iye anazindikira monga lyricist zazikulu ndi palokha ndipo nzeru zapamwamba, anayesa kutchula mu mizere ndakatulo za chinachake chachikulu ndi zovuta popereka.

mtengo

Pushkin nthawi andakatulo si nthawi zonse ntchito mu chikhalidwe bata ndi mtendere. zokambirana zawo zolembalemba zinkatenga zoipa, kulumana ndi wotsimikizika polemic kuukira pa zokambirana nthawi kupweteka kunyada otsutsa.

Monga mukuonera, panali mavuto ena mu moyo zolembalemba, koma ndakatulo ya otchedwa nthawi Pushkin akhale mofulumira ndipo anafika chikhalidwe mkulu. Ndipo ndithudi, izo wamangidwa kwa izo mu malo oyamba A. S. Pushkinu kwambiri, pa mlingo wa namatetule kuti amagwera Russia limagwirira kwa chilengedwe cha ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo dovedshy mawu zovuta kuzimvetsa ku ungwiro.

Pushkin nthawi andakatulo adatitsegulira golide zaka mabuku Russian, amene anatsalira nthawi chosaneneka lonyezimira kulenga ndege ya Muses zoweta. Ndipo tsopano tili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi ntchito zawo zazikulu.

Pomaliza

Kumene, osati Pushkin katswiri wa chinenero cha ndakatulo Russian anali ndi khalidwe, koma anali dzuwa mu mlengalenga, zimene kukopa pamene dongosolo lathu mapulaneti yowala zina ndi wothwanima bwino amalembedwa ndakatulo dziko, omwe anali ndi luso pofuna kukopa mu kanjira kake zambiri makina ang'onoang'ono.

Andakatulo Pushkin Times - olemekezeka maziko onse a ndakatulo Russian. Ndi zilandiridwenso kwenikweni ayenera kukumana ndi kufufuza zotheka. Mwatsoka, ili nthawi vzroschennaya Pushkin Way woyimba kwenikweni kwambiri, ndipo palibe njira kulankhula za aliyense. Onse a iwo anakhala ulemerero waukulu wa dziko bohemia a ndakatulo.