RF Constitution, Article 51. Palibe afunika umboni yekha, mkazi wake ndi achibale

Nkhani 51 ya Malamulo oyendetsera limati motere:

1. Palibe (limanenedwa ngati munthu aliyense, popanda kutchula udindo wa nzika a) salamulidwa kuti umboni yekha munthu, mkazi wake ndi achibale.

2. malamulo Federal mwina mankhwala osaphatikizidwamo ena ku wawo umboni.

The zili otchedwa umboni chitetezo chokwanira zikuphatikizapo Ufulu incriminate yekha, wake achibale ndi akazi wosayankha, osati kuti athandize pofufuza (mkati malire). M'njira mwayi wina ndi samoizoblicheniya anapereka kwa malamulo a pafupifupi m'mayiko onse ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi (European Convention Lokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu).

Chofunika kwambiri ndi 51 Nkhani ya Lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia Kuthi wachifwamba. Mu ndondomeko ya kufufuza ndi mayesero umboni zambiri kudziwa tsogolo la munthu.

Ufulu chete pa lamulo Russian Federation

Anthu ambiri, wodziwa malamulo tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi tanthauzo la Art. 51 ya Malamulo oyendetsera wa Russian Federation of yopanga US filimuyo. Mawu akuti "mukhoza chete chilichonse inu mukuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ..." ndi bwino kuti ambiri. Lamulo achilendo ndi malo otchedwa "Miranda ufulu" ndipo amaganiza kuti china chilichonse kuwapeza akaidi kulongosolerana iwo (kulalatira) ufulu procedural, sangathe ntchito ku khoti monga umboni. Choncho, yesetsani kuwafotokozera yomweyo.

Koma mu Russia, "ufulu Miranda" sachiza, ndi anthu amene salabadira mafunso akuluakulu yazamalamulo, kawirikawiri zinthu kuwononga moyo wake. Ali ndi ufulu kuulula zomwe kuwakhumudwitsa kapena mabanja awo, koma sangathe kukhala chete nthawi zonse.

Chiletso kudziletsa incrimination

The mwayi kudzinyenga incrimination - mbali yofunika ya luso. 51 ya Malamulo oyendetsera. Iye sizinatchulidwe payokha mu zizindikiro akuluakulu - wachifwamba Kayendesedwe Code, ndi AIC, Administrative Code ndi Civil Procedural Code la Chitaganya cha Russia.

Dziwani kuti preconditions umboni chitetezo chokwanira anaonekera mu XII m'ma England, pamene amaganiziridwa chisokonezo anakakamizika kutenga lumbiro wakale officio. Masiku ano, lamulo limeneli - mfundo zofunika kwambiri chilungamo. Amamvetsera wapadera ku United States, Australia, Germany, Canada ndi maiko EU. Koma kukhazikitsa procedural mwayi umene kudzinyenga incrimination imasiyana malingana dongosolo womulera mu State.

1. Ambiri maiko (nkhani) chilamulo, ngati akuganiza akuvomera umboni, kuti kufunsidwa monga mboni. Choncho, zikhoza kuonedwa ayenera pa kulephera wotsatira wa kuwerenga kapena uthenga wa nkhani zonama.

2. M'maiko chokhala system (kuphatikizapo Russia) ndi akuganiza kapena mlandu anakana umboni anapereka mfundo zabodza, osati mlandu. Akukhulupirira kuti amachita mosapatuka za chitetezo cha samoizoblicheniya.

Ndi ufulu wokana umboni si nkhani ya mulandu makamaka. Munthu akhoza sanena china chilichonse za iwo wokha, akhoza kenako ntchito mu Kuthi chigawenga monga umboni.

Umboni akazi ndi achibale

Mndandanda wa anthu ndi amene mungathe kukana kupereka umboni, kuperekedwa mu Para. 4, Art. 5 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba. Pamafunikanso:

• Mkazi - munthu amene ukwati m'kaundula mu maudindo mu kaundula.
• Makolo kapena makolo omulera.
• Ana, kuphatikizapo atsopano.
• Abale, kuphatikizapo consanguineous ndi abale uterine ndi alongo.
• Adzukulu.
• Kapena agogo.

List of chatsekedwa, ndipo ntchito kwa onse mitundu ya ulimi - mndandanda ofanana kuperekedwa mu zizindikiro zina la Russia. Big kuchotsa ndi chakuti sali m'gulu stepfathers wake, stepmothers, anthu okhalira (wamba akazi). Mu chimango cha Kuthi chigawenga mboni ali ndi ufulu ntchito N. 3 Art. 5 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba ndi maganizo "anthu pafupi" (anthu amene anali pachibale, kapena amene bwino kukhala zodula umboni ku mphamvu ya chikondi munthu). Yokhala, maganizo awo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumanja, ananena kwa Constitution Russian, Article 51.

Ukutitsimikizira ku kukakamiza

Kugwiritsa zochita (kuwaopseza, akuyendeni pansi) amakakamizidwa umboni - ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga pansi Art. 302 wa Code Wachifwamba. Amaganiza kuti china chilichonse za zinthu za mkangano kapena upandu laperekedwa mwaufulu, bwino zotsatira za zomwe zanenedwa. Yokhala mfundo izi paliponse ananena, koma kumafuna ku Ulaya pa mtima ndi maganizo mayesero chilungamo.

Mu Russia, izo kumateteza ku zinthu kukakamiza ndiponso ofanana kulongosolerana Art. 51 Lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia isanafike yokonza zikalata zonse procedural mu Kuthi chigawenga ndi njira milandu.

RF Constitution (Article 51, amene amasamalila kutanthauzira lamanja la chitetezo mtheradi kudzinyenga incrimination) yokhala kukhala kosatheka kuti chivomerezo ndi. Ndipotu mfundo ndi kuphwanya umboni chitetezo chokwanira.

Russia ndi Supreme Court mu Zikatero ndi chikuonetseratu mlandu ndi mlandu kapena akuganiza si umboni ndi sikutanthauza loya. Zochita matupi investigative kutsogolo kwa Kuzindikila mphindi lolingana zimene munthu wina anafotokoza (by dzanja) chakudya cha Art. 51 ya Malamulo oyendetsera.

Pochita umboni chitetezo chokwanira

Nkofunika kudziwa lingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphatso imeneyi. Nkhani 51 ya Lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia okha malamulo angapo, zotchulidwa malamulo pano ndi kuchita.

• The akuganiza (mlandu, mboni) ayenera kuchita ntchito investigative amene amafuna ntchito zake (mikangano, bwinobwino chizindikiritso).
• Kulandira, kuphatikizapo yokakamiza, ndi ophunzira za ndondomeko ya zitsanzo magazi, mkodzo, mpweya, zitsanzo mawu kwa umboni m'tsogolo. Kufunika zimenezi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Constitutional Court la Chitaganya cha Russia.
• N'zotheka mafunso anthu ena za zochitika ndi zinthu zimene kwa iwo ndi anthu amene amapondereza umboni asanazolowere ntchito wotsatira wa mfundo m'munsi umboni.
• Chilamulo cha Russian Federation (Art. 1.5 Administrative Code la Chitaganya cha Russia) anakhazikitsa kuchotserapo kwa kungoganizira za wosachimwa. Nkhope zina, katundu yesa wosalakwa. Mu European Union ulamuliro imeneyi imagwira ntchito kwa eni magalimoto omwe amafunika kuti akatsimikizire kusalakwa kuphwanya malamulo magalimoto.

Ndi ufulu wokana thandizo

Nkhani 51 ya Malamulo oyendetsera wa Russian Federation, ndemanga kuti ntchito yake yazamalamulo, zimasonyezanso zochita zina, kuwonjezera pa kulephera kuwerenga. Makamaka, wokhutira zikuphatikizapo ufulu kulimbikitsa ndondomeko ya milandu chigawenga. Pamafunikanso:

• Kulephera kupereka malongosoledwe kapena zambiri.
• Kupereka wekha (wolakwa pempho). Ngati akuganiza wakana kuzindikira upandu pa mafunso choyamba, palibe ali ndi ufulu amaumirira penepi.
• Non-issuance wa zinthu, zikalata kapena zamtengo wapatali kwa kufufuza.

umboni udindo

Mu chimango cha Kuthi chigawenga mboni zonse anachenjeza za zotsatira za umboni, komanso udindo mabodza ndi oyamba kufufuza kapena mayesero osocheretsa.

Perjury ndi chotsutsana chilungamo anali wodziwika Ancient Rome. Modern Chilamulo la Chitaganya cha Russian zikutanthauza kuti uthenga wa nkhani zonama zokhudza mfundo ndi zinthu zimene zimadziwika kuti umboni (Katswiri, katswiri) ndipo zingakhudze zotsatira za kufufuza kapena khotilo. Udindo madziwa katunduyo. 307 wa Code Wachifwamba.

Khalani kufufuza Wachifwamba limasonyeza kuti kwambiri okhalira perjuring (akazi wamba), anzanu, anansi ndi anzawo mwa anthu ndi mlandu. The chifukwa cha zochita zawo, ku mbali yaikulu ndi chifundo kwa zigawenga kapena mabanja awo, sakhulupirira apolisi, koma nthawi zambiri amafuna kuti "yoŵerengerana".

Monga mbali ya chokhumudwitsa pansi Art. 307 wa Code Wachifwamba pali zinthu zingapo zotheka:

1. ndi kulakwitsa woonamtima, umboni molakwika amaona mfundo zokhudza zotsatira za pofufuza.

2. The ntchito mabodza ngati chodzitetezera ku kukayikirana. Nkhani wamba pamene mboni amakana zambiri pa kafukufuku kapena mwa umboni wawo, kupewa kumuneneza zachiwawa. Koma apa, nawonso, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito Article 51 ya Malamulo oyendetsera. Zitsanzo wakagwiritsidwe, exempting:

• umboni akuti kugula mankhwala pa mlandu, chifukwa Pankhaniyi iye anavomereza kuti upandu pansi Art. 228 wa Code Wachifwamba. Zilibe zikukhudza dala bodza udindo, monga akuteteza yekha ku miseche.
• Mboni inanena mfundo zolakwika chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti mwinamwake adzakhala akuganiza mu umbanda.

Ngati munthu lagona ndi kuyesera kuti uvomereze chokhumudwitsa chigawenga, ndi udindo wa luso. 307 wa Code Wachifwamba samabwera kwa iye chifukwa cha RF Constitution (Article 51) amateteza kudzinyenga incrimination. Koma vuto chosiyana ngati perjuring cha maganizo a anthu. Anthu kawiri kawiri amayesetsa kuonekera kwambiri usilikali, malamulo ndipo woganizira kuposa izo kwenikweni.

3. chidzudzulo mwadala onyenga (lipoti upandu) Nthawi zambiri ntchito nacho kukayikirana. Udindo upandu anapereka kwa Article. 306 wa Code Wachifwamba.

Khalidwe la chilungamo ndi chifukwa zimatengera pa kukhazikitsa ntchito anthu boma. Komabe, chenjezo za chilango cha perjury akadali amaona ambiri monga mwambo chabe. Choncho, mlingo wa milandu pansi Art. 306-307 wa Code Wachifwamba amakhalabe mkulu.

zina umboni chitetezo chokwanira

RF Constitution (Article 51 Part. 2) imafotokoza kuti osaphatikizidwamo kwa umboni, malingana ndi udindo wa mboni nthawi kuti ndifotokoze. mndandanda Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Woweruza kapena loweruza - mfundo kwa iwo mu chimango cha lililonse la mlandu.
• Achilamulo ndi kumbali - mudziwe zimene kwa iwo mu njira ya kupereka malamulo. Chomveka njira zigawenga ndi boma.
• Atsogoleri (Christianity, Chibuda, Islam) sangathe kuulula mfundo analandira kwa atsogoleri a chipembedzowo mu wongodzinenera lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo oimira mipatuko ndi tizikhulupiriro mwina ntchito mtundu uwu wa chitetezo chokwanira.
• Maguluwo matupi woimira maboma boma ndi dera ali ndi ufulu kukana umboni za zinthu zimene kwa iwo m'nthawi ya ntchito za ulamuliro.
• Oimira (onse anapatsidwa udindo uwu, kuphatikizapo ogwira luso) - wa zinthu zonse ndi zoona. Koma chitetezo cha m'thupi amathera kukhudza ngati pa mkhalidwe wachilendo adalonjeza mafunso a.

mndandanda analola mipata ena. Mwachitsanzo, alibe chitetezo chokwanira wothandizira maloya, omasulira ndi owayimilira wene, amene sali achibale awo. Onse a iwo akhoza kundifunsa popanda lamanja la kukana.

RF Constitution, Article 51 - lamulo lofunika kwambiri kwa malamulo a dziko ndi dziko kuti wavutika pa misa repressions. Ndi guarantor kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu ndi yapachiweniweni mu nthawi kulankhulana ndi yazamalamulo ndi maulamuliro milandu.