Romanov mafumu. Odula manja a Romanovs (B. V. Kene)

Mafumu a Romanovs - wakale Moscow boyar banja. Andrei Ivanovich Mare - woyamba anatchula kholo la tsogolo la mafumu achifumu. Iye anakhalapo m'zaka za m'ma XIV natumikira monga Grand Duke Vladimir ndi Moscow Simeon onyada, mwana wamkulu Ivana Kality. Andrei Mare, pamodzi ndi Alexei Bosovolkovym, anachita m'khalapakati kumapeto kwa ukwati pakati pa mkulu wa Moscow ndipo Mariey Aleksandrovnoy, mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa Tver. The akazembe wopambana.

About Andrew atsala pang'ono m'mbiri ya salinso otchulidwa, koma amadziwika kuti ana ake anapitiriza kutumikira Moscow akalonga. ana ake anakhala makolo a maina wotchuka, koma ndi Fyodor Amphaka natenga Romanov tsars. Dzina lokha anali tinatengera kwa praprapravnuka Andrei atsala pang'ono - Romana Yurevicha Zaharina, ogwira wotchuka kwambiri ndi woweruza. Mwana wake wamkazi, Anastasia Romanovna, woyamba ndi wokondedwa kwambiri mkazi wa Ivan IV kwambiri.

Wotchuka chakuti Anastasia wachifundo ndi wofatsa wake khalidwe zonse adaletsa mwamuna wake. Kuti imfa yake anali kusungunuka Anasankha wokondwa ndi kukula kukhulupirirana mfumu ya boyars lapansi. Mphwake Jurevny Anastasia anali Fedor Nikitich Romanov, umunthu ndi chofunika m'mbiri Russian. Zinali iye amene anatenga nawo mbali m'ndale Nthawi ya Mavuto iye mokakamiza tonsured mmonke Borisom Godunovym.

Pamene chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Romanovs? Zinali bwanji? Zingati lolimba? Onse mafunso awa mudzapeza mayankho nkhaniyi.

Chisankho cha Mikhail Romanov ufumu

Nthawi mu mbiriyakale, pamene ulamuliro wa Romanovs, kunali kovuta ndi wamagazi. Mu Russia kumapeto kwa XVI m'kati chiwonongeko, osautsa Smoot. Mwana Ivana Groznogo, Fyodor nafa wopanda mwana, m`bale wake Dmitri anaphedwa Uglich, wina Ivan Ivanovich, iye anafa pa moyo wa bambo ake. Adzafupikitsidwa ndi Rurik mafumu, panali mavuto dynastic. Wotsatira unali kusintha kuja boma, ntchito Godunov ndi Shuisky sanathe wachifumu. Dziwani kuti anthu zikuwanyansa mafumu atsopano, osati chifukwa cha njira yawo analephera, koma chifukwa Godunov ndi Shuisky anasankhidwa olamulira chiyani sadzalowa wachifumu.

Monga zotsatira za mantha pa Zemsky Sobor mu 1613, zomwe kamodzinso chinaonekera funso la Mafumu. Ife tinali kusankha munthu amene si inaipitsa dzina lakelake pa mavuto. M'pofunikanso kupereka msonkho kwa Cossacks, amene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri chisankho cha Mikhail Romanov. Osati zokhazo, iwo anali ophunzira chipitirire ukulu, ndi Cossacks anakhalabe wosabvunda. Prince Troubetzkoy, pofuna kupeza mpando wachifumu, musati skimp, adagulung'undisa anzake kupeza thandizo mwa Cossacks. Nawonso, kodi ayi mphatso, koma musati kumbali kalonga.

Komanso ntchito yofunika kwambiri kusankha Mikhail Fedorovich ankaimba palibe wonamizira mfumu mu Moscow, monga zingachititse ngozi, ndi kusokoneza Zemsky Sobor. Boyars Romanov analandira candidacy, chifukwa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ndi wamng'ono (panthawi mnyamata zaka 16) ndipo adzakhala "mfumu ya m'thumba" chidole m'manja mwawo. Pamene zokapempha bolodi kutenga Mikhail Fedorovich anakumbukira za unansi wake ndi Rurik mafumu, monga bambo wake , mabishopu, Filaret ali msuwani Tsar Fedor Ivanovich.

Nthano za chiyambi cha mafumu ndi

anali choyimira cha banja Romanov chiyani? Tisanafotokoze kulankhula za izi, tiyeni tiphunzire nthano za chiyambi cha mafumu a.

Kumayambiriro kwa buku XVI m'zaka za kubwera kwa Scandinavia ku Russia, anauyamba "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", ndiye kuti sichidaliranso tamutchula ndipo ali mu zosatheka analimbitsa kutchuka lonse la Russia. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali chiphunzitso cha "Moscow - Roma Chachitatu", zolimbitsira dziko la monga malo Orthodoxy. Ife tinali kubwera ndi nthano ya pedigree ufumu wa kulamulira. Podziwika mfumu wa Roma Augustus. Malinga ndi nthano, wachibale wake, Prus, anatumizidwa ku Ulaya pa chitukuko cha dziko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko. Choncho adakhala mfumu ya Prussia, ndipo anali kamodzi anthu Asilavo.

Ana Prus anayamba kukulitsa gawo ake kummawa, Motero wathetsedwapo ndi minda Russian. Choncho panali Rurik mafumu. Koma nthano ino amagwirizana ndi Romanovs? lophweka. Mu 1722 Peter Komanso ndinaganiza amavomereza zoti mphamvu zawo ndi "patsogolo" ya pedigree. Mfumu analangiza kukhala buku ili la Mfumu ya Zida Stepan Andreyevich Kolycheva. Tsopano amaganiza kuti pa nthawi ya ufumu wa Roma (zaka 373 kapena 305), Mfumu ya Prussia Prouty wadutsa mu malo a ufumu kwa m'bale wake Veydevutu, ndipo iye anapita ku mzinda achikunja Romanov, kumene iye analemekeza monga Wansembe Wamkulu. Pamudzi imene inali m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Dubissy ndi Nevyazhi kumene kumenya kukula kwake thundu unakula. Asanafe, ufumu Veydevut anawagawa magawo angapo.

Mmodzi wa ana ake, Nedron, anayamba kulamulira m'mayiko zhmudskih (m'dera la Lithuania amakono). Patapita zaka zambiri, m'zaka XIII, mbadwa Nedrona, England Cambio, anadza kwa Russia, kumene iye anali Prince woyamba wa Moscow, Daniilu Aleksandrovichu. Kumeneko iye anakhala Mkristu, ndi dzina lake loyamba linali dzina - atsala pang'ono. Mwachibadwa, Mabaibulo awa si zenizeni anayeserapo zambiri za mbiri yakale kuonetsetsa lodalirika awo anali pachabe. Komabe, ambiri a mafumu a Romanov mafumu anali otchuka moona, akulankhula za lapadera kwambiri tikambirana pansipa.

Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova ulamuliro

Mikhail Fedorovich analamulira 1613 ndi 1645. Iye anachita yovuta kwambiri - ziziyenda zinthu pa dziko, owonongedwa pambuyo mavuto. Musamakangane pa olamulira. "Vorenok Ivashka" mwana wa Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, amene angatenge ntchito inalowa la mfumu yatsopano sanakhutitsidwe anaphedwa. Atathana kamba pretenders mpando wachifumu Russian. Choyamba, kupambana panali mfundo yachilendo ya Michael. Mu 1617 anamaliza Stolbovsky mtendere ndi Sweden, anabwezedwa ku Novgorod imene Russia. Mu 1618 tagwirizana anasaina Deulino ndi Poland, Izi zidzapangitsa kuti zinthu mkati chifukwa pakalibe ngozi kuchokera kunja. Komabe, mu Smolensk nkhondo (1632-1634) Russia anagonjetsedwa.

Alexis

Mu ulamuliro wa Alexei Mikhailovich, pakhala zinthu zina zofunika, koma mfumu ndi mu mthunzi wa mwana wake, Peter Ine Wamkulu. Ngakhale kuti Alexis analitcha ndi wa bata, m'badwo wa ulamuliro wake wotchedwa "buntashnym". Pa nthawi imeneyi nthawi (1645-1676) anagwa angapo kwambiri otchuka kusakhutira: Salt chipolowe (1648), mkuwa chipolowe (1662) ndi wamba nkhondo kutsogoleredwa ndi Stepan Razin (1670-1671). Chifukwa zochitika pa malamulo loyamba la malamulo Analeredwa - Conciliar The Code (1649), chimene mwalamulo kulembetsa serfdom. Umatchuka ndi kusintha kwa mabishopu, Nikon, amene ankafuna kuyanjanitsa miyambo achipembedzo ndi mabuku ku achigiriki. Ngakhale miyeso kusintha anali zonyozeka (mnyumba mphambano troeperstiem, kulemba dzina la Yesu, ndi zina zotero. D.) Iwo anachititsa kwambiri wosakhutira pakati pa anthu.

Peter Ine A.

Aliyense akudziwa woyamba Russian mfumu, wokonzanso kwambiri ndi luso mkulu - Peter Ine Alekseevich. Masitepe oyamba palokha anakhala mfumu Azov yokopa, chifukwa chimene Russia ankalowa Nyanja ya Azov ndi Great ofesi ya kazembe, imene Peter yekha anatenga mbali. Russia anatengera miyambo yambiri European, ndipo anapanga kumpoto Alliance for nkhondo ndi Sweden. Pa Great kumpoto nkhondo (1700-1721) Russia ankalowa Nyanja Baltic ndipo walandira udindo wa ufumu. masinthidwe angapo Peter chinachititsa kuti mofulumira bizinesi mu dziko, maphunziro, chikhalidwe, sayansi, ndi zina zotero. D.

Catherine II Alexeyevna

Peter ndinalandira dongosolo la motsatizana malinga ndi zimene mfumu anaika m'malo koma mfumu analibe nthawi kutaya pa nkhani imeneyi, zimene zinachititsa kuti zokhumba yaitali nyumba imene ofuna wachifumu, modalira Alonda anagwira mphamvu. Ambiri a iwo sanathe kukwera, koma izi siziri choncho ndi Ekaterina II, mkazi wa anthu Russian anamuda Peter III, mdzukulu wa Peter I. ndi ndondomeko kunja ndi mkati mwa Catherine zikhoza kukhala bwino anafotokoza. Iye zachipembedzo m'mayiko mpingo (1764), anathetsa hetman ku Ukraine (1764), wopereka kusintha kwa Senate (1763), zigawo (1775), mzinda (1785). Makamaka chifukwa cha mfundo yachilendo anali kupeza mwayi kwa Black Sea ndi inalowa la Crimea chilumba.

Alexander I Pavlovich

Alexander I - m'malo maganizo m'mbiri Russian. Kuchiyambi kwa ulamuliro wake anali zingamuthandize - Committee Private, zimene zinaphatikizapo pafupifupi mfumu inaika lamulo pa Amnesty ndale (1801), kusintha kwa matabwa a Ministry (1802), pa alimi ufulu (1803). Mu 1812, Russia anapambana chigonjetso chachikulu pa nkhondo, mayiko mphamvu ndi ulamuliro mphamvu. Koma mu theka lachiwiri la ulamuliro wa Alexander ndi owolowa manja maganizo ndiwofatsa zasintha kuti anali chimodzi mwa zifukwa za chiwembu cha Decembrists mu 1825.

Alexander II Nikolaevich

Mpulumutsi Alexander II anaitana zikulu zofunika kukonza ikuchitika mu 1861, - chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Ndi pamene Alexander II wa chovala Romanov banja la manja analengedwa, tikambirana pansipa. Ndi nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, zosintha zambiri akuyendera: bwalo (1864), chigawo (1864), mzinda (1870), asilikali (1861-1874) ndi kusintha zinthu zina. Komabe, thiransifoma kwambiri, anaphedwa mu 1881 narodovolnikom A. I. Zhelyabovym.

Last Romanov

Pa ulamuliro Nicholas II kuti anali ndi nthawi yovuta. magazi ambiri unakhetsedwa pa tsoka mu Khodynka Field (1894), mu Chirasha Japanese nkhondo (1904-1905), mu utasintha (1905-1907), nkhondo World I (1914-1918) ndipo mu February utasintha (1917). Komabe, mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas panali kuwonjezeka lalikulu kwa anthu, misonkho mwa wotsikitsitsa mu Europe, m'manja mwa alimi anali pafupifupi 80% olimapo. Mwatsoka, kusowa kwa dzanja olimba mfumu kulephera mfundo yachilendo ndi mphamvu mkulu Grigory Rasputin zinachititsa kuti Kulandidwa kwa Mfumu mu March 1917 ndipo anamuwombera ndi banja langa Chilimwe chotsatira. Zinali otsiriza Romanov mafumu ali unatha.

Woyambitsa wa Russian m'mabwinja Society

Berngard Vasilevich Kene - lalikulu heraldist ndi Russian Ufumu, woyambitsa wa Russian m'mabwinja Society. Pa chongoganiza kulamula gerbotvorchestva mu Russia unachitikira. Mu 1857, Baron Koehne anakhazikitsa malamulo zizindikiro zokongoletsa. Bernhard mlengi yachiwiri ya Big chizindikiro cha Russian Ufumu ndi Crest banja la Romanov mafumu.

Odula manja a Romanovs: mbiriyakale

Kuchokera mphamvu 1613 olamulira onse a Romanov mafumu ntchito choyimira dziko, chimene chimafotokoza mphungu mitu iwiri. Koma 60 m za m'ma XIX, Alexander Wachiwiri anafuna kuti akonze chizindikiro munthu. Kodi anali malaya banja la manja la Romanov mafumu? Kwa maziko ake anali chizindikiro cha Romanov boyars. Koma palinso chizindikiro cha Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, monga mwachindunji wamwamuna nthambi ya mafumu ndi anafupikitsa mu 1730 ndi imfa ya mdzukulu Peter Ine, Petulo II, ndi akazi - mu 1761 ndi imfa ya mwana wake Elizabeti. Nthumwi woyamba wa mafumu a Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov anali Peter III. mayi ake, Anna, anali mwana wa Petra Velikogo, ndi atate wake, Karl Friedrich, anali Kalonga wa Holstein-Gottorp. Peter zikuoneka kuti analibe nthawi kuthetsa dzina malamulo a mafumu, ndi mkazi wake, Catherine II, kodi kukopa chidwi poterera nkhani, chifukwa poyamba malo ake pa mpando wachifumu anali wokongola Kusakhazikika.

Zizindikiro chizindikiro-Holstein Gottorp-Romanov

Kodi chovala mikono ya Romanovs? The phindu ndi lodziwikiratu: ndi mphamvu ndi ulamuliro.

chishango unagawidwa pawiri. Kumanja odula manja a Romanovs. Iwo akunena khosi wofiira, atagwira zikhadabo zake lupanga ndi chishango. Tsatanetsatane chofunika kwambiri - wakuda pang'ono mphungu pansi pa bolodi. M'mphepete mwa malaya a manja chokongoletsedwa ndi mitu mikango. Amakhulupirira kuti chizindikiro cha Romanovs anaitenga mwa iwo kuchokera choyimira cha Livonia, monga Griffin - chithunzi zofala mu heraldry European. Odula manja Schleswig-Holstein lili kumanzere ndipo mbali zisanu, popanda chishango kakang'ono pakati. Pa m'mphepete, inu mukhoza kuwona chovala manja Schleswig, Holstein odula manja, odula stormarnsky mikono, malaya ditmarsensky. Chishango mkati anagawa pawiri: Oldenburg ndi zizindikiro delmengorstsky.

Nyumba ya Romanov Boyars

Nyumba ya Romanov kuyang'anira - nyumba yokhayo amene anapulumuka ku zigawo zazikulu za Romanovs. Mwina, linamangidwa mu m'ma XVI. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, Alexander Wachiwiri ananena kuti House anakhala owonetsera zakale ali ndi ufulu kudzacheza. Nyumba ya Romanov ndi chidwi chifukwa chakuti makoma ake ndi fano Griffin wa mbali yaikulu ya banja Romanov.