Kholo lakale Filaret: mwachidule mbiri, ntchito

History amadziwa khalidwe angapo wodziwika bwino wa tozkami dzina ntchito mu dera limodzi la zochitika, ndi, koma kuona njira zosiyanasiyana kuti asinthe mbiri.

Kholo lakale Filaret zaka za moyo umene chinachitikira ndi nthawi ya mavuto aakulu chikhalidwe, ndi wina wa kanjedza kwambiri kusiyana maganizo mbiri Russian, amene zochita ndi tanthauzo la m'mbiri lonse la Russia kovuta kuti aone bwinobwino. Komabe, munthu uyu kwenikweni anasintha wa zochitika zandale ndiponso makamaka zinthu zofuna za achibale ake kupereka malo olimba wa Romanov mafumu pa mpando wachifumu.

Pa moyo wake, mabishopu, Filaret Romanov - mu dziko Fedor Nikitivich - anakumana udindo okhazikika ntchito ndi zokwera ndi zotsika zotsatirazi awiri. Ngati munthu sanali achipembedzo, koma choncho adzatenga malo Metropolitan, nthawi zonse anali kulemberana ndi atsogoleri akuluakulu a Moscow, kudziyesa wolungama ndi Wolemekezeka fano lolingana udindo wa mkulu wa mabishopu wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia Chachitatu. Izi luso, wamphamvu, wofuna munthu sakanakhoza kukhala m'mbiri ya mbiri.

Dzina lake la dzina kumene kumakhala Amonke, wodzitcha chifukwa cha kugawanika Russian Orthodox , mabishopu, Kievskiy Filaret, Mikhail Denisenko mu dziko, ankadziwika kuti munthu sazidziwa bwinobwino ngati othandiza odzipereka Pawokha Chiyukireniya. Zotsatira zikuluzikulu za ntchito ya mabishopu, Filaret ndi kulenga wodziimira Chiyukireniya Orthodox Church ndi thandizo anthu ntchito ya usilikali mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ukraine. Iye anasonyeza poyera kusintha maganizo kuti Putin pambuyo analanda dziko la Crimea. Mabishopu Filaret, Ukraine, malinga ndi zomwe maganizo ayenera kukhala pawokha ndi yoyenda yokha, odziwika bwino chifukwa mawu ake nkhanza ndi akuluakulu ena.

Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma kulankhula kwa ufulu wa Ukraine, Filaret kuteteza zofuna za, Choyamba, ambiri a nzika za dziko lino, kotero mu nkhani iyi, palibe kufufuza choonadi wopatulika, koma pali m'ndandanda wa mfundo mokwanira kuti ayanjane ndi moyo wosangalatsa wa mtsogoleri wauzimu.

Mabishopu Filaret Romanov: mbadwo ndi banja

Moyo wa wansembe sizinali zophweka. Wambiri mabishopu, Filaret ndi chidwi chifukwa anali mphwake wa Anastasia Zakharina, St. George - mkazi woyamba wa Ivan kwambiri. Choncho, Romanov Fuko limodzi ndi mzera wa tsars Russian. Rhode Anastasii Zaharinoy (Aka St. George, Cat) anali mu utumiki wa olamulira Moscow cha m'ma 14. Mtengo wa banja ili pa gulu la dziko chawonjezeka kuyambira 1584, pamene Ivan Grozny anachoka ndi akaziwo anali ana aang'ono mwana Theodore mtetezi boyar Nikita Romanovich, m'bale wake anafa, Anastasia, amene yotchuka maziko a kutchuka kwa banja Romanov.

Ubwenzi Godunov ndi Romanov sanali ankhanza. M'malo mwake, pamene coronation Boris Romanov anapereka maudindo ambiri, koma sanathe kuchepetsa kulimbana kukula mpando wachifumuwo.

Youth ndi achinyamata

Fedor Nikitivich Romanov anabadwa mu 1553. Ndi yakale nawonso yeniyeni ya malingaliro, Fedor Nikitivich sanaganizepo kutenga ansembe aliyense. Mu ubwana wake, iye anali mmodzi wa wotchuka Moscow Shchegolev.

Maphunziro kwambiri, kwambiri polumikiza chikondi kwa mabuku ndi chikondi diresi boma, Fedor Nikitivich anaphunzira ngakhale Latin, kutsatira thandizo mwapadera zolembedwa m'mabuku Latin iye. Malinga m'nthawi yake anali ndi chidwi, wokongola, mwaluso ndiponso ochezeka mnyamata.

Metropolitan la Rostov

Monga mmodzi wa otsutsa waukulu Boris Godunov, Fedor Nikitivich ndi otsala a Romanovs ndi mabanja ambiri a boyars mu 1600 iye chinaperekedwa kwa mtima achifumu. Dongosololi waika monyenga. Theodore anali mokakamiza tonsured monga mmonke ndi ukapolo kumpoto wa ukulu, mu Anthony wa Siya ansembe yotchedwa, yomwe ili makilomita 90 kuchokera Kholmogory. Kale, ndi tonsure kumene kumakhala Amonke ndi njira kuwamana munthu wa mphamvu za ndale. Aphatikizane kuti apange dzina latsopano, Filaret Romanov ndinalandira chisoni ndi thandizo la muno ku ukapolo ngati m'banja lachifumu ndi woyenera mfumu ya Russia.

Mu obisika, ndi Metropolitan m'tsogolo pansi okhwima kuyang'aniridwa - apolisi zosiya china cha ntchito zake ufulu pamene zonse akudandaula kuti Moscow pa mtima. Koma koposa zonse Filaret Romanov anaphonya banja lake.

June 30, 1605, pambuyo kulanda boma d'etat ulemu Filaret anali anabwerera ku Moscow pa Ufulu wa wachibale kungoganiza mfumu Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry, ndipo mu 1606 anayamba Metropolitan la Rostov. Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha wonamizira mu 1606 Filaret, pamene mu Moscow, anam'tumiza Uglich thupi la Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich pa chitsogozo cha watsopano Tsar Vasily Ivanovich. Ngakhale Filaret anali mu Uglich, Shuya anakwezedwa malo kholo la Moscow Kazan Metropolitan Hermogenes, ndi Fedor anapita allocated pansi protectorate ake a dipatimenti ku Rostov Wamkulu, kumene mpaka 1608.

zochitika Tushino

Chifukwa sakonda a anthu kuti Shumsky, ndi zikamera pa zandale za wonamizira latsopano, magulu ankhondo kupanduka anapita Moscow yokha. Kholo la Moscow mwachangu otumidwa ndi boma la ratification, omwe inalangidwa archpastors kupempherera Tsar Vasily ndipo anafotokoza njira ya zochitika. Kholo lakale Filaret, kanthawi mbiri yomwe kale zoipa mfundo zikuluzikulu, analankhula za mmene zodabwitsa padziko lonse chiwembu Bolotnikov magulu "Tushino mbala", limene iye anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa mfumu, ndipo kenako zowawa. Mu 1608, asilikali Kwachiwiri wotchedwa Dmitry Zonama anatenga Rostov, adatayika mzinda, ndi mabishopu, Filaret analandidwa ndipo anatengedwa kuti kupezerera Tushino msasa.

Mu Tushino wonamizira ndi anthu ake anayamba Fedor yoyenera chimalemekeza ndi anapatsidwa udindo wa "Filaret, kholo la Moscow." Palibe kukaika kuti Feodor Nikitivich Sanayamikire udindo uwu - mu Tushino blyuli lake, namgwira Molanda. Zikalata, amene anafika ife kuchokera 1608 - 1610 sankafuna ufulu kunena kuti Filaret (wa mabishopu ku Moscow) onse anali ndi ubale kwa mpingo ndi ndale - M'malo mwake, Hermogenes - yovomerezeka kholo la Moscow - ankaganiza kuti iye anali kapolo wa zinthu.

Mu March 1610, pambuyo kugwa kwa msasa Filaret Tushino anagwidwa ndi Zitsulo uvezon mu Joseph Volokolamsk obisika, koma posakhalitsa anathawa ndi thandizo la Gregory Volueva detachment, ndipo, pamene anabwelela ku Moscow, anali mu maulemu chomwecho pa Moscow chigawocho.

diarchy

Mu September 1610 Filaret ndi Prince Golitsyn mu "Grand ofesi ya kazembe" wasamuka kuchoka Moscow ku Smolensk kukumana ndi Mfumu Sigismund Atatero anatumiza nthumwi ku Poland monga akaidi. Mu ukapolo Filaret zaka eyiti, ndipo ankagulitsa 1619, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ku Moscow, kumene anali pampando wachifumu mwana wake narodoizbranny Mikhail Fedorovich, kuti kutenga malo opanda kanthu kwa Moscow wa mabishopu. Mu 1619, pa June 24 pa Akukwera Cathedral anali kutchula iye waudindo - ". Mabishopu, Filaret wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia" Tsopano Filaret anaitana mfumu mutu "Great Wamkulu", anayamba yosamalira mofanana mpingo ndi boma.

Choncho, Moscow, mphamvu wapawiri unakhazikitsidwa kwa zaka 14, imene Boma apamwamba anali mfumu yokha ndi Zemsky Sobor, ndi kalata wa bambo kholo ndi mwana, mfumu chimatsegula mphamvu amene amadza kholo pa khalidwe la amchigulu, ndipo onsewo fotokozani ntchito ya mabishopu, Filaret .

Azambiriyakale odziwika conciliar chigamulo mu 1619, kuti: "dziko lapansi ustroiti", amene analengedwa memo "nkhani" mabishopu. Mmenemo anazindikira wa m'goli mmene ndalama ndi katundu wa anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana a ufumu Choncho, zinthu zoterozo Atengedwa monga:

• nyengo yake ya ntchito zigawo za;
• kulemba kufufuza molondola inventories m'dziko ndipo amawagwiritsira kukwaniritsa zolondola msonkho kulipira misonkho;
• kuika apamwamba chuma ndalama, ndi zinthu zake tsogolo kudziŵa ndalama ndi ndalama;
• kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyeso chenicheni cha kuwonongedwa kwa zolakwa utsogoleri, kupewa kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma kuti chikhalidwe mu dziko.

izi makonzedwe onse zolinga umodzi - kuonjezera ndalama boma chophweka ndi oyenera anthu.

Fedor komanso ankalimbikitsa Nikitivich typography, komanso imene kusintha malemba wakale zolakwika.

kusintha makonzedwe mpingo

Events mabishopu moyo opukutidwa wamalonda zake zandale komanso zochenjera nthumwi. Zofuna kulimbitsa mphamvu dynastic anamulimbikitsa kutsogolera khama lawo onse kusamalira nkhani za boma limene iye anali wokhoza ndiponso mosamala mtsogoleri. Koma mosatsata maphunziro a zaumulungu, iye anali makamaka adaletsa ndi ochenjera mu zochitika mpingo. M'dera lino, Filaret amasamala za chitetezo cha ziphunzitso ndipo kufunafuna ngozi yaikulu Polish-Chilituyaniya kunja. Enawo, iye anapita zosowa yochepa ya mpingo ndipo kale njira patsogolo. Choncho, ntchito ya ndale za Filaret linali lobala zipatso ndi yogwira mpingo. Kuyambira zaka 1619 kuti 1633 mphamvu boma pamene kukhwima, ndi Romanov mafumu wabweza thandizo mabwalo lonse la anthu, ndipo ili ndi phindu mbiri ya Fedor Nikitovich.

Nkhani zonse zokhudza chipembedzo ndipo nyengo ya mpingo, iye anasankha kufunsa Moscow atsogoleri kuposa limadziwika ndithu mu zachilengedwe.

Banja ndi ana

Fedor Nikitivich anakwatira mwana wa fuko lomveka osauka Kostroma Xenia Shestova. Iwo anali ndi ana asanu. Pambuyo zamanyazi Borisa Godunova banja Fedor Nikitovich, Xenia Ivanovna mokakamiza tonsured monga sisitere dzina lake Martha natuma Zaonezhsky Tolvuysky churchyard. Mwana Michael ndi mwana Tatiana, pamodzi ndi azakhali Nastasya ndi Martha Nikitichna anatengedwa ku mudzi wa Klina umene uli chigawo Yuryev.

Filaret, kholo la onse Russia, atangotha kwawo kuchokera ku ukapolo ndi Polish kampeni yomanga la mpando wachifumu wa mwana wake Michael, inasanduka osamala ndi manyazi regent.

Imfa ya mabishopu, Filaret October 1, 1633 chinali mapeto a mphamvu ziwiri dziko ndipo potsirizira pake linathetsedwa pa mpando wachifumu wa Romanov mtundu, analamulira mpaka 1917 kwambiri pachaka.

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri la Filaret

Monga regent wa tiana ta mfumu Michael ndi de A facto wolamulira wa dziko, mabishopu, Filaret m'malo ake anasaina makalata dziko komanso ali mutu wa mfumu Wamkulu.

Ponena za mabishopu, Filaret, olemba mbiri ali makamaka akulankhula za zothandizira mipingo yawo wake yosindikiza. Kuyambira 1621 clerks Kazembe kuti mwachindunji kuchita ulimi wa mfumu ya Nyuzipepala yoyamba Russian "orderlies makalata."

Kholo lakale kudziwa mtengo ndi woyanjidwa chitukuko cha zida ndi chitsulo ndi makampani zitsulo. Choncho, Andrew Vinius mu 1632 analandira chilolezo Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich m'munsi mwa mafakitale Russia yoyamba chitsulo yadothi, zhelezodetalnyh ndi zida pafupi Tula.

Mabishopu Filaret Kievsky: kubadwa ndi banja

Wansembe uyu ndi anachokera ku Ukraine. Kholo lakale Filaret wa Kiev, ku dziko Michael Antonovich Denisenko, anabadwa mu banja mgodi wa January 1, 1929. Adzabadwira m'mudzi anasonyeza Blagodatnoe ili mu chigawo cha dera Donetsk Amvrosievsky.

Ngakhale amafuna kuvomerezedwa lonjezo kusakwatira, malinga ndi lipoti la nyuzipepala, Filaret poyera poyera ankakhala ndi banja lake - mkazi wake anatchula Evgeniya Petrovna Rodionova yemwe anamwalira mu 1998, ndipo ana atatu - aakazi chikhulupiriro ndi chikondi, ndi mwana Andrew.

Studies, agulupa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa monasticism

Denisenko, mu 1946 maphunziro a sekondale, ndipo mu 1948 - ndi Odessa Theological Seminary ndipo anavomereza kuti Moscow Theological Academy. Mu January 1950, iye, monga sophomore ndi, anakhala wansembe, kutchula dzina Filaret. Spring ndinadzozedwa dikoni, ndipo mu 1952 anadzozedweratu kuti unsembe.

Unachitikira malo ndi maudindo

Mu 1952 Denisenko analandira digiri mu zamulungu ndipo anakhala pa Moscow Theological Seminary kuphunzitsa Malemba a Chipangano Chatsopano. Pa nthawi yomweyo Filaret anali wochititsa mkulu wa Utatu-St. Gwirizanani Professor Udindo analandira mu March 1954.

Mu August 1956, Filaret, monga abbot, anakhala Woyang'anira wa Saratov Theological Seminary, ndiye - ndi Kiev Theological Seminary. Administrative Dipatimenti ya exarchate Chiyukireniya anayamba mu 1960, kukhala pamalo a Archimandrite.

Mu 1961 Denisenko yoikidwiratu abbot obisika Russian Orthodox Church ku Alexandria, mabishopu wa Alexandria.

Mu 1962, Filaret ndinadzozedwa Bishop wa Luga, Leningrad wolowa mmalo mwa chigawocho. Pa nthawi yomweyo anaikidwa manenjala wa chigawocho Riga; m'chilimwe cha 1962 - Woimira pa Ulaya exarchate; mu November chaka chomwecho anakhala bishopu wa Vienna ndi Austria.

Mu 1964, Filaret wabweza malo mu Woimira Moscow chigawocho, ndi kale bishopu wa Dmitrov anakhala rector wa Moscow Theological Academy ndi Seminary.

Membala wa Synod Woyera anamuukitsa ku Mulingo wa mabishopu wa Kiev ndi wotchedwa Galicia mu 1966. Mu December chaka chomwecho Filaret anakhala mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti Kiev kwa Zowonekera kunja Mpingo Relations wa Moscow Orthodox. Nthawi imeneyi, lopangidwa Nthumwizo wa Moscow Orthodox wa Orthodox Russian ndi Ukraine Exarchate ndakupanga maulendo mobwerezabwereza kunja nawo congresses, misonkhano ikuluikulu. Mu 1979, Filaret anali kupereka dongosolo la Mabwenzi a anthu, mu 1988 - dongosolo la Red mbendera ya Labor kwa ntchito yogwira okhazikitsa mtendere.

Atamwalira Pimen - kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia - Spring 1990 Filaret anakhala locum tenens la mpando wachifumu Mkulu wa Mabishopu ndi imodzi mwa ofuna zambiri kwa makolo akale, chisankho chimene akambirane ndi bungwe m'deralo. Mu June 1990, mtsogoleri watsopano wa Mpingo Orthodox Russian anasankhidwa ku tchalitchi - Metropolitan Alexy II. Pachikhalidwe, komabe mabishopu, Filaret cha Kyiv ndi onse Ukraine anali m'nkhani yotsatira mtengo hierarch wa Russian Church ndi amphamvu kwambiri membala kwamuyaya kwa Synod Woyera.

Filaret wa Mpingo Chiyukireniya Orthodox kukhala mtsogoleri wauzimu

Nthawi imeneyi, mothandizidwa ndi Leonid Kravchuk Filaret kuyamba ntchito umalimbana autonomization wa Mpingo Chiyukireniya. Media nkhani za chiyambi cha awo asapita "wochezeka" ngakhale pa ntchito Denisenko mu Party Communist a Ukraine. Ndi kulengeza ufulu wa Ukraine mu 1991, Kravchuk kwambiri anakhudza chilengedwe cha mpingo yoyenda yokha, amene ali maziko ovomerezeka Chiyukireniya Orthodox Church - pa Chiyukireniya Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) ndi Uniate sanali thandizo pofuna kuti anthu yokha kudziyimira pawokha. Kutanthauza zinali kuti autocephaly ovomerezeka monga bungwe palokha wa UOC adzakhala kuyamwa mipingo yonse Orthodox mu Ukraine ndi kuchepetsa mlingo nkhondo yapakati-wongodzinenera.

Mu January 1992, Filaret mabishopu anasonkhana pa msonkhano ndi thandizo la tsopano Chiyukireniya Pulezidenti Kravchuk anapanga apilo ku mabishopu,, mabishopu onse ndi Holy Synod, limene mlandu tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox mu mwadala akuchedwa ndondomeko kusankha zabwino pa nkhani ya autocephaly wa UOC. Bungwe la Aepiskopi a Mpingo Orthodox Russian kale anadzutsa nkhani imeneyi m'chaka cha 1992, pakalibe Filaret. Mu kuyankha pempho ndi Moscow Orthodox Filaret izo ananena kuti limagwiritsa ntchito kudziyimira pawokha ngati chida cholimbikitsa mphamvu zawo pa kayendetsedwe ka mpingo Chiyukireniya kuika kukakamiza ansembe m'dera kuwakakamiza kuthandiza autocephaly. Mu njira ya zokambirana Chiyukireniya mabishopu, Filaret mlandu makhalidwe oipa ndi miscalculations ake aakulu kasamalidwe ndipo chofunika mwaufulu tachokamo ndi Kanyaniko wa Mpingo Chiyukireniya Orthodox. Filaret yekha mwaufulu akalankhula kwa bishopu kuti iye kukonza mavuto kusankha ufulu wa Mpingo Chiyukireniya mu ndondomeko ya chisankho cha latsopano Hierarch Choyamba, koma patapita kanthawi iye anakana polekanitsa ndi malo Kanyaniko wa UOC. Pambuyo renunciation ake a lumbiro bishopu. Choncho kuuka magawano achipembedzo, wodziwika m'mbiri ya Orthodoxy ngati "Filaret". Filaret yekha cholakwika lonjezo lake loyamba kuthamanga ku tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, choncho amaona kuti internally.

Mu 1992, Synod Woyera wa UOC adakali kuloza Filaret ku malo ake monga Choyamba Hierarch wa Mpingo Chiyukireniya Orthodox ndi dipatimenti Kiev. Anakhalabe ku boma, koma analibe ufulu kugwira ntchito achipembedzo, ndipo mu June chaka chomwecho ndi chochitika Judicial la Mayiko a Aepiskopi wa makhalidwe anthu, akuyendeni pansi, diktat, perjury ndi defamation pagulu la Mayiko a Aepiskopi, anapanga ndi kugawanika mpingo, komanso kuchititsa boma chiletso ansembe, Filaret unagonjetsedwa ndi ulemu ndi mosatsata mphamvu zonse za unsembe ndi ufulu zokhudza kukakhala atsogoleri achipembedzo.

Mu June 1992, kumbali ya Filaret anali anasonkhana Umodzi Cathedral ku Kiev. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha Chiyukireniya Orthodox Church Kiev Orthodox (UOC-kp) kudzera pophatikizana ena oimira Mpingo Chiyukireniya Orthodox, a Moscow Orthodox ndi Chiyukireniya Autocephalous Orthodox. Mu 1995, Filaret anatenga izo positi wa mabishopu.

February 19, 1997 Bungwe la Aepiskopi a Mpingo Orthodox Russian anachotsedwa tchalitchi Filaret kuchititsa ntchito Odzipatula nyengo ya pakati pa akulu.

Relations ndi Russia

Filaret pachikhalidwe phungu zambiri za mtengo wa ROC, koma si onse wosakanikirana candidacy wake. kutsutsidwa Special ndi mkwiyo anachititsa khalidwe lake wolakwika abwino, kutchuka, ndi ulemu, wamwano ndi am'nyozo moyo.

Pa chisankho wa mabishopu wa UOC kwambiri kuti kulimbikitsa kulimbana avtonomizirovannost awo. Ndipo ngakhale pambuyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa 1990 Bungwe la Aepiskopi a Mpingo Russian Orthodox cha zinthu zatsopano ndi Chiyukireniya Exarchate ufulu kwambiri wodzilamulira ndi kuwonetseredwa mu dera mpingo wa miyambo dziko la ufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha oyang'anira UOC ndi Filaret - mutu "Metropolitan wa Kiev ndi onse Ukraine," - iye Iye sanaleke nkhondo ufulu wa Chiyukireniya idealogii achipembedzo tsopano - mu zochita za anthu ndi chikhalidwe.

Kholo lakale Filaret amakhulupirira Russia waukulu akagwiriridwa mu mkangano mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ukraine, ponena kuti Russia ndi mdani wa anthu Chiyukireniya, silingayende bwino.

Podziwika chithandizo reciprocal za kholo la onse Russia mabishopu, Filaret ndi onse Ukraine. Mu kalata bishopu Ukraine Moscow, mabishopu, anaitana moyenera ndi methodical ku funso cha thandizo anapitiriza za nkhondo mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ukraine, akuyitana mu yovuta imeneyi, nkhawa nthawi kugwirizanitsa lonse Russian mpingo ndi mbali mdima wa umunthu, kupanga mapemphero Mkhristu konsekonse. Komabe, poyankha, kunena za Moscow Orthodox Filaret analankhula zoipa zokhudza udindo ROC, mosapita m'mbali kulankhula za n'zosatheka kugwirizana kwa mipingo imeneyi, ndi amwano udindo wa mkulu wa mabishopu wa Moscow ndi kulemekeza Orthodox wa Kiev.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa maulendo kawirikawiri za kholo la onse Russia Cyril m'zipinda mpingo wa Ukraine, mabishopu, Filaret kupitiriza mtunda ochenjera mu kugona ndi ROC, kukhulupirira okha za kuwonongedwa tingathere ndi zandale.