Russia mu machitidwe a mayiko, ndale ndi zachuma

Dziko la Russia masiku ano likukumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Pafupifupi onsewa adzalandira kuchokera ku Soviet kale. Mavutowa akukhudza mbali zonse za maiko akunja: ndale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi zina. M'nkhaniyi tidzayesa kumvetsetsa malo omwe dziko la Russia likuyendera mu machitidwe apadziko lonse. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi masiku oyambirira a kutuluka kwa dziko latsopano - Russian Federation.

Kukonzekera kwa kugwa kwa USSR

Dziko la Russia linayamba kukhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union kukhala maboma odziimira okhaokha. Mwachiwerengero chake, chochitika ichi chakhala choopsa chenichenicho chazaka za m'ma 1900. Ndikufuna kuti muzindikire kuti pofika zaka za m'ma 1980, malingaliro a chikomyunizimu adatayika kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri a Soviet. Mudziko izo zinachitika kale kwambiri. Kotero, mu 60-70's. M'zaka zapitazi adawona chisokonezo chotsutsa chikominisi mu mayiko a Warsaw Treaty. Ndi kulakwitsa kunena kuti Dipatimenti ya boma ya US inkachita nawo. Mapulogalamu a Soviet ndi a counterintelligence anadziŵa bwino anthu onse a Kumadzulo, omwe anatha kuteteza nzika zawo zonse komanso nzika za Allied m'misasa ya Socialist kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chawo. Anthu adakhumudwa ndi maganizo a boma la Soviet. Chifukwa chachikulu chinali chakuti USSR inali itapita kumbuyo kwa Kumadzulo kumadera ovuta a kusintha kwa sayansi ndi zamakono, zomwe sizikanakhoza kubisika. Zolakanso kunena kuti nzika zathu "zidagulitsidwa chifukwa cha jeans ndi kutafuna chingamu" ku chipolopolo, monga antchito omwe amatsutsa za mbiri yakale ya Soviet kuti achite. Umoyo wa anthu a ku Ulaya, ndithudi, unali wabwino kuposa nzika zomwe "zidagonjetsa fascism."

"Ntchito yanga yochedwa"

Russia mu dongosolo la maiko apadziko lonse adalandira ufulu watsopano pa June 12, 1990. Patsikuli, Supreme Soviet a RSFSR adalengeza ulamuliro potsutsana ndi USSR.

Chinthu chovuta kwambiri kwa ife ndikuti ife tinali oyamba kuchoka m'dziko, limene makolo athu adasonkhana kwa nthawi yayitali. USSR inakhazikitsidwa kokha m'ma 1920. Komabe, izi zinali chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe anaphatikizidwa mu USSR (kupatula Poland, mabungwe a Baltic ndi Finland) anali okonzekera mkati mwathu kuti agwirizanenso, chifukwa adasunga mgwirizano ndi chikhalidwe pakati paokha pambuyo pa kugwa kwa ufumu umodzi. Lenin ndi Trotsky adapanga zolakwika zazikuluzikulu: adagawaniza dziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lidzapangitsa kuti dziko likhale laukhondo komanso kupatukana m'tsogolomu. Kumbukirani kuti Stalin anali wotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wotero, ndipo Pulezidenti Vladimir Putin adatchula njirayi kuti "kuyimitsa mchitidwe wanga wochedwa," umene "unagwedeza" pambuyo pa kugwa kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri.

Ulamuliro watsopano wa ndale: Russia - wotsatila ku USSR

Choncho, dziko lathu linayamba mbiri yake yatsopano pambuyo pa 1990. Kuyambira nthawi ino, mutu wakuti "Russia mu dongosolo la maiko akunja" ayenera kuganiziridwa. Pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR, tinali ndi chidziwitso chofuna kudzilamulira, chomwe chimakhudza malo omwe alipo, malo osankhidwa a dziko, chitukuko cha ndondomeko yachilendo, chuma cha chitukuko, etc. Dziko latsopano, Russian Federation, linadzitcha "wokondedwa" ndi "bwenzi" lakumadzulo, Dziko limene "lidzalemekeza ndi kuzindikira maboma onse ndi maboma omwe alipo" padziko lapansi. Komabe, tinasunga miyambo ya Soviet kale:

1. Kudziika okha ngati dziko lamitundu yonse ndi losiyana mitundu. Russia kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yake ikanakhala ngati dziko la dziko. Chiwerengero cha a Russia ku dziko latsopano ndi pafupifupi 80%, ndipo m'madera ena ndi 99% mwa anthu okhalamo. Izi ndizosiyana ndi "maboma" otsala omwe kale anali a USSR panthawi ya kugwa. Amitundu ena ambiri sangathe kudzitama peresenti ya fuko lachidziŵitso kuchokera ku chiŵerengero cha anthu. Komabe, ife tinakana mwadala udindo umenewu, kupereka msonkho kwa apamwamba ndi a Soviet kale. Sizinali mwangozi kuti purezidenti woyamba - Boris N. Yeltsin - adayankha zopempha zake kwa anthu ndi mawu akuti: "Okondedwa a Russia" - izi zinatsindika za kukhala nzika osati dziko. Mwa njira, mawu oti "Russian" sanakhazikikepo pakati pathu, kupereka njira kwa "nzika ya ku Russia."
2. Udindo wa membala wamuyaya wa bungwe la United Nations Security Council . Icho chinapita ku dziko lathu chifukwa Russia inadzitcha wokhazikika mwalamulo wa USSR.

Zinthu zotsirizirazi zimatipangitsa kuti tipeze mphamvu zokhudzana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Zambiri mwa izi tidzatha kumvetsa.

UN Security Council - chida chothandiza pa ndale zamitundu yonse

Ubale wamuyaya ku bungwe la UN Security Council uli ndi zifukwa zonena kuti Russia imatenga malo otsogolera. Tchulani mwachidule ubwino wa malo awa:

1. Woimira wathu ku UN akhoza kuika "veto" pa chisankho chilichonse cha UN. Ndipotu, popanda chilolezo chathu, chochitika chachikulu padziko lonse - nkhondo, chilango chotsutsana ndi mayiko ena, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko atsopano, ndi zina zotero - zidzasemphana ndi malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse.
2. Russia ikhoza kuyambitsa nkhani zambiri pa zokambirana za UN Security Council, ndi zina.

Tsoka ilo, njira zambiri zamayiko zikuyendayenda padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhulupirire za mavuto a bungwe lino ndikutsutsa za kuthekera kuthetsa mavuto apadziko lonse. Russia mu dongosolo la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi silingagwire ntchito yofunikira yomwe Union unagwirizanitsa ndi wamphamvu.

Zinthu zomwe dziko la Russia likuchita pazochitika pa dziko lapansi

Ubale wamuyaya ku bungwe la UN Security Council sizomwe chida chokhudzidwa. Russia mu dongosolo lachiyanjano ndi imodzi mwa malo ofunikira chifukwa cha zotsatirazi:

1. Malo. Dziko lathu ndilo lalikulu kwambiri mu gawo komanso dziko lachisanu ndi chiwiri kwambiri.
2. Malo. Russia ili ndi malo abwino omwe ali pakati pa Eurasia. Ndi khalidwe loyenera la ndondomeko yachilendo, ndizotheka kupanga njira zopindulitsa kwambiri zachuma pakati pa "akambuku a ku Asia" - China, South Korea ndi Japan - ndi Old World.
3. Zosakaniza. Gawo la Russian Federation m'masungidwe apadziko lonse: mafuta - 10-12%, chitsulo - 25%, saliti ya potassium - 31%, gasi - 30-35%, etc. Dziko lathu lingakhudze mitengo ya dziko, kuchuluka kwa migodi ya minerals,
4. Mphamvu zamphamvu za nyukiliya zomwe tinatengera kuchokera ku USSR ndi ena.

Kodi malo a Russia ndi chiyanjano chotani? Zonsezi zikutipangitsa ife kumvetsetsa kuti dziko lathu ndi mphamvu yodutsa m'madera ena komanso dziko lonse lapansi. Zotsutsa zotsutsana ndi Russia za Kumadzulo, komanso mavuto ake a ndale m'dziko lathu, ndi zosakhalitsa zosakhalitsa. Izi sizikunenedwa ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma la Russia, koma ndi atsogoleri a mayiko akumadzulo. Tikukhulupirira kuti posachedwapa zinthu zidzatha. Tiyeni tiyesere kusonyeza zomwe zingatheke m'tsogolomu, pogwiritsa ntchito kudzikonda kwa Russia.

Zosankha zokhuza tsogolo la Russia

Zochitika ziwiri zofunikira za chitukuko ndizotheka ku dziko lathu:

1. Zidzakhala njira zatsopano zopititsira patsogolo chitukuko, zomwe zidzathetse kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la demokarasi.
2. Russia idzakhala chinthu chomwe chidzasokoneza chikhalidwe chachikulu cha Eurasia, chomwe chidzatsogolera kuvomerezedwa ndi boma lachigawenga.

Njira yachitatu ikhoza kukhala. Ife mwina timakula ndikukhala dziko lotukuka, kapena kudzipatula tokha kwathunthu kudziko lonse lapansi. Njira yachiwiri imabwereza mobwerezabwereza tsogolo la USSR. Mwamwayi, akatswiri ambiri azachuma ndi asayansi amatsutsa kuti tikutsatira njira yachiwiri ndipo takhala "mchitidwe wa chisokonezo ndi chisokonezo chomwe chimafikira kumadera oyandikana nawo." Kuzolowera za "Soviet" zovuta zowonongeka, zatsopano, zomwe sizinayambe zakhala zikuchitikapo: kutsogolera kwa Orthodoxy, chauvinism ndi chikhalidwe chadziko ku boma, zomwe zimaonekera mwakumanga kwa dziko lotchedwa "Russia."

Russia mu dongosolo la maiko azachuma

Tidzachoka ku zandale ndikukambirana zachuma. Russia mu kayendedwe ka mgwirizano wa zachuma padziko lonse inayamba kukula pambuyo polowera msika wogulitsa mdziko lonse. Chochitika ichi, ndithudi, chinali chodabwitsa cha malonda apadziko lonse, komabe, mmalo mwake, izo zinatikhudza ife. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti sitinakonzekere kupita ku malo otchedwa "capitalism" pambuyo pa "Socialism ndi nkhope ya munthu". "Perestroika" ya Gorbachev, ngakhale kuti inali kubadwa kwa majeremusi oyambirira a chuma chamsika, koma ambiri mwa anthu adatayika mu zikhalidwe zatsopano. Zapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale bwino komanso "mantha" a boma lathu la demokarasi, lomwe linagunda matumba a anthu wamba. Njala ndi umphawi zikuimira nthawi ya kusintha. Izi zinapitilira mpaka mavuto azachuma a July-August 1998. Kulengeza zosasintha, ife tawononga ambiri mabungwe akuluakulu akunja akunja. Komabe, pambuyo pa zochitika izi, dziko lathu linayamba kukula mu mphamvu ya mphamvu ya capitalist.

Mavuto a mgwirizano wa zachuma ku Russia

Kulengedwa kwa ufulu wachuma ku likulu, kuphatikizapo kudzipatula kwadziko lathu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu pa chitukuko cha chuma cha boma: pali "ndege yaikulu". Mwa kuyankhula kwina, amalonda ochuluka samafuna chidwi cha chitukuko cha ku Russia kwa nthawi yaitali. Cholinga chawo ndi kukonzeratu mwamsanga ndalama ndi kubweza ndalama zonse ku mabanki akunja. Kotero, chaka cha 2008 chinali chiwerengero cha ndalama zokwana 133,9 biliyoni, mu 2009 - 56.9 bilioni, mu 2010 - $ 33.6 biliyoni, ndi zina zotero zotsutsana ndi Russia ndi "kupotoza" Mtedza "umangowonjezera njirazi.

Kutsiliza kungakhale kokhumudwitsa: kusintha kwa chuma cha msika ku Russia kunali kopanda phindu. Mitengo yokwera yokha ya ma hydrocarboni kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21 inapanga chinyengo cha chitukuko ndi chitukuko. Zonse zinatha pamene mitengo ya iwo imabwereranso kumbuyo kwawo. Akuluakulu azachuma amanena kuti sipadzakhalanso zowonjezereka zoterezi zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha magetsi.

Kuwonjezera pa nkhaniyi, tiyeni tikumbukire mbiri yakale ndikuganizira njira zomwezo m'masiku osiyana siyana.

Russia mu zaka za XVII

Dziko la Russia m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri linayendetsa dziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chake ndi "kusonkhanitsa" madera a ku Russia omwe adachotsedwa ku Poland. Mu 1569, bungwe la Lublin Union linasaina, malinga ndi zomwe Poland ndi Chitukuko cha Lithuania zimagwirizana mu dziko latsopano - Rzeczpospolita. Anthu a Orthodox Achiyukireniya ndi a Byelorussia m'dziko latsopanolo anazunzidwa katatu: dziko, chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha izi, izi zinapangitsa kuti aphungu akuluakulu a Cossack apandukire. Pambuyo pa utsogoleri wa B. Khmelnitsky - Russia ikulowa nkhondo ndi Commonwealth ya Polish-Lithuanian.

January 8, 1654 mumzinda wa Pereyaslavl Council (Rada), womwe unasankhidwa pa kugwirizananso kwa Ukraine ndi Russia. Pambuyo pake, m'nthawi ya XVII, dziko lathu linateteza ufulu ku madera amenewa nthawi zonse nkhondo ndi Poland, Crimea, Ottoman Empire komanso Sweden. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mayikowa anazindikira Kiev ndi mabanki onse a ku Ukraine omwe ali nzika za Russia, atatha mgwirizano wamtendere wambiri.

Russia mu kayendedwe ka mayiko ena: m'zaka za zana la 18

M'zaka za zana la 18, dziko la Russia linakhala dziko la Ulaya lamphamvu. Izi ndizo chifukwa cha mayina a "Olamulira aakulu": Peter Wamkulu, Elizabeth I Wamkulu ndi Catherine II Wamkulu. Russia mu XVIII atumwi anapeza zotsatira zotsatirazi:

1. Ali ndi mwayi wopita ku Nyanja Yakuda ndi Baltic. Pachifukwa chimenechi, nkhondo zazitali zankhondo zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi Sweden ndi Turkey.
2. Makampani awo anayamba kukula mwachangu, panali kukana kulowetsa zopangira, katundu wambiri ndi mafakitale.
3. Russia anakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu kwambiri wa tirigu.
4. Dziko lathu lakwaniritsa dziko lonse la Russia. Izi zinatheka tikatha magawo (panali angapo a iwo) a Rzeczpospolita.

Kusasintha zolinga mu ndondomeko yachilendo cha m'ma 1800

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti zolinga za olamulira athu m'zaka za m'ma 1800 zinali zazikulu:

1. Chilengedwe cha boma limodzi la Orthodox ku Ulaya, lomwe lidzaphatikizapo anthu onse a Orthodox ku Ulaya.
2. Tulukani ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kunali kofunikira kulanda zovuta ziwiri za Turkey - Bosporus ndi Dardanelles.
3. Russia iyenera kukhala chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse, komanso mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse lapansi. Nchifukwa chake dziko lathu linalandira onse "olamulira" a ku France pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwawo ku French bourgeois revolution, komanso adagonjetsa "udindo wodzudzula" - Napoleon Bonaparte.

Russia mu XIX atumwi

Russia m'zaka za m'ma 1900 zinagwirizanitsa ntchito za maiko ogulitsa mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana, tinalibebebe ma conservatism. Tinagonjetsa Napoleon, timaonedwa ngati "gendarme wa ku Ulaya" komanso guarantor of security in the world. Komabe, mayiko otsogolera a ku Ulaya ayamba kale kupitiliza njira zamakampani ogulitsa zamakampani. Mbuyo ya Russia kuchokera kwa iwo inayamba kuonekera kwambiri chaka chilichonse. Pomaliza, izi zinatsimikizika pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Crimea ya 1853-1856, pamene asilikali athu anaphedwa kuchokera kutali ndi mfuti za ku Ulaya, mfuti zazing'ono, ndi panyanja, sitima zathu zowonongeka zinali zowonongeka ndi sitima zatsopano.

Zitatha izi, dziko la Russia likusiya ntchito yowalowera kunja ndikutsegula zitseko zake ku mayiko akunja akunja.