Russian Futurist ndakatulo. Silver Age Futurist

Pofika kumapeto kwa khumi zoyambirira za m'ma 20 ku Ulaya likuyenda latsopano modernist malangizo wokamba wotchedwa "Futurism" (kutanthauziridwa ku Latin - "tsogolo").
Amaona kuti kukhala kholo la wolemba Italy Filippo Marinetti, analengeza mu 1909, chiwonongeko chotheratu cha makhalidwe onse anakhazikitsa chikhalidwe ndi miyambo mu chifanizo cha dziko. M'malo mwa alakatuli Futurist anafotokoza owerenga kuti moyo wa masiku ano kudya lochita, ndipo ankakonda kulankhula kwambiri za m'tsogolo. zinthu zonse zazikulu zili Ndondomeko, mlembi woyamba wa iwo ndi kuyamba Marinetti.

Kupanga luso ukasintha latsopano linali cholinga choyambirira cha Futurists, onse mu Europe ndi ku Russia. Kenako olemba amamuthandizanso amisiri amene unatenga maziko fano anthu pakati pa kusunthira patsogolo dziko, mophiphiritsira ankayimiridwa ngati ambiri akalumikidzidwa zojambula.

Features mawu Futurists

The ngwazi za ntchito yatsopano avant-garde malangizo - yokhazikika ya mzinda wamakono ndi mphamvu zake, mkulu-liwiro, zambiri zida ndi electrification, zikubweretsa kwambiri nthawi zonse ungwiro wa moyo. M'nyimbo "Ine" futurists azitengapo kufunafuna zothawa m'mbuyomu chakale, amene anawonetseredwa mu mindset imeneyo salandira malamulo a malembedwe, mawu mapangidwe ndi lexical ngakhale mawu. Cholinga chachikulu anathamangitsa ndi wolemba ndakatulo futurist - auze maganizo anu ndi kumvetsetsa zimene zikuchitika ndi njira iliyonse yabwino kwa munthuyo.

Mapangidwe Russian avant-garde

Ku Russia, azimuth latsopano uyamba mawonekedwe mu 1910. Izi ndi nthawi imene phindu kutchuka, ambiri ndakatulo ya Silver Age. Futurists mwamsanga chidwi. Kuwonjezera lenileni luso ndime (m'zonse), izo zimathandiza pochititsa kulankhula mochititsa manyazi pagulu ndipo ulendo mizinda yaikulu ya Russia.

Russian Futurism, motsutsana ndi European, anali kwathunthu ndi osiyana heterogeneity. Pakati pa magulu avant-garde zina anaona kutsutsana kwambiri aukali. Pali nthawi zina pamene alakatuli Futurist wadutsa kuchokera ku kuyanjana wina ndi mzake. Koma kupambana wamkulu adakali ndi malo awiri a azimuth izi: Moscow ndi St. Petersburg.

Cholinga-Futurists

Kumpoto likulu andakatulo innovators mu 1912 iwo amasonkhana momuzungulira Ivan Ignatiev. Iwo ikutchedwa ndi cholinga-Futurists iwo wokha, amatanthauza "Ine -. M'tsogolo" A udindo waukulu ku bwalo uyu anapambana Igor Severyanin (Lotarev), chimene chiri chaka chapitacho Powafotokozera mbali yaikulu ya dzina pachiyambi ndi malangizo atsopano ndakatulo. Mu maganizo ake, "ndi cholinga wamphamvu zonse" amapereka mphamvu limene kanthu mukhoza kuima. Zinali iye, osati amenable kuti pacification, amene anafika zikondwerero pachimake ukali, mu maganizo a ndakatulo, ndi chokhacho zolondola ponseponse.

Wosindikiza "Petersburg crier" anali nsanja imene anali Futurist ndakatulo. Lyrics zosiyanasiyana dongosolo latsopano mawu ndi anatengera kwa chinenero Chirasha yachilendo, makamaka German ndipo French wachisomo. Chifukwa, kulenga cholinga-Futurists makhalidwe amafanana pang'ono kuti zotsatira za anzawo Italy, amene adayima pa chiyambi cha avant-garde masiku mabuku.

"Gilea"

Yosiyana ndi St. Petersburg mawu a maganizo kwa anajambulapo zenizeni Moscow ndakatulo-futurists. mndandanda likuyamba ndi abale awo Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Velimir Khlebnikov. Iwo kutsutsa "Ine" woli- "ife" ndi kulengeza okha Cubo-Futurists. Nazi nsanja iwo anali kuphatikiza "Gilea", kupangidwa mu 1910 mu Moscow.

Adakumbukira mizu ndi monyadira ankavala dzina "Russian Futurists". Andakatulo anayesetsa kudzipatula yekha ku anzake Italiya, ndipo Khlebnikov wokonzeka kupereka malangizo a dzina latsopano - "budetlyanstvo" yomwe kutsindika wake wapadera ndi anthu azikhala. Izo zinali ndiye lofalitsidwa zankhanza Ndondomeko "mbama mu nkhope ya kukoma anthu", nthawi yomweyo chidwi za lonse Russian anzeru. Pambuyo zisudzo zochititsa chidwi ndi mau, imene andakatulo Futurist anadabwa omvera ndi maonekedwe ake ndi choipitsitsa (ndikuganiza Mayakovsky ndi chikasu jekete wake wotchuka kapena ndakatulo utoto nkhope). Anakana anayang'ana buku la ndakatulo awo, manifestos, mapulogalamu ndi kusindikizidwa pa mapepala khoma akale, ndiye pepala okutira, ndipo si nthawi zonse kuti ndalama. Wina ankadandaula kusalabadira lathunthu malamulo zolembalemba komanso chilengedwe cha mawu odabwitsa komanso njira sagwirizana nazo mwamtheradi a masanjidwe lemba alipo, koma akhale mmene zinakhalira, onse lino anapereka "zomenya" (monga iwo mChipangano anthu a) mofuula ndi choyenera udindo wa "ndakatulo ya Silver ndi atumwi. " Futurists "galea" bwino pabwino mabuku Russian ndipo anathandizapo chitukuko ndi kusintha.

Vladimir Mayakovsky

Ndakatulo-chosintha ndi woukira - kotero nthawi zambiri ankalankhula za oimira otchuka Futurism Russian. Pa chiyambi cha 1912-1914 nthawi udzayesedwa kulenga njira Mayakovsky. Ndipo ndi otetezeka kuti lingaliro la avant-garde malangizo anapanga zokongoletsa kukoma a ndakatulo iyi ndi anatsimikiza tsoka lake mu mabuku. Mu makumi, ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti Mayakovsky - Futurist ndakatulo, monga yodziwika ndi malembedwe osaka ntchito yake, mtundu wa mawu, mawu ndipamene chochuluka zokopela mafanizo zidzasintha. mbali zonsezi kalembedwe luso a ndakatulo iyi inayambira ku msanga, akuitana ndi kufuula. Ndipo patapita zaka khumi ndi dzina lake kwenikweni kugwirizana Zocitika za Futurists.

Other mumaganiza avant-garde

Mu 1913 izo inkayenda "Mezzanine andakatulo" (B. Lavrenev, Shershenevich) ndi "Lyrics", amene analekanitsidwa chaka chotsatira "Centrifuge" (Boris Pasternak, N. Aseev) (komanso limatchedwa futurists wa convocation wachiwiri). Gulu loyamba inasokonekera m'malo mofulumira. "Centrifuge", chimene chinafika mpaka 1917, chifukwa cha miyambo yakale zolembalemba, organically kaphatikizidwe iwo ndi luso futuristic. Komabe, ichi ndi chachikulu andakatulo odziwika sizinathandize. Boris Pasternak Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa unachoka malowa ndi kwachitika mu mabuku a ndakatulo palokha.

akatswiri a ndakatulo otchuka wa Silver Age Futurist

Mndandanda wa ambuye mawu, anakhalabe pa siteji zina maganizo zake za kulenga za avant-garde, ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Kuthandiza pa ntchito za ena mwa Futurists sunakhalitse, pamene ena anakhalabe mu chimango cha malangizo mu ntchito yake. Nawa oimira wotchuka kwambiri magulu anasankha.

Cubo-Futurists:

• Burliuks - oyambitsa;
• Khlebnikov - inspirer;
• Mayakovsky - umunthu kwambiri amene ntchito kenako anapita akutali malangizo;
• Kruchenykh.

"Centrifuge":

• N. Aseev,
• Boris Pasternak,
• S. Bobrov.

Cholinga-Futurists:

• Anayambitsa - "Mfumu ya olemba ndakatulo" J. kumpoto,
• S. Olympus
• Ivanov,
• M. Lokhvitskaya.

"Mezzanine andakatulo":

• Shershenevich,
• S. Tret'yakov,
• R. Ivnev.

Rubezhnoe Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ndi utasintha

zaka 1913-1914 - nthawi ili pachimake cha ulemerero, amene anafika ndi Futurists Russian. Andakatulo akhala bwino anazindikira mabwalo onse zolembalemba, bungwe ambiri zisudzo, nkhani, ndakatulo madzulo. Mu 1915, tikulankhula za "imfa" ya Futurism, ngakhale "Centrifuge" lilipo kwa zaka zoposa 2. Kumatikumbutsabe maganizo futuristic amamva ndipo pambuyo ulimi zaka 20: kumayambiriro a zaka khumi ndi - mu ntchito za ndakatulo ku gulu la Tiflis "41o", ndiyeno mu ndime oberiutov Petrograd. Iwo akadali zimayesetsa "kusintha" chinenero, kusintha lexical, syntactic, boma lake likutipatsa.

ubwenzi Russian nzeru Futurism

Zikamera wa njira ina yatsopano ndi zochita zodabwitsa nthumwi zake ikufotokoza za anzeru Russian. Ambiri mawu otsutsana pa ntchito anamva ndi ndakatulo futurist. List otsutsa atamatula anazindikira pamene symbolist Bryusov. Chitonzo "innovators" anawaika kuwawonetsera m'njira zambiri, "debited ku Italy", ndi maganizo oyipa ndi miyambo Russian. Komabe, anaona tirigu zomveka mu ntchito ya Moscow ndi St. Petersburg futurists ndipo anafotokoza chiyembekezo choti "kukula mu maluwa." The chikhalidwe chachikulu - kuganizira zimene zinachitikira analipo a Symbolists.

Moyipa anazindikira latsopano ndakatulo Ivan Bunin ndi M. Osorgin, uglyadevshie ntchito ndi khalidwe la hooliganism. Gorky, mosiyana, anaona zikamera wa Futurists mabuku Russian mu zenizeni yake ndi zogwirizana.