Futurists - ndani izi? Russian Futurists. Silver Age Futurist

Futurism (ku Latin futurum, kutanthauza "tsogolo") - ndi avant-garde kuyenda mu luso mu Europe 1910-1920, makamaka Russia ndi Italy .. Iwo anafuna kuti akonze otchedwa "luso la m'tsogolo", monga oimira izi analengeza mu kunaonetsa.

Mu ntchito ya Ft Marinetti, Chitaliyana ndakatulo, Russian Cubo-Futurists a anthu "Gilei", komanso ophunzira "Mezzanine ndakatulo", "cholinga-Futurists Association", "sapota" adakana Chikhalidwe zimasonyeza "podikira" anakamba ndi aesthetics a makampani machine urbanism .

mbali khalidwe

Chifukwa chojambula malowa amakhala ndi tinatake tozungulira mawonekedwe, mosinthana, kubwereza angapo zolinga zosiyanasiyana, monga chimangirizo za chifukwa zinachitikira mofulumira apaulendo. Mu Italy, ndi Futurists -. Izi John Severini, U. Boccioni. Mu mabuku, pali osakaniza zopeka ndi zopelekedwa chuma, ndakatulo - kuyesera chinenero ( "zachabechabe" kapena "mawu ufulu"). Russian Futurist ndakatulo - ndi V. V. Mayakovsky, V. V. Hlebnikov, I. kumpoto, A. E. Kruchenyh.

magulu

Zotsatira anatuluka mu zaka 1910-1912, pamodzi ndi acmeism. Acmeists, futurists nthumwi za mafunde zina chimakono mu ntchito yake ndipo mgwirizano anali kudziona otsutsana. The kwambiri kwa magulu Futurists, anadzatchedwa Cubo-Futurism logwirizana ndakatulo zosiyanasiyana za Silver Age. Yotchuka kwambiri ndakatulo yake futurist - ndi V. V. Hlebnikov, D. D. Burlyuk, V. Kamensky, Kruchenykh, V. V. Mayakovsky ndi ena. Egofuturizm I. Severianin (ndakatulo I. V. Lotarev, zaka za moyo - 1887-1941) anali mmodzi wa mitundu ya kukuchititsa zimenezi. Mu gulu "Centrifuge" anayamba ntchito awo Soviet andakatulo B. L. Pasternak ndi N. N. Aseev.

Ufulu mawu ndakatulo

Futurists Russian analengeza ufulu wa mawonekedwe ndi wokhutira, zisinthe ake, ufulu wonse mawu ndakatulo. Iwo kwathunthu anakana miyambo zolembalemba. Mu Ndondomeko, ndi cocky otchedwa "mbama mu nkhope ya kukoma anthu", lofalitsidwa m'chigawo chomwecho cha 1912, akuluakulu a kukuchititsa zimenezi analimbikitsa kuponya pa "chombo cha modernity" anazindikira akuluakulu monga Dostoevsky, Pushkin ndi Tolstoy. Kruchenykh kumbuyo lamanja la ndakatulo iyi kulenga awo, "abstruse" chinenero, zomwe ziribe zopindulitsa. ndime zake Ndipotu m'malo ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa, tanthauzo mawu amenewa. Koma vv Kamensky (zaka za moyo - 1884-1961) ndipo V. Khlebnikov (zaka za moyo - 1885-1922) anatha agwire ntchito yake chidwi kwambiri zatsopano ndi chinenero kuti kuberekana zimakhudza motani ndakatulo dziko.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

Futurist ndipo anali wotchuka ndakatulo Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930). ndakatulo yake yoyamba zinasindikizidwa mu 1912. Vladimir Vladimirovich wabweretsa m'dera lino nkhani yake, amene kuyambira pachiyambi zikuchititsa kuti aime pakati pa mamembala ena. Mayakovsky, futurist lobbied kwa chilengedwe cha moyo watsopano mwa anthu, osati ndi osiyanasiyana "chosamanga".

Mu ulimi wapitawu 1917 pamene wolemba ndakatulo anali woukira boma chikondi, amene anadzudzula otchedwa ufumu "mafuta", anaoneratu yayandikirayo. chosintha yamkuntho. Kumakana alipo asapita capitalist dongosolo yonse, analalikira chikhulupiriro zaumunthu mu munthu ndakatulo monga "msana chitoliro", "mtambo Buluku", "munthu", "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere". Topic lofalitsidwa mu 1915 (kokha mu mawonekedwe truncated wa kufufuza), ndakatulo "mtambo Buluku" wolemba ndakatulo mwini kumatanthauza mopitirira pamene 4 kufuula "Down!" Pansi ndi chikondi, luso, kuti ndi chipembedzo. Iye anali mmodzi wa alakatuli woyamba Russian anasonyeza mavesi awo choonadi cha dziko latsopano.

nihilism

Mu zaka yapitayi ulimi ndakatulo Russian analipo umunthu owala, zomwe zinali zovuta kunena kuti ina kayendedwe zolembalemba. Iwo M. I. Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) ndi M. Voloshin (1877-1932). Pambuyo 1910 pali wina watsopano malangizo - futurism, kutsutsa lokha mabuku onse, osati kale komanso panthawiyo. Kudalowa dziko ndi chikhumbo kuti asokoneze zolinga zonse. Nihilism Tingaone mu kapangidwe kunja alakatuli zopereka, amene anali kufalitsidwa kumbuyo kwa mapepala khoma kapena kuzimata pepala komanso maudindo awo - "Akufa Moon", "Mayi a mkaka" ndi zina lililonse futurist ndakatulo.

"Mbama mu Mtima wa Kukumana Public"

Mu inafalitsidwa koyamba mu 1912 buku la "mbama mu Mtima wa Kukumana Public" linasindikizidwa kulengeza. Yosainidwa ndi odziwika ndakatulo-futurists. Zinali Andrew Kruchenykh, David Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky ndi Velimir Khlebnikov. Mmenemo iwo ankanena ufulu wonse kwa chinachake, kukhala aneneri a m'nthawi yake. Andakatulo adakana monga zolinga Dostoyevsky a, Pushkin, Tolstoy, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndipo Balmont wake "mafutawo dama," Andreyev ndi "amatope zauve" limakhulupirira Gorky, Alexander Blok, Aleksandra Kuprina ndi ena.

Kukana futurists onse Ndondomeko amakhazikitsa "mphezi" kudziletsa wapatali mawu. Popanda kuyesera, mosiyana Vladimira Vladimirovicha Mayakovskogo, kugonjetsa kuti chikhalidwe alipo, iwo ndimangofuna kusintha njira zake. Mu Russian mabuku a chiphiphiritso "nkhondo - yekha ukhondo wa dziko", imatengedwa maziko a Futurism Italy, popeza chinafoka Komabe, malinga Valery Bryusov, mfundo imeneyi ndi "anaima pakati pa mizere."

Monga ananenera Vadim Shershenevich, Silver Age Futurist woyamba kuuka kwa yoyenera mawonekedwe msinkhu, kuwapatsa iwo mtengo wa mphunzitsi wamkulu samotselevogo mchitidwe ntchito. Iwo m'gulu anakana mavesi amene alembedwa chabe chifukwa cha lingaliro. Choncho panali mfundo kwa ofunda ananena.

The chinenero

Velimir Khlebnikov, theorist ina Futurism, analengeza latsopano "abstruse" chinenero monga chinenero cha tsogolo lonse. Amalakatika tanthauzo la mawu, osati kupeza wokhala zotengera malingaliridwe. Choncho, mavawelo ndi kuwamva monga malo ndi nthawi (aspirational), zilembo - phokoso, mtundu, kununkhiza. Pofuna kukuza malire a chinenero, limatithandiza kulenga mawu pamaziko a muzu (muzu: zithumwa ..., maganizo ... - "ife Charu ndi shied kutali").

Aestheticism simvolisticheskoy makamaka ndakatulo Acmeist Futurists anatsutsa anasonyeza deestetizatsiyu. Mwachitsanzo, "ndakatulo - akale wench" David Burliuk. Valeriy Bryusov mu review wa "Chaka ndakatulo Russian" (1914) ananenapo, tingadziwe amazindikira mwamwano futurist ndakatulo, sikokwanira kundikalipira chirichonse kunja mnzawo, kupeza zinthu zatsopano. Iye ananena kuti zaluso onsewa andakatulo mwaumbanda kungoganiza. Ife nawo mu ndakatulo za m'ma 18, mu Virgil ndi Pushkin, ndi phokoso-mitundu chiphunzitso anali akufuna Teofilem Gote.

zovuta cha ubale

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti, pa kukana onse luso, ndi Futurists Silver Age amaonabe kupitiriza kwa ophiphiritsa. Choncho, Alexander Blok, amene ankayang'anira ntchito ya Igorya Severyanina akuti ndi nkhawa kuti alibe mutu ndi nkhani 1915 Valeriy Bryusov ananena kuti kulephera kuganiza ndi chosadziwa kunyoza ndakatulo wake. Iye akudzudzula kumpoto ku zonyansa, ngokayikitsa, makamaka kumatsutsa ndakatulo zake za nkhondo.

Ngakhale mmbuyo mu 1912, dzina lake Aleksandr Blok ananena kuti akhagopa pire amakono alibe pachimake. Posakhalitsa, mfundo "futurist" ndi "wovutitsa" akhala n'chimodzimodzi chowongolera anthu a zaka. Press mofunitsitsa anatsatira "zochuluka" ndiAmene wa luso latsopano. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo anadziwika kugulu, anakopeka kwambiri chidwi. Mbiri ya azimuth izi mu Russia ndi ubale pakati pa magulu akuluakulu anayi, omwe anakhulupirira kuti iye akufotokoza "zoona" futurism, ndipo mwaukali kukangana ndi ena potsutsana mutu udindo. nkhondo zimenezi zinachitika utuluke mwagwirizana kutsutsa, amene kumawonjezera kudzipatula kwawo ndi udani. Koma nthawi zina mamembala a magulu osiyana anasamuka wina ndi mzake kapena converging.