Soviet makina. Cars "Moskvich", "Volga", "mbalameyi", "Kupambana"

Soviet Union mu dziko ankaona dziko wamphamvu. Mu USSR, anafika pamwamba kwambiri mu sayansi ndi mankhwala. Ilo linali Soviet Union anapambana malo mpikisano ndipo anayambitsa sayansi kuti anatembenuka mbiri yonse ya dziko m'tsogolo. Ndi chifukwa cha maganizo abwino mu Soviet Union ndipo amayamba kukhala makampani danga. Pamodzi ndi luso malo, sayansi ndi mankhwala kusanduka mu dziko lalikulu, ndipo makampani magalimoto. Komabe, ngakhale patsogolo kwambiri makampani magalimoto wa USSR lagged kuseri kwa dziko lonse. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti makina Soviet - zoipa. Dziŵani oimira otchuka makampani zoweta galimoto, amene ankaona zapamwamba Retro lero.

Kubadwa kwa makampani zoweta galimoto

Mu 1927, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Soviet Union, Stalin nufuna kuti pamene woyamba zaka zisanu - kuchokera mu 1928 mpaka mu 1932 - m'dziko apanga amphamvu ndi mpikisano makampani magalimoto. Pa nthawi imeneyo, poyerekeza ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi US, makampani galimoto mu dziko kwenikweni kwina, ndi la Soviet Union sanali mpikisano chifukwa automakers dziko. Komabe, panali anthu oposa 3 polingalira za chitukuko mofulumira mafakitale ndi pakati pa 1928, chinkhoswe mu kupanga magalimoto.

Pamene woyamba dongosolo zaka zisanu inatha mu makampani galimoto ntchito kwa anthu oposa 6. Kudzera njira imeneyi, boma la Soviet Union anapanga latsopano kalasi chikhalidwe - ndi ntchito yake ndi magalimoto ndi kupeza bwino pa nthawi imeneyo. Koma ngakhale analenga nambala yaikulu ntchito ndipo anakweza mfundo moyo zambiri galimoto ndiyeno inali yodula. makina Soviet kugula anapereka kalasi ntchito. Izi kuganizira mfundo yakuti mphamvu galimoto ndi 1932 anafika makope pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2.3.

Kim subcompact galimoto

Glavavtoprom mu August 1938 akumufunsira kukhala ndi kuyamba kupanga magalimoto ang'ono anthu. dongosolo Lake kukhazikitsa galimoto khamu chomera mu Moscow, olengedwa mwa ulemu wa CMM lapansi.

Pa chitukuko cha galimoto zooneka dipatimenti kapangidwe pa fakitale. Anatsogolera ndondomeko katswiri NATI A. N. Ostrovtsev. Pa kapangidwe ndi bodywork akatswiri GAZ ntchito. Kuti chitukuko anali mofulumira monga maziko anaganiza kuti atenge American Ford Wangwiro, unreleased pa nthawi UK. Solutions, amene ntchito opanga Ford, anali mwangwiro bwino kuti akatswiri ku USSR - dziko kale umabala zitsanzo zingapo za magalimoto zochokera Ford A ndi AA. Ngakhale maziko a English ndi galimoto anatengedwa thupi kapangidwe - kwathunthu Soviet. GAZ Akatswiri ntchito pa izo. Mu ndondomekoyi, Adalenga mitundu iwiri - chitsanzo ndi thupi chatsekedwa ndipo zitseko ziwiri ndi phaeton lotseguka. Kodi chidwi, galimoto anapangidwa pa zida ku United States.

Pokonza kupanga kulumikiza zosiyanasiyana zomera za USSR. Choncho, ZISe anapanga chimango, akasupe, forgings. Gasi m'zigawo zikuluzikulu thupi ndi castings. A nambala yaikulu mafakitale osiyana zinali kupereka msonkhano shopu ndi zonse muyenera - galasi, matayala, zipangizo upholstery, komanso mfundo zonse ali pa Kim kuti basi sanakhoze.

kunja

Lachitsanzo amatchedwa Kim-10, ndipo pa nthawiyo anali ndi sitepe lofunika kwambiri kwa makampani lonse magalimoto.

Maonekedwe a galimoto kunapezeka kuti latsopano ndi mwatsopano, mosiyana ndi magalimoto ena Soviet. Thupi mawonekedwe ndi Pulani yonse si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera zitsanzo yachilendo. Thupi la galimoto iyi inali patsogolo kwambiri chifukwa nthawi yake.

The nyumba ndi anatsegula ndipo anali alligator mtundu. Kutsegula iyo, okonza analenga mukuyerekezera. Mbali ya nyumba anali fairing kwa nyali ya. kukula kwa makomo anali lonse zokwanira, mopitirira agwire kutembenukira awatulutsira. Mazenera mbali akhoza adatchithisira.

kapangidwe

Kuwonjezera malingaliro amakono mu nthawi ya kulengedwa kwa galimoto ndi ntchito njira zambiri ndiwofatsa. Choncho, m'munsi injini-vavu alibe njira kuti asinthe awo. polumikiza ndodo mayendedwe babbitt. Thermosyphon dongosolo yozizira ndi chinthu chakale, koma ntchito CMM-10. Palinso njira ndiwofatsa - ochiritsira dongosolo kuyimitsidwa, makina mabuleki. Nyali motsatana ndi semaphore mtundu.

makhalidwe luso

galimoto limeneli likupezeka mitundu thupi awiri - ziwiri khomo sedani ndi chaise kuchokera kumbali. okwera anayi anaiika galimoto.

Kutalika kwa thupi anali 3960 mm, m'lifupi - 1480 mm, kutalika kwa -1650 mm. Ground chilolezo - 210 mm. Thanki mafuta kulumikiza malita 100 mafuta.

injini anaikidwa pamaso pa longitudinally. Zinali 4 yamphamvu carbureted anayi sitiroko powerplant. buku lake linali 1170 kiyubiki mamita. cm. Engine anapereka malita 30. a. 4000 zikwi. Chiv. galimoto ndi wophatikizidwa ndi atatu liwiro HIV Buku. Galimoto anali kumbuyo-gudumu pagalimoto, ndi mafuta ake anali pafupifupi 8 L pa 100 Km.

Mbiri ya galimoto imeneyi inatha mu 1941.

GAZ-13 "Chaika"

Kufunika kwa galimoto iyi anaonekera mu 50s lapansi. Motero, ku Soviet Union kunali kuti akonze makina mlingo chifaniziro, zomwe zingakhale zogwirizana ndi mumaganiza mawonekedwe a nthawi. okonza Project apanga mpweya ndi Zisa ndi ZIL. Komanso, ZIL 111 ndi chinthu chakale.

Zotsatira ntchito GAZ akatswiri kuperekedwa kwa anthu mu 1956. Kupanga siriyo wa galimoto anayamba mpaka patapita zaka ziwiri, mu 59th lapansi. Pa zaka 22 amene anapanga chitsanzo ichi, mabuku onse 3189 zinalembedwa. Pa kapangidwe lodziwika bwino kwa galimoto anafotokoza ntchito zazikulu dzina mlengi Eremeev. Kunja kwa makina unkagwiritsidwa maonekedwe a makampani American galimoto.

GAZ-13 "Chaika" wakhala zimene kenako adakumbukira, sakhala pomwepo. Pamene ntchito pa thupi analengedwa yachiwiriyo. Kuyambira zitsanzo kupanga amadziŵika ndi nyale mchira, nyali kutsogolo malo, mwakemu ndi arches gudumu chimango wa windscreen ya.

makhalidwe luso

Galimoto lili ndi miyeso chidwi. Kamangidwe - perednemotornaya ndi kumbuyo-gudumu pagalimoto. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale ndiye galimoto iyi choikidwacho atatu gawo kufala hydro-makina.

Panali awiri galimoto - GAZ-13 GAZ-13E. eyiti yamphamvu injini Izi V zooneka malita 5.5. Komabe, unit woyamba inaŵerengeredwa pa A-93 mafuta, ndi wachiwiri - A-100. Komanso, injini chachiwiri ali apamwamba psinjika chiŵerengero ndi mphamvu 215 HP Unit poyamba anali ndi mphamvu malita 195. a. mota kapangidwe osiyana luso - ndi zotayidwa yamphamvu mutu ndi mavavu.

injini anali okonzeka ndi madzi utakhazikika ndi carburetor, wopangidwa mwa maselo anayi. Engine ndi kufala basi akhoza imathandizira pa galimoto 160 Km. 100 Km wa galimotoyo omwazika masekondi 20.

Pankhani mafuta mu mkombero makina kuphatikiza ankadya malita 18 pa makilomita 100. kufala Makinawa amapereka kufala atatu - ndi ndale, zida choyamba, gululi ndi kumbuyo. Ine ndinali kusinthana iwo ntchito mabatani pa galasi lakutsogolo.

zosintha

Choncho, GAZ-13 - ichi ndi chitsanzo m'munsi. Mkati, kumbuyo anali mizere itatu ya mipando, ndi zinachitika ankasiyana kwambiri pa zida za ulimi.

GAZ-13a - ndi zofanana chitsanzo, koma kanyumba anakhazikitsidwa kugawa pakati pa galimotolo ndipo dalaivala.

13B - galimoto ndi yopindika pamwamba, kusinthidwa uyu anali ntchito pa perete usilikali.

13C - ngolo. kusinthidwa ili pa mndandanda sanapite. Total opangidwa pafupi makumi awiri a makina amenewa.

Yaying'ono galimoto "Moskvich" -400

Ichi ndi chitsanzo yotsatira pambuyo Kim-10-52. Ntchito pa galimoto anayamba nkhondo itatha, kumayambiriro 1946. mbewu komanso nkhondo itatha anasintha dzina lake ndi "Moskvich". Ndi galimoto anthu, umene unayenera analenga nkhondo isanayambe.

galimoto anapangidwa m'chifanizo cha Opel Kadett K38, amene mwakuchita General Motors mu '38. zida zonse zapatsidwa zimagulitsidwa ku Germany, sikunali kotheka kuti apulumutse masitampu kwa kupanga matupi, kotero ine ndinali kulenga awo, Soviet.

Yopangidwa izi zoweta galimoto ndi akatswiri German. The ndalama za makina, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana - kuchokera 8000 mpaka 9000 rubles. Zinali ndalama zambiri, ndipo poyamba ochepa akanatha latsopano "Moskvich" -400, koma mu 50 ubwino wa anthu chawonjezeka ndi makina alimbane ndi mndandanda woyembekezera.

kunja

Monga m'munsi ntchito Opel Kadett K38. makina amasangalala kwambiri Stalin, ndipo analamula kuti boma la Soviet Union anachita buku enieni. Izo ziyenera kuti Opel analengedwa mu Germany nkhondo isanayambe, ndipo dongosolo lonse pamodzi ndi mamangidwe ndi inatha mu 40s lapansi. Opel pa nthawi iyi inatulutsa zambiri zosangalatsa chitsanzo, koma kukangana ndi Stalin, palibe amene amadzinenera. Kenako adzakhala kusintha mawonekedwe pang'ono, koma thupi si bwanji.

injini

Popeza Germany palibe zolembedwa za unit mphamvu ayi, akatswiri Soviet anayamba galimoto latsopano. Galimoto zinakhazikitsa vosmiklapannym zinayi wagawo, amene mphamvu anali malita 23 zokha. a. pamene buku ntchito ya kiyubiki mamita 1100. cm. mota The akuthamanga ndi awiri atatu gawo Buku gearbox. Unit mphamvu analengedwa mu A-66 mafuta. Mlingo otaya anali malita 8 pa makilomita 100 pa liwiro pazipita 90 km / h.

GAZ

Pa chomera ici ulikubala kwambiri zitsanzo osiyana chidwi. Mmodzi wa iwo - mpweya A. Mbiri ya magalimoto kumayambira Detroit. Zinali ndiye kuti munthu wakale Genri Ford anaganiza kuti Ford T chabe kwadzaoneni chakale. Ndipo iye anatenga izo khamu mzere. M'malo mwake, ife kuthamanga chitsanzo A. Choyamba chasinthidwa injini - pambuyo kusintha kwa mphamvu kuti wasintha kuchokera malita 23. a. kuti 40. buku akuchuluka malita 3.2. Komanso anali wouma osakwatiwa-mbale zowalamulira pa galimoto.

Ford kupanga pamaziko a magalimoto ndi galimoto - AA, ndiyeno anapita pa conveyor triaxial makina AAA. Ndi izi galimoto logwirizana ndi zambiri mosalekeza ngati atsogoleri Soviet. Pa maziko anaganiza kuti akonze wophweka, odalirika ndi zipangizo zambiri zamakono magalimoto Soviet. Choncho anabadwa mpweya A. zitsanzo anapangidwa kuchokera kwa 1932 mpaka 1938.

kamangidwe

Bampala ankaimira anagwa awiri n'kupanga ndinapirira chitsulo. Redieta anali TACHIMATA ndi faifi tambala okongoletsedwa ndi chizindikiro choyamba GAZ mbewu yake. magudumu sizinkayendera masipoko waya - chizindikiro cha iwo kuti iwo popanda kusintha.

Windscreen ntchito triplex galasi. pulagi thanki mafuta wakhala anaika pamaso pake. Sam thanki ili pa kumbuyo khoma olimbana chipinda - choncho anakwanitsa kukusalani kwa kapangidwe petulo mpope. Mafuta zinagwa carburetor ndi yokoka.

Anaperekeranji makina Soviet kumbuyo kwa "Phaeton" pa malo 5. Mu nkhani ya mvula kotheka kukokera chihema cha lona.

okonzera

The chiongolero anali wakuda, ndipo anatumikira monga mfundo ebone. Near mbendera pa okonza chiongolero taika levers wapadera - ndi woyamba malamulo poyatsira nthawi, ndi wachiwiri ankagwiritsa ntchito kotunga mpweya. Speedometer ankaimira ng'oma manambala. M'munsimu ngo mpweya anaikidwa kumbali wapadera kwa chidendene.

kapangidwe

Ngati inu disassemble galimoto, ndiye ankayimira 21 zokha mwankhanza. Komanso gulu ananyema anali ntchito, sizikanatheka kusintha valavu, digiri ka injini psinjika - 4.2. Monga ntchito yopingasa kuyimitsidwa masika.

Patapita kanthawi, chitsanzo ichi chisintha sedani mpweya M-1, amene zachokera Ford A, koma kusinthidwa kwa mtunda kuchokera msewu. Choncho, kuchuluka mphamvu thupi, analimbitsa kuyimitsidwa. Kuimaliza kukonza voracious injini kusamuka kwa malita 3.2 kuti mphamvu yake ndi kuchuluka kwa malita 50. a.

Zino wosokonezeka msewu limousine GAZ M-1 kugunda mu 1936. Kumasulidwa makope oposa 60 000. Zinali bwino kwambiri chitsanzo.

GAZ 21

Izi magalimoto Soviet mu mtundu thupi "sedani". Kupanga siriyo wa galimoto anayamba mu '56, ndipo izo sizinali mpaka '70s. Ichi ndi chitsanzo bwino kwambiri makampani zoweta galimoto.

Development inayamba mu 1952. Poyamba tinkagwira ntchito pa zitsanzo za M21. Tinayesetsa pa ndondomeko ya chithunzicho Leonid Eremeev ndi Williams. Mu 1953, zitsanzo loyamba la M21 zinalengedwa, ntchito si Williams anapita. ndi zinachitika kwa "Volga" GAZ 21 kenako m'chaka cha chaka 1954 anasonkhana.

mayesero kunachitika, imene magalimoto asonyeza zotsatira zabwino. Latsopano "Volga" kunapezeka ndi ndalama, wapamwamba koposa pa makhalidwe mphamvu ya GAZ M-12 mukatchule. Komanso, galimoto zimaonetsa kapangidwe wapadera.

Chitsanzo choyamba anamaliza ndi makonzedwe a galimoto nizhneklapannym, izo ntchito buku la malita 2.4. Engine mphamvu anali kale malita 65. a. Ndi galimoto ya "Kupambana" ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti fakitare. Mu tandem ndi unit mphamvu opareshoni atatu gawo Buku gearbox.

eni Car "Volga" (mpweya-21) ya anati kukana mkulu dzimbiri mu thupi la magalimoto wabwino patency. Lero wa Retro ndi kuwona nthumwi zake zingakhale kusonkhanitsa payekha.

GAZ 24

Kenako mu 1968, pa maziko a galimoto GAZ 24 linatulutsidwa. makina lilipo masitaelo thupi awiri - sedani ndi ngolo. Pa nthawi ina inali galimoto yapamwamba kwambiri. Mukhale chitsanzo anayamba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo chiyambi cha ulimi 21 TH "Volga". Galimoto anatha kupulumuka atatu restyling, kapangidwe kukopedwa magalimoto American. Koma panali zinthu kunja ndi choyambirira, kupereka thupi lonse mofulumira.

Luso makhalidwe a galimoto

GAZ 24 zinalengedwa, monga taonera kale, mu matupi awiri. Chilolezo anali 180 mm. injini anaikidwa pamaso pa longitudinally. The injini mafuta a 2.4 L buku anasankhidwa monga gulu mphamvu. unali wochindikala 95 malita. a. Iye wagwira ntchito mu tandem ndi kufala zinayi Buku. mafuta - malita 13 pa 100 Km. Ndi wagawo iyi mathamangidwe pazipita ndi 145 Km / h.

Pa maziko zafotokozedwa "Volga" ndiyeno zambiri zosintha osiyana zinalembedwa. Ifenso kubala zitsanzo za katundu. Latha kutulutsidwa mu 1985.

Izo ziyenera kuti makina Soviet zambiri zosangalatsa amene anapanga lero. Panopa anthu amakono onse ngati uninteresting, koma lililonse chitsanzo latsopano anali azichitira weniweni okonda galimoto. makina awa tsopano m'mafilimu ndi m'mamyuziyamu ndi zopereka payekha, galimoto ZIS 110 chotchuka kwambiri kunja, kuphatikizapo US ndi Europe. ziziyenda ambiri limanena yaikulu kugula ndi kukonzanso makina amenewa. Ndi tsopano Retro. Ndipo mulole anadzudzula zoweta makampani galimoto, koma anali adakali dziko ankadziwa kupanga magalimoto abwino.