Sunagoge - ndi chiyani ichi? Sunagoge mu Moscow. sunagoge Ayuda

Aliyense chikhulupiriro ndi chipembedzo lili ndi mawu omwe wapadera ake, mfundo, miyambo. Ndipo munthu wosadziwa mu zonse izi ndi zina zovuta kumvetsa. M'nkhani ino, ine ndikufuna kuti ndiime pa Chiyuda ndi kufotokoza zimene m'sunagoge.

Pa chiyambi cha mawu

Chinthu choyamba kumvetsa chiphunzitso cha. Tamasulira kuchokera m'sunagoge Greek - chopereka. Komabe, mawu achiheberi zikumveka ngati "Beit Knesset", limene kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "nyumba msonkhano." Chidwi adzakhala chakuti mu Talmud (Ayuda lemba) kamodzi kokha anapeza dzina la sunagoge monga "beit Tfila" kutanthauza "nyumba yopemphereramo." Izi zikusonyeza kuti Ayuda m'sunagoge - amaposa nyumba ya kulambira.

A mbiri pang'ono

Kotero, kumvetsa ndi kuzindikira kuti m'sunagoge - ndi mpingo wa Ayuda, tiyenera kuyang'ana kwakung'ono m'mbiri ya pakuwonekera kwake. Pankhani nthawi, nenani chimodzimodzi pamene iwo anayamba kuoneka, palibe, deta pa sikuti waliteteza. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti m'sunagoge loyamba anayamba kuoneka pa nthawi pamene kachisi anawonongedwa ndi Ayuda wopirikitsidwa ukapolo ku Babulo (m'ma 6 BC). Iwo koyamba m'nyumba phunziro olowa Torah, ndipo kenako anayamba kumanga nyumba osiyana mapemphero ndi misonkhano. Atabwerera kunyumba inamangidwa Kachisi Wachiwiri, koma pa nthawi iyi okhulupirika atayamba kumanga sunagoge ku dera lonse la dziko. Aroma anali ataphedwa ndi Kachisi Wachiwiri, sunagoge, anakhala malo woona kwa Ayuda - zambiri osati m'lingaliro maganizo mawu, komanso kwenikweni. Awa anali malo kumene anthu chobisa ku ngozi.

Tanthauzo lenileni la

Choncho, sunagoge - malo Ayuda kusonkhanitsa kupemphera, kuphunzira Torah, kulankhula. M'pofunikanso kuti alinso ndi ntchito yapadera.

1. A malo opempherera. Kumene, m'sunagoge - ndi malo oyamba kumene okhulupirika kwa Mulungu pemphero. Chidwi adzakhala chakuti Ayuda n'kofunika kwambiri si limodzi, ndi kupemphera pa gulu, chimene chiri changwiro nyumba ino.
2. Kuphunzira Malemba. m'sunagoge anaganizanso kuphunzira Torah. Pakuti ichi pali sukulu yapadera, yomwe ikhoza kukhala pafupi kapena mu nyumba imodzi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Beit Midrash (nyumba ya kafukufuku) kumagwirizana kwa Beit Knesset (m'sunagoge). M'masukulu, ana ndi achinyamata tsiku lililonse kuphunzira Torah, kumapeto kwa sabata pakhoza kuchitika zosiyanasiyana nkhani ndi ntchito akuluakulu.
3. Library. Komanso, m'masunagoge, ndi kuonetsetsa pali holo, muli mabuku osiyanasiyana lathu achipembedzo. Iwo akhoza kuwerenga m'kachisi, ndi kubwereka (podziŵitsa Shames - mtumiki wa sunagoge).
4. moyo Public. Koposa zonse, m'sunagoge - malo zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana ndi chikondwerero akhoza kusonkhanitsa anthu. Choncho, m'kati m'mabwalo a kachisi akhoza kuchitika mapwando onse losonkhanitsidwa ndi munthu. Kodi chikondwerero cha mdulidwe, chiwombolo mwana, bala mitzvah, ndi zina zotero. D. zambiri m'masunagoge likumanenso zolemba za arabi bwalo, beit akusokosera. M'mbuyomu, akachisi komanso anali mlendo zipinda, chimene chingalowe popanda mavuto kusiya kuyenda Ayuda, akhoza kukhala m'khola kakang'ono akavalo awiri kapena atatu.

zomangamanga

M'pofunikanso kuti palibe malamulo apadera mmene m'sunagoge Ayuda Chioneke motero. Iwo akhoza pooti kumangidwanso, ndipo mwina chabe bafa. Komabe, ine ndikutsimikiza payenera kukhala zenera. The Talmud limanena kuti mmodzi sangapemphere mu chipinda, amene si kuonekera kuchokera kumwamba. Ndi zofunika kuti pakhomo anali modutsa kumene anthu akhoza kusiya maganizo anu zonse zachidziko ndi kuzunzika. Chidwi adzakhala chakuti onse a m'sunagoge itatembenuzidwira Yerusalemu, Yerusalemu chomwecho - kwa kachisi. Kumamanga nyumba ngati n'kotheka akhale pa phiri lalitali kwambiri mu mzinda, kotero kuti iwo kungokhulupirira nyumba zina. Ndipo popeza kuti sizingatheke, pa denga la pemphero nyumba akonzedwa mzati ndi nyenyezi, ndi sunagoge ndinayang'ana pamwamba pa nyumba zina.

mkati m'sunagoge

Kodi mkati sunagoge? Photos amati pali malo osiyana akazi ndi amuna (Ezrati-athu - osiyana operekedwawo akazi). Nthawi zambiri azimayi aikidwa pa khonde, koma ngati n'zosatheka, chipinda pemphero unagawidwa pawiri, nsalu kapena kugawa, imene inkatchedwa "Mechitza". Kunali kofunika kuonetsetsa kuti anthu palibe munthu ndipo palibe kanthu zimalepheretsa ku mgonero ndi Mulungu.

Malo ofunika kwambiri m'sunagoge ndi Aron Kodesh - ndi kagawo kakang'ono wapadera kapena nduna, yokutidwa ndi nsalu yotchinga, amene muli Torah mipukutu. Pali ankalankhula nkhope za anthu pa nthawi ya mapemphero. Kuyenera adati kuti pa dzanja limodzi ndi Aron Kodesh ndi malo rabbi, pa zina - malo lecturer lapansi. Komanso m'masunagoge kwenikweni Nera tamid nyale kapena nyali, ndi bimah - malo kuwerenga malemba. Apa, mwina, ndi zina zabwino zonse zimene zili zofunika m'sunagoge. Onse a nyumba za kulambira zingakhale zosiyana kwa wina ndi mzake ndi njira zawo wapadera.

positi

Pozindikira Kodi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "sunagoge" uli wachabe ndi kulabadira udindo womvera m'nyumba izi pemphero. Choncho ofunika chakuti aliyense m'dera amasankha utsogoleri wake ndi akuluakulu.

1. Rabbi (Rabbi) - mtsogoleri wauzimu. Uyu ndi munthu amene amadziwa Torah ndi musanayambe ofesi, akukamba mayeso ovuta kwambiri. Lero, Rabi komanso woyikidwa ntchito zaboma ayenera kuchita.
2. Hazan (kapena shliah-Tsibur - m'dera Mtumiki) - munthu amene amatsogolera pemphero pagulu, chotero akuimira anthu pamaso pa Mulungu. Munthu uyu ayenera kugwiritsidwa wophunzira kwambiri, kudziwa Achihebri, analemba kuti sangathe kuchita zinthu zina.
3. Shamash - mtumiki amene amachita zosiyanasiyana ntchito: bata mu nyumba yopemphereramo, nkhawa chitetezo cha chuma, kutsatira dongosolo. Nthawi zina akhoza m'malo Khazana.
4. Gabay (Parnas) - otchedwa utsogoleri mkulu wa m'deralo. awo nthawi zambiri. Iwo makamaka kuthana ndi mavuto a zachuma ndi kuthetsa mavuto utsogoleri.

mitundu m'masunagoge

Izo ziyenera kuti panali zaka ziwiri m'madera yamakolo kuti akusiyanako moyo - Ashkenazim ndi Sephardim. Kusiyanaku m'njira yapadera chipangizo pemphero ndi masunagoge. Ayuda ambiri masiku ano Ashkenazi (chapakati ndi chakumpoto Europe, South Africa, Australia, America, etc.), nyumba zawo zili ndi zambiri kalembedwe European, ndi Sephardim kukonda azikongoletsa m'masunagoge mwawo ndi makalapeti ndi makhalidwe ena kalelo. Ambiri nyumba wotchuka pemphero Ashkenazi, kuphatikizapo m'sunagoge ku St. Petersburg.

Kukhalabe utumiki

N'kofunika moti pali kusiyana m'njira wochita utumiki m'sunagoge. Choncho, kusiyanitsa Ashkenazi Hasidim ndi nehasidov. Chinthu chidwi n'chakuti Hasidim anabwereka kalembedwe pemphero mwa Sephardim. Ena kusiyana ndi pafupifupi wosaoneka ndi wauzimu. Ndipotu, kuti atembenuke kuchokera m'sunagoge wina ndi mzake, monga zokwanira kusintha pemphero. Torah mipukutu okha nthawi yomweyo onse sizinasinthe. Komanso, anthu amene sadziwa za miyambo ndi ziphunzitso za zosiyanasiyana Ayuda "osiyana" ngati pafupifupi ofanana, kuyambira kusiyana MUKACHULUKIDWE mbali zochepetsetsa, nthawi zina kungoti wosaoneka.