Tanthauzo lonse la chinenero la Russia. Mtengo wa chinenero chamakono Russian

'Ndipo ife adzapulumutsa inu, Russian, kwambiri Russian mawu ... "- mawu a ndakatulo Anny Ahmatovoy, sasiya kufunika kwa zaka zingapo. Kutukuka kwa chikhalidwe dziko mwachindunji amadalira mkhalidwe wa anthu kwa mbiri yake. Chirasha wabwera kutali chitukuko. Lero, kuganizira pa zimene tanthauzo lonse chinenero Russian, angoyang'ana pa zochitika za pa. Oposa mamiliyoni 250 kulankhula izo ku dziko lonse - kuposa chithunzi chidwi.

malire kanthawi ndi maganizo "Masiku Russian chinenero"

Kuyankhula za lino la chodabwitsa ndi, molondola kuganizira pamene modernity limayamba. Philologists anafotokoza mfundo zitatu maganizo pa mfundo yonena za "chinenero chamakono Russian." Choncho, iwo amayamba:

1. Kuyambira masiku a A. S. Pushkina. The kwambiri Russian ndakatulo, ofufuza akukhulupirira, wapereka kwa Russian Baibulo la Chirasha zolembalemba, imene onse nawo masiku ano, ngakhale kukhalapo mu mawu a Alexander historicism ndi archaisms.
2. Pambuyo chigonjetso ya October kuukira boma. Mpaka 1917, zilembo ndi peculiarities wa kalata ya chinenero cha Chirasha n'chosiyana kwambiri pano. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi - kalata "angasunge" ( "b") pa mapeto a mawu ena, amene panopa amatchedwa chizindikiro zovuta.
3. Utatha wa USSR. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi Chirasha anayamba kusintha, chifukwa mofulumira patsogolo sayansi. Zachititsa kuti ojambula padziko lonse limeneli - kayankhulidwe ka dziko lina ntchito ina. Mtengo wa chinenero chamakono Russian ndi zazikulu anthu padziko lonse, kotero akatswiri a zinenero akulimbikira kuti mutuwo.

Kufalitsa mu dziko

Chirasha anali mbadwa kuti anthu ambiri okhala pa gawo la Russia, mayiko CIS ndi kunja, ndipo anachita mbali iyi ya chitatu ya. Numerically kulankhula, iye analowa pamwamba asanu ambiri: Anthu mamiliyoni 260 ali pa izo kuganiza mwaufulu ndi maganizo awo. Ndi yokha English (1.5 biliyoni), Chinese (1.4 biliyoni), Hindi (600 miliyoni), Spanish (500 million) ndi Arabic (350,000,000). mapu zithunzi zimaonetsera kufunika lonse chinenero Russian monga chimalankhulidwa m'mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, ku Baltic ndi Caucasus, Finland, Germany, China, Mongolia, United States ndi Australia. Mu Russia, izo mwini 99,5% ya chonse cha anthu. Ichi ndi m'malo kuyenera chithunzi poyerekeza ndi limati zina.

Chirasha mu zigawo

Chifukwa mapangidwe m'zilembo ndi sociolect kawirikawiri lalikulu la kufalitsa ankalankhula makamaka. Choncho, zochokera zinachitikira Russian izi wosakanizidwa ndi otumphukira zinenero: surzhik (Ukraine), trasianka (Belarus), Russenorsk (Kola Peninsula) ndi ena ambiri. Zinkalankhulidwa zikusonyeza kuti madera aang'onoang'ono. M'madera osiyana mawu siyana kwambiri.

Lina (Germany, ku USA, Israeli), anapanga lonse Chirasha okhala, ena amene pali akutali kwambiri ndi enawo. Izi kumachitika pamene chiwerengero cha anthu ochokera Russia ndi chokwanira kupanga mtundu anthu a m'deralo. Chifukwa cha chidwi kukula nzika ena chikhalidwe cha mayiko CIS. Phindu la chinenero cha Chirasha mu moyo wa Germany, America ndi Britain kwambiri.

tsiku Chikumbutso

UNESCO anthu amene wakwanitsa kupulumutsa chogwirika komanso chosaoneka ndi maso cholowa cha anthu ambiri. Choncho, chaka chilichonse chikondwerero pa February 21 Mayiko Mayi Language Tsiku kwa zaka zisanu zapitazo. Kuti zinthu ngati amalola kuganizira tanthauzo la cholowa cha anthu awo ndi nyota m'bwalo lonse.

Ku Russia, kubadwa kwa Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina anadzakhala zaka kwambiri kuposa 5 zapitazo, pamene June 6 analengeza Tsiku la chinenero cha Chirasha. Ichi ndi chifukwa chopereka kwambiri wolemba mu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe. Tanthauzo lonse chinenero Russian anazindikira m'mayiko ambiri fraternal Choncho lero chikondwerero m'sukulu ndi mayunivesite a maiko CIS. Msonkhano General UN nyumbayi chikondwerero limodzi ndi nkhani nkhani, mafilimu, Mpikisano owerenga.

Chirasha mu mgwirizano padziko lonse

Pakali pano, kumakhaladi mabvuto kupeza njira yofala kulankhulana m'mayiko 250. Nzika iliyonse ndi ulemu wa cholowa chikhalidwe cha boma ndipo amasangalala kulankhula kokha m'chinenero chawo. Kuvuta izi yathetsedwa pabvomelezo la otchedwa zinenero dziko, monga Russian ndi dziko dera. Lero, ndi njira kulankhulana pa TV, ndege, malonda. Kumene, kufunika kwa nsembe ya Chirasha chifukwa chakuti pali anthu ambiri olankhula kuchokera malo osiyana kuzungulira dziko. Munthu aliyense wanzeru kuti lilemekezeke kuti ndibwereze maganizo kwambiri Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova, Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo ndiponso olemba Russian hemayo.

Tanthauzo lonse chinenero Russian mu mawerengero

Mu dziko muli anthu okwana 2,000 ochokera m'mayiko onse, omwe amamuchititsa ntchito mu chinenero tsiku ndi tsiku mbadwa. Kwa anthu ambiri, Chirasha wakhala chachiwiri chofunika kwambiri pa zifukwa zingapo. Utatha Soviet Union anthu a Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine ndi Belarus sanasiye Chirasha monga boma, choncho ikuchitika ambiri TV ndi mawailesi nkhani. M'minda ya mgwirizano wa mayiko, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi asayansi, oimira ndi andale.

Chirasha pa ndime ndi English, French, Chinese, Chiarabu ndi Chisipanishi pakati pa zisanu ndi chimodzi zinenero boma UN. Izi zikutanthauza kuti andale ku Russia ndi mwayi momasuka maganizo awo ku misonkhano lonse. Kufunika lonse la Chirasha mu dziko chifukwa chakuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe iwo, iye pachikhalidwe wachisanu.

Russian lexicography

mawu alionse chilankhulo opezeka mu dikishonare zogwirizana ndi ntchito zawo ndi ochokera m'mayiko akunja. Phindu la Chirasha mu dziko kwambiri moti anthu a m'mayiko onse ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa intricacies ake onse, amadziwa ubwino mawu atsopano ndi mawu ochokera otanthauzira, amene akhoza kugawidwa mu zinenero Buku. Zofunika kwambiri ndi otanthauzira, yoyamba anatuluka mu atumwi 18 mochedwa m'mavoliyumu asanu. Inde, chaka mabuku ofanana ndi kusinthidwa chaka chilichonse. Chidali ndi Dictionary a Russian Language, Baibulo loyamba limene linatuluka mu 1863, ndi kope sukulu buku linatulutsidwa mu 2013. Kuganizira pa zimene tanthauzo la chinenero cha Chirasha, muyenera kulabadira ntchito za asayansi, akatswiri a zinenero, chifukwa chimene chinenero chikusintha ndi wotukuka. otanthauzira Mipikisano buku imatipatsa kuphunzira mbali zonse za phonetics ndi orthoepy monga nzika zadziko la Russia ndi mayiko ena.