Telegraphs: mitundu, chithunzi ndi zithunzi

Telegraph zatenganso mbali mu chitukuko cha anthu masiku ano. Wodekha ndi wosadalirika kufala kwa mudziwe akulephera patsogolo ndi anthu kufunafuna njira imathandizira izo. Ndi kuyambitsa kwa magetsi mmene chilengedwe cha zipangizo, nthawi yomweyo kupatsira deta tcheru pa mtunda wautali.

Kumayambiriro kwa mbiri

Telegraph mu incarnations osiyana - wamkulu njira zolankhulirana. Ngakhale kalelo panali kufunika popereka mauthenga chapatali. Mwachitsanzo, mu Africa, kwa kufala kwa mauthenga osiyanasiyana anagwiritsa ntchito tom-toms ng'oma ku Europe - moto, ndipo kenako - kulankhulana semaphore. Woyamba semaphore wanthambo anali woyamba amatchedwa "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", koma ndiye alichotsamo ndi lakuti yoyenera kwambiri wotchedwa "wanthambo" - "dalnopisets".

The chipangizo choyamba

Ndi atulukira chodabwitsa cha "magetsi" makamaka pambuyo maphunziro chidwi wa Chidanishi wasayansi Hans Kristiana Ersteda (woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso cha magetsi) ndi Chitaliyana wasayansi Alessandro Volta - mlengi wa woyamba electrochemical selo ndi batire loyamba (izo ndiye amatchedwa "voltaic mulu") - panali kwambiri maganizo a kulenga mu atomu wanthambo .

Kuyesa popanga zipangizo zamagetsi popereka chizindikiro ena ku mtunda anakonzeratu, anatengedwa kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18. Mu 1774, munthu wanthambo yosavuta inamangidwa Switzerland (Geneva), wasayansi ndi zatsopano Lesage. Analowa transceivers ziwiri 24 mapaketi olekanitsidwa mawaya. Pamene ntchito ndi zimachitika ndi thandizo la makina magetsi mmodzi wa chipangizo choyamba pochedwetsa mpira chachiwiri adasokera Buzinova lolingana electroscope. Ndiye luso bwino kafukufuku Lomon (1787), kuchotsa waya 24 wani. Komabe, dongosolo n'kovuta kuyitana wanthambo.

Telegraph ukulimbiralimbirabe. Mwachitsanzo, French sayansi André Marie Ampère analenga kupatsira zida ongokhala masingano maginito 25, inaimitsidwa kwa axles, ndi 50 ndi mawaya. Komabe, zipangizo bulky anapanga chipangizo ndiyo pafupifupi unusable.

Schilling zida

The Russian (Soviet) buku limanena kuti wanthambo choyamba, umasiyana akalambula Mwachangu ake, kuphweka ndiponso kudalirika lalembedwa mu Russia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom mu 1832. Kumene, m'mayiko ambiri anatsutsana mfundo iyi, "kulimbikitsa" asayansi osachepera luso.

Zokambirana Kwacha (ambiri a iwo, mwatsoka, kodi zafalitsidwa) mu telegraphy muli ntchito zambiri chidwi telegraphs magetsi. zida Baron Schilling anali okonzeka ndi makiyi amene masiwichi ya magetsi ku mawaya kulumikiza kupatsira ndi kulandira apparatuses.

uthengawo yoyamba, chomwe ndi mawu 10, anapatsidwa October 21, 1832 ndi wanthambo ndi, anaika pa Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga nyumba. The zatsopano nayenso anayamba cabling ntchito kugwirizanitsa wanthambo pansi pa Gulf wa Finland pakati Peterhof ndi Kronstadt.

galimoto wanthambo

Kolandira zida inkakhala coils, aliyense wa womwenso ndi waya kulumikiza ndi masingano maginito inaimitsidwa pamwamba pa coils pa filaments lapansi. Pa yarns zimenezi zinkatilimbikitsa pa makapu wina, utoto mbali imodzi wakuda, woyera ena. Kukanikiza fungulo chopatsilira koyilo la singano maginito anapanduka n'kupita bwalo yoyenera malo. dongosolo kuphatikiza mozungulira telegrapher phwando pa wapadera zilembo (malamulo) anatsimikiza chizindikiro opatsirana.

Choyamba, mawaya eyiti ankafunikira ndiye chiwerengero chawo zochepa awiri kuyankhulana. Ntchito ndi wanthambo zoterozo PL Schilling anayamba kachidindo wapadera. Onse woyamba wotsatira wa telegraphy m'dera la ntchito kufala wolemba pulogalamu mfundo.

zochitika zina

Pafupifupi imodzi telegraphs zomangamanga ofanana ntchito mafunde kupatsidwa ulemu anayamba asayansi German ndipo Weber Ghaus. Kale mu 1833 anali ndi mzere wanthambo pa University of Göttingen (Saxony wotsika) pakati astronamicheskoy ndi zoyang'anira maginito.

Amadziwika kuti chipangizo Schilling anatumikira monga zinachitika kwa British Telegraph Cook ndi Winston. Cook anadziwa ntchito za Russian anayambitsa Heidelberg University (Germany). Pamodzi ndi mnzake ndi Winston iwo bwino zida ndi patenti. chipangizo anasangalala pikhabuluka malonda mu Europe.

A zisinthe yaing'ono 1838 anapanga Shteyngeyl. Osati zokhazo, anakhala woyamba wanthambo mzere yaitali mtunda (5 km), ngakhale mwangozi mwafufuza kuti waya chimodzi chokha (gawo lachiwiri amachita nthaka) angagwiritsidwe ntchito kufala chizindikiro.

Morse wanthambo

Komabe, zonse mwa zipangizozi ndi dials ndi muvi umodzi wa maginito anali ndi chilema osachiritsika - sangakhale okhazikika: kufala mofulumira zambiri, kulakwitsa amapezeka ndi lemba chiyani molakwika. Kutsiriza ntchito pa kupanga mawaya losavuta ndi odalirika dera wanthambo ndi awiri m'malo ndi American wojambula ndi zatsopano Samuel Morse. Iye anayamba ndi ntchito ndi wanthambo malamulo umene aliyense kalata ya zilembo zinaperekedwa ma ina ya madontho ndi dashes.

Morse wanthambo anamanga zapamwamba. Wadera ndi kumamusokoneza panopa ntchito makiyi (manipulator). Amakhala ndi chokhethemulira amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, olamulira amene amalankhula ndi mzere kondakitala. kumalekezero a adzakoka chokhethemulira masika mkono ndi anakakamizidwa Chigawo zitsulo, basi anatumizanso lamya kwa wolandila ndi pansi (nthaka ntchito). Pamene telegrapher amayikanikiza kumalekezero ena a mkono, ndi nkhani ya ziyerekezo ena olumikizidwa kwa chingwe batire. Pa nthawi imeneyi, panopa iri yofulumira kudzera ku wolandila ikakha- osiyana.

Pa siteshoni kulandira pa ng'oma wapadera chilonda yopapatiza Mzere wa chimachititsanso pepala mosalekeza clockwork. Mothandizidwa ukubwera electromagnet panopa amakopeka ndodo yachitsulo yomwe napyoza pepala, potero kupanga ndondomeko ya zilembo.

Academician Kutulukira Jacoby

Russian wasayansi, Academician BS Jacobi zapakati pa 1839 ndi 1850, analenga mitundu ingapo telegraphs: kulemba, turnouts-gawo zochita synchronous ndi dziko teleprinter choyamba. Kutulukira atsopano anali chida chatsopano mu chitukuko cha machitidwe kulankhulana. Gwirizanani, zimakhala zosavuta kuwerenga nthawi yomweyo anatumiza uthengawo kuposa nthawi yocheza pa mawu olembedwa ake.

The kupatsira mwachindunji-yosindikiza zida Jacobi inkakhala ndi oyimba ndi muvi ndi mgwirizano wa ng'oma ndi. Pa bwalo lakunja kwa oyimba waikamo makalata ndi manambala. The chipangizo kulandira ali ndi oyimba ndi muvi, ndi kuwonjezera, kulimbikitsa ndi kusindikiza electromagnets ndi mitundu gudumu. Pa gudumu lililonse lalembedwa ndi makalata onse ndi manambala. Pa chiyambi-mmwamba m'kupita kwa chipangizo kufala kwa nyemba panopa kufika kwa mzere, kusindikiza zida kulandira electromagnet kumayambika mbamuikha pepala ukonde kuti chitsanzo gudumu ndi kupulinta adalandira chizindikiro.

zida Hughes

American zatsopano David Edward Hughes wobvomerezedwayo mwa telegraphy njira ntchito synchronous, anamanga mu 1855 teleprinter ndi muyezo gudumu mosalekeza kasinthasintha. The chopatsilira pogwiritsa anali kiyibodi-mtundu limba, ndi 28 utoto makiyi, amene akuzunzidwa makalata ndi manambala.

Mu 1865, Hughes makina akhala anaika kwa gulu la utumiki wanthambo pakati St. Petersburg ndi Moscow, kenako kufalitsa mu Russia. zipangizozi ankagwiritsa ntchito mpaka 30 ntchentche za m'ma XX.

Bodo zida

Hughes zida sanathe kupereka liwilo Kulumikizana ndi ntchito bwino kugwirizana. Choncho, m'malo zipangizozi kubwera zipangizo angapo wanthambo, zinakonzedwa 1874 ndi injiniya French Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo chipangizo The zimathandiza munthawi yomweyo kufala kwa angapo wanthambo woyendetsa pa mzere womwewo matelegalamu angapo malangizo onse. zida ndi zizindikiro wogulitsa ndi kupatsira zingapo ndi zipangizo kulandira. chopatsilira keypad tichipeza makiyi asanu. Kuonjezera dzuwa la ntchito mizere kulankhulana ntchito zida Bodo ngati chopatsilira zida zimene mudziwe opatsirana ndi ndiyotengera telegrapher pamanja.

Mfundo ntchito

The kupatsira chipangizo (kiyibodi) siteshoni makina mmodzi basi olumikizidwa mwa mzere kwa kanthawi kuti amalandira ziwalo. The kuti chaubale ndi kusintha mphindi lolondola machesi anapereka ogulitsa. wanthambo mayendedwe a ntchito ayenera lifanane ndi ntchito ya ogulitsa. Maburashi mavavu HIV ndi phwando ayenera atembenuza synchronously ndipo mu gawo. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kupatsira ndi kulandira zipangizo olumikizidwa kwa wogulitsa, ndi ntchito wanthambo Bodo Mitandadza mawu 2500-5000 paola.

The mayunitsi woyamba anaikidwa pa Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" wanthambo mu 1904. M'tsogolo, zipangizozi ankagwiritsa ntchito mu wanthambo zopezera USSR ndi ntchito mpaka 50s lapansi.

Inching chipangizo

Inching wanthambo amalembedwa siteji atsopano chitukuko cha luso wanthambo. chipangizo kakang'ono, ndipo n'zosavuta kwambiri kuti ntchito. Iwo kalembedwe makina olembera kiyibodi anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba. ubwino zonsezi zachititsa chakuti ndi mapeto a 50s Bodo makina anali kwathunthu anakankhira panja mfundo waya.

Great chopereka kuti apange zipangizo zoweta chiyambi-amasiya ndi A. F. Shorin ndi L. I. Treml, amene anayamba pansi makampani zoweta mu 1929 anayamba dongosolo latsopano wanthambo. Kuyambira mu 1935, basi chopatsilira (chopatsilira) ndi wolandila dera (reperforator) anayamba kupanga zitsanzo chipangizo cha ku Switzerland 35, mu 1960 kuti iwo yapangidwa.

kabisidwe

Popeza chipangizo PT 35 ntchito zipangizo wanthambo kulankhulana pamodzi ndi Bodo, malamulo apadera №1, amene anali wosiyana malamulo mwachizolowezi mayiko galimoto chiyambi-amasiya (№2) kachidindo wakhala zithandize iwo.

Pambuyo decommissioning zipangizo Bodo sipafinikanso ntchito mu dziko lathu ndi sanali muyezo chiyambi-amasiya code, ndi onse CT 35 paki panopa anasamutsidwa kuti malamulo mayiko №2. Zipangizo okha, monga modernized, ndi kapangidwe latsopano, analandira dzina cha ku Switzerland-2M ndi STA-2M (ndi prefixes zokha).

makina anagubuduza

zochitika zina Soviet Union akhala zinamenyanitsa motsutsa izo, kuti akonze kwambiri kothandiza mpukutu wanthambo. peculiarity ake kuti lemba limeneli kusindikizidwa mzere ndi mzere pa pepala lonse la pepala, ngati chosindikizira dontho-masanjidwewo. Mkulu ntchito ndi luso kusamutsa yambiri zambiri zinali zofunika osati kwa anthu wamba, koma maofesi kasamalidwe ndi mabungwe a boma.

• Round Waya T-63 makina okonzeka ndi akaundula atatu: Latin, Russian ndi yadigito. Mothandizidwa ndi tepi anakhomerera angathe kukuthandizani kulandira ndi kachilombo ka deta. Zosindikiza chikuchitika pa pepala mpukutu 210 mm.
• Makina mpukutu pakompyuta wanthambo PTA 80 limakupatsani anapereka momwe pamanja kapena basi kutumiza ndi kulandira makalata.
• Zida RTM 51 ndi PTA-50-2 ntchito yolemba uthenga inki 13 mm tepi ndi muyezo m'lifupi pepala mpukutu (215 mm). The zipsera makina pa mphindi mpaka zilembo 430.

Contemporary

Telegraphs, zithunzi za amene angapezeke mu masamba a mabuku ndi owonetsera zakale zisudzo, anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mofulumira patsogolo. Ngakhale kukula mofulumira mauthenga pafoni zipangizo izi sanapite mu chisokonezeko, ndipo unasinthika mu makina amakono fax ndi chipangizo zambiri zamakono wanthambo.

Mwalamulo, otsiriza wanthambo waya, ntchito mu boma India Goa, chinatsekedwa July 14, 2014. Ngakhale kufunika kwambiri (5000 matelegalamu tsiku), msonkhano unali wopanda pake. Mu US, otsiriza wanthambo kampani Western Union unatha kugwira ntchito mwachindunji mu 2006, mofotokoza remittances. Nthawiyi, nyengo Telegraphs sanali opitirira ndipo anasamukira ku chilengedwe amagetsi. Chapakati Telegraph Russia, ngakhale ndodo kwambiri yafupika, akupitiriza kukwaniritsa udindo wake, chifukwa si m'mudzi uliwonse m'dera lalikulu n'zotheka kuchititsa mzere foni ndi Intaneti.

Mu atsopano njira nthawi wanthambo adatengedwa ndi pafupipafupi Kulumikizana, bungwe ambiri ndi chingwe ndi wailesi kulandirana links. The mwayi waukulu pafupipafupi telegraphy chinali chifukwa chakuti timatha muyezo telefoni njira bungwe kuchokera pa 17 kufika 44 ngalande wanthambo. Komanso, pafupipafupi Kulumikizana chimathandiza kuchita pafupifupi mtunda uliwonse kulankhulana. Maukonde kulankhulana wapangidwa pafupipafupi njira Kulumikizana, kukonza mosavuta, komanso ali ndi kusinthasintha kuti amalola kulenga wozungulira malangizo kulephera kwa pachimake mzere malangizo. Pafupipafupi Kulumikizana anali yabwino, ndalama ndi odalirika, amene panopa wanthambo njira DC ntchito kuchepa.