The chiŵerengero cha malamulo adziko lonse mayiko a boma ndi ena. Kufanana ndi kusiyana anthu padziko lonse ndi malamulo payekha

Kuyambira nthawi, anthu anali kulindira yang'anira zoyenerera za maubale. analenga kunali koyenera kuti bungwe bwino magulu waukulu wa anthu. M'kupita kwa kufufuza yaitali, takhala anayesa chiwawa ndi chipembedzo. Poyamba, magulu awa akhala kwambiri. Koma pa nthawi zinadziwika kuti chiwawa umakhala kwa anthu mantha, ndi chipembedzo kwa okhulupirira okha. Choncho, anthu anayamba zambiri kulabadira kwa komwe wakhala alipo nthawi zonse.

Pakali pano, gulu ili ndi dongosolo m'malo wolemera wa malamulo, amene lagawidwa boma Boma ndi mabungwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali malo enieni lamulo malamulo, ndi wokhoza zimaphatikizapo ubwenzi m'malo wapadera. Mwa izi tsopano akhoza kukhala m'gulu makampani padziko lonse. mawonekedwe ake masiku ano ndi wachinyamata, ngati kalelo, mfundo "malamulo adziko lonse lapansi" chabe kulibe. Koma m'zaka za m'ma XXI, makampani ndi kothandiza kwambiri ndipo Chofunika, ali dongosolo yake. Mwa kuchuluka kwa lamulo limeneli ukugwirira ntchito padziko lonse payekha ndi lamulo la boma. The peculiarity wa ubale wa magulu awa amanditenga maganizo a asayansi kwa zaka zambiri.

Kodi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi?

ntchito tonse limati analipo nthawi zonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo ntchito padziko lonse dziko la m'munda wa nkhondo, malonda, chuma, etc. Mu nkhani iyi, malamulo a mgwirizano woterowo kale mu masiku amakedzana. mawonekedwe ake oyamba mapangano anamaliza pakati pa maiko awiri. Kumene, pangano ngati poyamba anali ndi khalidwe banal kwambiri. Koma ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo boma ndi machitidwe malamulo a mayiko ambiri ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko anayamba kupeza zambiri ophunzira view. Kenako, pangano pakati pa maiko awiri anatenga dongosolo lonse kapena gwero malamulo. Iwo aloledwa kulankhura za kuli makampani padziko lonse malamulo, amene nthawi ntchito mu dera la mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko. Mfundo yaikulu ya lamanja la khalidwe la padziko ndi zaka za m'ma XX, pamene dziko pali mabungwe monga UN.

makampani kapangidwe

Lamulo lapadziko lonse kapangidwe wolemera. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu boma Boma ndi mabungwe. Komabe, awiri zinthu zofunika kwambiri, zomwe anapanga zaka zambiri. Choncho, chinsinsi structural m'zinthu ndi:

• lamulo payekha mayiko (PIL) ;
• Chilamulo Public International (WFP);

zinthu onse awa akuimira chikhalidwe chawo, mbali ndi mfundo. Komabe, asayansi ambiri nkhawa mogwirizana kwa anthu padziko lonse ndi malamulo payekha lonse. Vuto limeneli kwa wambirimbiri nthawi anakhudzidwa pa zimene ofufuza ambiri. Koma kosangalatsa woyenera mbali kiyi wa bungwe subsectors chiŵerengero ayenera kuganizira makhalidwe awo payokha.

IPL ndi chiyani?

Lamulo lonse la pawekha chikhalidwe cha kum'mwera kwa gawo si udindo kufufuza. Chinthu ndi kuti mbali iyi lamulo ndi ya malamulo malamulo a malamulo a boma mitundu ndi mayiko amene amayendetsa ubale chikhalidwe boma, ndi kobvuta ndi chinthu yachilendo mwachindunji. Mu mawu ena, IPL si wodziimira nthambi. Ndi kokha ophatikizana hybrid lalikulu nambala ya malamulo zogwirizana malamulo.

Mfundo za MPP

Ukugwirira ntchito ya ufulu wa mayiko wa chikhalidwe payekha zachokera mfundo zina. Ndi iwo amene chifukwa kulunjika yaikulu ya lonse boma makampani. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso otchuka, mfundo zotsatirazi wa SPE Mwachitsanzo:

• patsogolo za maubale;
• inadmissibility ya de A facto tsankho ubale malonda zibwenzi ndi mlendo;
• mgwirizano m'madera onse a malonda ndi ntchito;
• Pamudzi mtendere mikangano zonse uka, etc.

Kumene mndandanda umenewu si zochuluka, koma zimasonyeza akuluakulu mbali yofunika ya MCHP.

The chiŵerengero cha malamulo adziko lonse mayiko a boma ndi ena

Tikumbukenso kuti WFP ndi boma gawo la kusaka mutu. Ndipotu mwachindunji chilamulo lonse mu mawonekedwe ake odziwika. Litatha mabungwe ndiponso mfundo zofunika za lamulo la makampani. The chiŵerengero cha malamulo adziko lonse lapansi lonse boma ndi oziyimila paokha ikuchitika yekha mu mphindi zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, MPP nthawi asapita mu dera la malonda pakati pa mabungwe akunja. Komabe, malonda palokha ndi zotheka ngati pakati limati makamaka anasaina mapangano, amene nawonso, ndi nkhani dera anthu.

Chitsanzo china chabwino ndi makonzedwe ofunika. Mfundo yofunika ndi kuti makhalidwe WFP ulembedwe zinthu mafakitale zonse zokhudzana, mmodzi amene ndi MPP. Choncho, ntchito za nzika zake simungakhoze mwanjira iliyonse kutsutsa chakudya yaikulu ya mutu munda wa malamulo.

The chiŵerengero cha malamulo adziko lonse mayiko a boma ndi ena akhoza kuona ntchito za mabungwe dziko. nyumba awa akhoza pamodzi mu malonda ubwenzi. Koma chilengedwe chonse chikuchitika mu chimango cha malamulo a makampani tingachipeze powerenga lonse.

magulu lowunikira

Choncho, ndi zinthu zonse kale uja, tingachite bwino kunena za zinthu kwambiri khalidwe la magawo onse. Kufanana kwa lamulo payekha ndi gulu lonse Tingaone mu kukhalapo kwa chinthu yachilendo. Ndiko kuti, magulu onse amalamulira ubale umene maphwando si a boma limodzi. Komabe, pali maganizo osiyana pa mavuto a m'mene ikukhudzana lamulo mayiko pawekha kapena loimira gulu. Kusiyana pakati pa zigawo izi ikuoneka:

• pamaso pa mfundo zosiyana;
• kuli zinthu zosiyanasiyana;
• ndi wokhoza mwa malamulo asapita chikhalidwe, etc.

Inde, chiŵerengero cha malamulo adziko lonse lapansi lonse boma ndi oziyimila paokha chagona pa zinthu zapadera siyana awa ndi ofanana. Komabe, mfundozi mokwanira zimaonetsa zochitika zonse.

Pomaliza

Choncho, m'nkhani ife tayesera kuti tipeze chimene mayiko payekha ndi malamulo adziko lonse pagulu. Kuyerekezera siyana zimenezi zinasonyeza mphindi ambiri yeniyeni. Koma tikhoza kunena kuti zochitika kwa zaka zambiri chikule, monga yankho wopezeka mavuto a ubwenzi wawo si.