The makolo kunyumba ya Asilavo. Version ndi kutsutsana za chiyambi ndi kumudzi wa Asilavo

Ali kumudzi wa Asilavo? Kodi mabaibulo asayansi kuika patsogolo pa nkhani imeneyi? Werengani nkhani ndi inu mayankho a mafunso amenewa. Asilavo ethnogenesis ndi njira ya mapangidwe wakale Asilavo m'dera mitundu, zimene zinachititsa kuti kulekana kwa anthu kuchokera unyinji wa mafuko a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Masiku ano palibe Baibulo ambiri amavomereza za kusasitsa wa Asilavo fuko.

Umboni woyamba

The makolo kunyumba ya Asilavo chidwi kuti akatswiri ambiri. mtundu koyamba kwagona mu zolemba Byzantine za m'ma VI. Poyang'ana m'mbuyo, zinthu zimenezi kutchula Asilavo m'zaka IV. mudziwe kale anafotokoza kuti anthu amene anachita nawo etnogeneze Asilavo (Bastarnians), koma muyezo chogwira nawo anaukitsidwa zosiyanasiyana mbiri zimasiyanasiyana.

Written kutsimikizira kwa olemba wa VI zana kuchokera Byzantium kulankhula mtundu anakhazikitsa, ogaŵikana Antes ndi sklaviny. Venedy anatchula monga Asilavo makolo retrospectively malangizo. Umboni wa olemba wa nyengo ya Roma (I-II cent.) Mwa Wends musalole iwo kugwirizana ndi ena mwa chikhalidwe chakale Asilavo.

tanthauzo

Kumudzi wa Asilavo akadali osati ndendende kumatanthauza. ofukula Russian kuitana zolembedwa zina chikhalidwe chachikale chinkawavuta, kuyambira m'zaka V. The maphunziro palibe umodzi ndi maganizo a mtundu TV makolo otukuka kale ndipo ubwenzi wawo ndi Patapita Asilavo. Akatswiri komanso maganizo osiyana pa nthawi imene chilankhulo anatchedwa kuti Asilavo kapena Chisilavo. Sayansi akuganiza Baibulo kusankha Russian kulankhula kwa chitumbuwa osiyanasiyana yaikulu kwambiri 2 Zakachikwi BC. e. kwa zaka zoyambirira. e.

Mbiri ya maphunziro, chiyambi ndi dera Ruthenian kuphunzira njira wakale wapadera pamphambano ya sayansi zosiyanasiyana: history, zilankhulo zinthuzo, paleoanthropology zinthu zakale.

M'mayiko a azungu

kumudzi wa Asilavo lero ukulamulira anthu ambiri. Amadziwika kuti Mkuwa Age mu Europe chapakati ankakonda ethno-zinenero gulu la mtundu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Ntchito thereto wa magulu osiyana wa kulankhula ndi maganizo. German pulofesa G. Krae anapeza kuti pamene m'mayiko a aku Iran, Anatolia, Greek ndi zinenero Chiameniya kale analekana ndipo anayamba paokha, Acelt, Zogona, Illyrian, Germany, Baltic kapena zinenero Asilavo anali m'zilembo chinenero limodzi m'mayiko a European chabe. Ancient azungu okhala Ulaya kumpoto kwa Alps, analenga terminology wamba m'dera la ulimi, chipembedzo, ndi ubwenzi chikhalidwe.

mtundu East

Kodi kumudzi inali kum'mawa Asilavo? Mafuko a fuko lino, amene anatha kuphatikiza mu amodzi umodzi (mu maganizo a asayansi ambiri), anapanga anthu ambiri wa akale wakale. Chifukwa, wotsatira kulekana ndale za anthu awa, m'zaka za m'ma XVII inakhazikitsidwa anthu atatu: Chibelarusi, Russian ndi Ukraine.

ndi Rusyns kum'mawa ndi ndani? Chikhalidwe ndi zinenero Russian anthu kuti ntchito m'mawu ake zilankhulo East Asilavo. Ena ofufuza oyambirira komanso ntchito lakuti 'Russian Asilavo. " East Chisilavo ... Mbiri yake ndi yaing'ono yotchedwa. chifukwa si pakalibe m'chinenero chawo olembedwa, koma remoteness wa malo yotukuka nyengo.

East Chisilavo amafotokozedwa Byzantine, Arab ndi Persian magwero olembedwa. Mfundo yopezeka pa izo mothandizidwa ndi kusanthula poyerekeza a zinenero Asilavo ndi deta ofukula zinthu zakale.

yowonjezera

Kumudzi wa Asilavo ndi kuthetsa zafotokozedwa ndi ofufuza ambiri. Ena amakhulupirira kuti kufutukukako kwachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika anthu, chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nyengo, kapena Kubwera zamakono za ulimi, ndi ena - kuti vuto la Great Ataliatali, owonongedwa m'zaka AD loyamba, gawo la Europe pa incursions Sarmatian, Germany, Avars, Huns, Bulgar ndi Russian.

Moti chiyambi ndi kumudzi wa Asilavo kugwirizana ndi anthu Przeworsk chikhalidwe. fuko lino m'mphepete kumadzulo ndi Acelt ndi Germany dziko fuko, kum'mawa - ndi Finno-ugortsami ndi maiko Baltic, kum'mwera-kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera - ndi Sarmatians. Ena prospectors ndikuganiza kuti nthawi imeneyi panali zambiri mosadodometsedwa Asilavo-Balt lonse, ndiye mafuko amenewa alibe koma zosamveka ndithu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Krivichy kuwonjezeka m'chigawo Smolensk Dnieper. M'dera kale analipo tushemlinskaya chitukuko imene mtundu, akatswiri kuyang'ana mosiyana. M'malo wakale mwangwiro Asilavo chikhalidwe ndi tushemlinskie kuthetsa inawonongedwa, chifukwa nthawi kuti Asilavo ngakhale m'mizinda moyo.

anapezazo

The wamkulu mafuko Asilavo anaphunzira wotchuka zilankhulo Academician O. N. Trubachov. Iye kusanthula wa Asilavo chinenero blacksmithing, mbiya ndi zamanja ena anaona kuti onyamula wakale Chisilavo m'zilembo (kapena makolo awo) pa nthawi imene anapanga zimayenera terminology mwachangu kukhudzana ndi ku Italy ndi Germany, kuti ndi Europe m'mayiko a Central. Iye akukhulupirira kuti mafuko a Lazaro wakale anaima pa anthu a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mu dera Danube (mbali ya kumpoto Balkans), ndipo kenako anasamukira ndi ophatikizidwa ndi mitundu ina. Trubachev limanena kuti n'zosatheka kudziwa njira zilankhulo mphindi yolekanitsa Proto-Asilavo ankalankhula za m'mayiko a ku Ulaya chifukwa cha ubwenzi wawo chachikale chinkawavuta.

akatswiri a zinenero zambiri amati wamba chinenero Asilavo anapanga m'zaka za m'ma AD choyamba. e. Anthu ena pakati pa ine Zakachikwi BC. e. Malinga glottochronology, chinenero Asilavo anali alibe pakati pa II Millennium BC. e. Akatswiri ena a zinenero kuitana kale.

kusanthula lexical

Version wa kumudzi wa Asilavo pali osiyana. Ambiri ayesetsa chimatanthauza dziko wakale wa Lazaro mwa kupenda mawu awo akale. F. P. Filin amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu zachitika mu lamba nkhalango chochuluka m'madambo ndi nyanja, kutali ndi nyanja, mapiri ndi steppes.

Pamaziko a wotchuka mumamera mkangano Polish katswiri J. Rostafinsky anayesa kupeza praotechestvo Asilavo mu 1908: "m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mumamera dzina Asilavo anasamukira ku msondodzi, msondodzi ndipo anadziwa mumamera Oil ndi larch." Mawu "mumamera" chabwerekedwa Chijeremani. Lero, Malire a kum'mawa a walitsa nkhuni ndi za Odessa - Kaliningrad, koma kuyezetsa mungu mu zolemba malasha imasonyeza izo m'dera wotseguka kalelo.

Mu Mkuwa Age, ndi mumamera anakula pafupifupi onse m'mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya (kupatula kumpoto). Mu Iron Age, pa mapangidwe wa Asilavo fuko (mu maganizo a mbiri yakale kwambiri), mumamera zatsalira m'madera ambiri ku Russia, Carpathians, ndi Caucasus, Crimea ndi dera Black Sea. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malo ayenera ya Asilavo ethnogenesis mwina kum'mwera kumadzulo Russia, kumpoto ndi pakati zigawo Ukraine, Belarus.

Mu Russian kumpoto chakumadzulo (Novgorod chuma) mumamera anali wamkulu mwamsanga Zapakati. Mumamera nkhalango nacho lero, mu kumpoto kwa Ulaya, Poland, ndi Carpathians, Balkans. Mu zachilengedwe malo Oil awo sizikula mayiko a Carpathians ndi kum'mawa malire a Poland kwa Volga. Ndi dziko nuance Rusyns akhoza adzaikidwa penapake Belarus kapena Ukraine, ngati akatswiri a zinenero amanena botanical lotanthauzira mawu a anthu awa ali olondola.

Mu zinenero zonse Asilavo (ndi Balt) ali mawu "laimu", kutanthauza mtengo womwewo. Choncho panali amanena za malo alipo linden dziko mafuko Russian, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zomera ndi chidwi, izo si n'komwe.

Nenani philologists Soviet

Kumudzi wa Asilavo ndi ethnogenesis awo chifukwa chidwi akatswiri ambiri. Dziko Lapansi kumpoto Ukraine ndi Belarus a m'dera kuchuluka lonse la Balt maina malo. phunziro yeniyeni ya Soviet academicians philologists O. N. Trubachova ndi V. N. Toporova anasonyeza kuti Balta hydronyms m'dera Upper Dnieper zambiri chokongoletsedwa suffixes Asilavo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu anaonekera kenako Balts. mismatch Izi likuchotsedwa, ngati ife tikuvomereza tiganizira za akatswiri a zinenero munthu pa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa Proto-Asilavo ankalankhula obschebaltskogo.

Opinion V. N. Toporova

VN Toporov ndinaganiza Balt izo wapafupi choyambirira m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, pamene ena onse zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mu citukuko kuchokera boma primordial. Iye ananena kuti Proto-Asilavo chilankhulo anali kum'mwera Baltic zotumphukira chilankhulo, amene anasamukira ku Proto-Asilavo kuzungulira BC V atumwi. e. kenako paokha lidzasinthidwa chinenero wakale wa Rusyns.

Mabaibulo

Vutolo za chiyambi cha kumudzi ya Asilavo ndipo akupitiriza lero. M'nyengo Union, Mabaibulo akuluakulu awiri Rusyn ethnogenesis akhala akufalitsa:

1. Polish (Mzimuyo kumudzi wa Asilavo m'dera pakati pa Oder ndi Vistula).
2. Autochthonous (anayambitsa mchikakamizo cha maganizo ongolankhula wa wasayansi Soviet Marr).

Onse recreate chisanadze adapangana ndi Msilavo akale chachikale chinkawavuta chikhalidwe pa Dziko Lapansi, limene mu Ages Middle anali anthu Rusyns, ndi zaka zakubadwa ena akale, ananena kuti anthu paokha anapangidwa kuchokera nthuza.

Kudzikundikira mudziwe kafukufuku ndi chifukwa kunyamuka kwa malongosoledwe a kukonda dziko lako zinachititsa kuti zikamera Mabaibulo latsopano chifukwa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndi lolunjika pa maziko a Asilavo fuko la kupsa ndi kugawa kudzera zikamasamuka m'madera oyandikana nawo.

chilango maphunziro sanapange mfundo imodzi view pa malo ndi nthawi ya ethnogenesis wa Asilavo. Masiku ano palibe mawu konsekonse anavomera Buku la zikhalidwe akale kwa anthu awa. Kulonjezedwa chikutanthauza ukhale chisonyezo bezdialektnosti chakale Ruthenian.

Analephera kulenga Baibulo wooneka wa ethnogenesis Russian pamaziko a zambiri za nkhani imodzi yokha sayansi. Sitingawerenge Current kuyesa kuphatikiza nkhani za khalidwe yakale. Ambiri, amaganiza kuti Asilavo mtundu anaonekera chifukwa pophatikizana wa osiyana madera mitundu m'mayiko a European kumayambiriro pakati pa Asikuti-Sarmatian ndi Baltic States, ndi nawo Chifinishi, Acelt ndi magawo ena.

ndi kungoganizira asayansi

Asayansi simukudziwa kuti Asilavo mitundu gulu BC. e. Ine akhalipo. Zimenezi zikusonyezedwa ndi maganizo otsutsana a akatswiri a zinenero. Palibe umboni kuti Asilavo anachokera ku Balts. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, pulofesa kumanga kungoganizira a mizu Russian. Komabe, iwo sali mosiyana okha kudziwa malo a Asilavo makolo kunyumba, koma umatchedwanso nthawi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka osiyana a Asilavo ochokera m'midzi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Pali malingaliro ambiri, chimene Rusins ndi praotechestvo kale kuyambira mochedwa III Zakachikwi BC. e. (O. H. Trubachev) ku mapeto a II Zakachikwi. e. (Polish ophunzira Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński T., K. Yazhdzhevsky, Yu Kostshevsky ndi ena), pakati II Millennium BC. e. (Polish pulofesa F. Slavskii), ndi VI. BC. e. (L. Niederle, M. Vasmer, P. J. Safarik, S. B. Bernshteyn).

Oyambirira zopeka zasayansi za Asilavo praotchizne angapezeke mu ntchito za mbiri yakale Russian a XVIII-XIX zaka. V. O. Klyuchevskogo, S. M. Solovova, N. M. Karamzina. Maphunziro awo, iwo amadalira pa "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" ponena kuti wakale dziko Rusyns anali mtsinje Danube ndi Balkans.