The osachepera ogula bajeti ya banja la anthu 4. Lingaliro la osachepera ogula bajeti ndi phindu lake. Kodi m'gulu osachepera ogula bajeti?

Mu mbiri yonse ya anthu, ku maufumu amakezana ndi zikamera wa andale kapena chuma kwa anthu yofanana ndi mfundo za mkhalidwe wa anthu ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kuti izo zimanyezimiritsa mlingo wa chitukuko cha dziko.

Kwatsopano - mfundo zatsopano

Kukula kwa anthu masiku ano anali limodzi ndi zikamera wa mabungwe ndi zachuma. Limodzi ndi dongosolo ili bwino kwa kusanthula miyezo ya moyo. zofuna yekha thupi pa nthawi anakankhira mu chakumbuyo ndi dera zosoŵa wamba anthu anadza kwa malo oyamba. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 wasintha umoyo-zaziwerengero mbiri ya dziko, kuchuluka zokolola ndi maphunziro a anthu. Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti zikamera wa zofuna qualitatively latsopano potaya mikhalidwe ya moyo wa anthu. Apo pakubwera nthawi ya nkhondo zikuluzikulu ndi yojambula sayansi. Nthawi imeneyi, ziyenera a zinthu chikhalidwe anali kukula kufunika chuma ndi ndale. Mkubwela kwa zowerengera, sociological, njira zatsopano masamu maganizo "muyezo wa amoyo" zafika pamlingo latsopano.

kutsata mfundo zikuluzikulu chikhalidwe

Lerolino, monga:

• Osachepera malipiro ndi ubwino chilema (nthawi), ulova chipukutamisozi wamphamvu nzika, chikhalidwe ndiponso kuntchito penshoni kwa olumala, olumala, okalamba.
• Maphunziro kwa ophunzira, mmodzi kapena ndalama zonse kwa anthu amene amapeza ndalama zochepa.

Pamodzi iwo apanga dongosolo la sotsgaranty osachepera. mapulogalamu awo - udindo wa boma. Anthu ali ndi ufulu kulandira malipiro osachepera, ndi penshioni ntchito, ubwino inshuwalansi, kudzanso phindu matenda, ulova, chisamaliro oyambirira mwana, umayi ndi zina zotero, komanso chofunika ntchito ufulu m'munda wa chikhalidwe, umoyo ndi maphunziro. Phata la malamulo boma chikhalidwe imalimbikitsa malipiro moyo. Ndi ayenera kulankhulana onse ukutitsimikizira ena okhudzidwa ndi miyezo.

Consumables-revenues: ambiri zambiri, gulu

Mapangidwe ndi nkhani poyerekeza anayamba n'kofunika kuti tichepetse la chuma chilichonse. Malinga ndi zotsatira izo anaganiza kuti, monga momwe ali wololera ndi zothandiza zochita, ndi zinthu zofunikira kusintha kuti zinthu zisinthe. Mogwirizana ndi mlingo wa wosangalala zofuna amadziŵika:

• The osachepera ogula bajeti. Timadzipereka mwa mawu a zosowa zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku.
• A bajeti zomveka. Pamene kukafola ake sanatenge ndalama yeniyeni revenues, ndi zizindikiro zichokera kwa sayansi ofotokoza mfundo za zosowa ndi malamulo a anthu. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti anapereka bajeti kupatuka wa mowa enieni. Chili ngati kalozera zimene zikusonyeza zimene ayenera kufalitsidwa kwa katundu wofunikira "Choncho".
• Osankhika bajeti. Linapangidwa magulu ndi ndalama apamwamba.

Ambiri ntchito osachepera ogula bajeti. Amakhala, monga ulamuliro, anthu oweta m'banja. Mwachitsanzo, osachepera ogula bajeti ya banja 4 tebulo. Mbali ina ndi revenues onse amene analandira kwa nthawi yeniyeni, ndi zina - mtengo kwa nthawi yomweyo. Other njira udayesedwa bajeti pafupifupi. Chuma choncho ndalama ali ndi zaka dziko. Izi amaganizira dengu ogula a. Ndipo osachepera ogula bajeti, ndipo chiwerengerochi, ndipo weniweni asasanyika mogwirizana ndi deta zowerengera zopezera njira ya maphunziro apadera a ndalama ndi zofunika. Monga ulamuliro, kuphunzira ikuchitika madera onse. The osachepera ogula bajeti ya la Russia wapangidwa malinga ndi maphunziro zowerengera m'mizinda ndi anthu oposa zikwi zana limodzi, mu 32 midzi ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, 58 midzi akumidzi. Pa lonse, tinaphunzira mabanja zikwi zisanu.

The mawerengedwe a osachepera ogula bajeti

njira zotsatirazi ntchito kudziwa zizindikiro:

1. Normative. Pankhaniyi, maziko a malamulo akumkondweretsa kumwa ntchito ndi katundu, komanso mtengo yawo.
2. Statistical. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, osachepera ogula bajeti zakonzedwa pamaziko a ndalama zomwe alili kutaya anthu.
3. Pamodzi. Mu nkhani iyi, amaganizira mfundo chakudya ndi ndalama chenicheni cha zinthu zina.
4. Zotengera malingaliridwe. njira izi zochokera maganizo a anthu ndi katswiri kafukufuku.
5. Resource. The osachepera ogula bajeti Pankhaniyi mogwirizana ndi boma kupereka mwayi kwa anthu zosoŵa zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku.

Consumables, revenues ikhoza kupangidwa osati kwa magulu ena a anthu, komanso mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko.

The osachepera ogula bajeti ya Russia

Nthawi iliyonse amakhala ndi enaake zakuthupi bwino, imene kubalana a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi anthu idzayenda bwinobwino. Mu kukafola zinthu consumables-ndalama iwo akhoza zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi mankhwala. chakuti mbali ya osachepera ogula bajeti, akuti ndi zofunikira ndi amene angathe kukhutira ndi zosowa zofunika kwambiri. Makamaka zinthu monga nsapato, zovala, chakudya, zovala, katundu ukhondo, mankhwala ndi zina zotero. Mtengo wa osachepera ogula bajeti zimadalira mlingo umene mphamvu lokhalamo dziko. Nthawi zambiri yokonza nkhani ikuchitika ndi kuchulukitsa mfundo ndi malamulo a mtengo ritelo. Ngati iwo ali kwina, ndiye maziko kutenga deta zina. Monga m'munsi, pa zomwe dongosolo mitundu zakuthupi, amachita osachepera ogula bajeti ndipo mtengo wa moyo. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo anapangidwa kuwerengera ya kapangidwe ndi kameredwe mankhwala mabuku. Lingaliro la osachepera ogula bajeti amapereka, mwa zina, mlandu ena ndalama wauzimu. Ambiri, kumaphatikizapo mtengo wa osiyanasiyana ntchito ndi katundu. Choncho, osachepera ogula bajeti ya kukula kuposa nthawi 3-4.

Umoyo ndi zachuma mkhalidwe wa anthu

A lalikulu mtengo zokwanira mu mapangidwe a muyezo wa chikhalidwe anali kusintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku "nzika pafupifupi" kwa banja. Iwo wakhala chimake cha maphunziro onse chikhalidwe. Chinathandiza chisankho mu chaka cha 1992, njira ya dongosolo dziko nkhani. Imeneyi inali nthawi yoyamba anthu limanenedwa ngati nkhani zonse za zomangamanga zazikulu za citukuko. Kuti mupeze ziyenera watanthauzo wa msinkhu umoyo ndi zachuma ayenera kuganizira kuti osachepera ogula bajeti amagwirizana ndi magulu ena mwa zopeza chuma ndi chitukuko umoyo-zaziwerengero. Lero, kwambiri woganizira mozama amafuna chitetezo cha anthu.

Kupenda zinthu

Living Mfundo Kafukufuku imachitika pa boma wonse. Izi amaganizira:

• The anasonkhanitsa chuma.
• miyezo ya khalidwe la moyo kulandiridwa ndi anthu pa ziyenera a ndalama.
• Cash ndalama.
• Ndalama ndi mowa.
• zinthu Security chikhalidwe, za malonda, nyumba, maluso, ntchito zamtengatenga ntchito ogula maphunziro, umoyo ndi zina zotero.
• State chitetezo cha magulu osatetezeka.
• Voliyumu ya mowa mankhwala si chakudya.

zizindikiro ntchito mu dongosolo wounikira:

• Malipiro pafupifupi.
• Ang'onoang'ono mlingo wa ena magulu zaziwerengero.
• Kugula mphamvu yochokera Wed. s / N ndi penshioni.
• The osachepera ogula bajeti anthu enieni zaziwerengero.
• ndalama Cash ndi revenues wa magulu akuluakulu a nzika.
• Number ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu amene amapeza ndalama pafupifupi ndi zosakwana thupi (ang'onoang'ono) ndi osachepera ogula bajeti.
• Yogawa chakudya cha mabanja ndi ndalama osiyana.

Chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri

Monga yaima mtengo wa moyo. Kumasulira tanthauzo imeneyi yakuthandizani popereka methodological ziwerengero. Nkhani yake, kudziwa kumene maziko a osachepera ogula bajeti, anagwirizana ndi gulu la ukutitsimikizira chikhalidwe cha boma. Izi zimaonetsera zosowa zokhudza thupi la zofunikira anthu. mlingo ang'onoang'ono Mzimuyo mlingo wa mowa wa ntchito ndi katundu, amene ankaona okwanira kuonetsetsa moyo wabwinobwino.

Mbali

Ang'onoang'ono msinkhu, koma kugwirizana ndi kachitidwe boma sotsgaranty ntchito kudziwa osauka, akutumikira monga maziko kukhazikitsidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana malipiro, penshoni, ankamvetsa zosiyanasiyana ndi chosangalatsa. Izo ntchito mu mawerengedwe phindu kwa anthu osowa.

zinthu Interconnection

Khama ang'onoang'ono ngati tatchulazi, imagwiridwa ntchito osachepera magawo mowa bajeti. Pankhaniyi, n'komwe mlingo wa ndalama kuti amalola kuti zosowa anthu malinga ndi malamulo thupi. Nawonso, zifunika kuphimba thupi zolowa mphamvu chitukuko ana ndi kukula, akuluakulu a moyo, thanzi mu ukalamba ndi ndalama za mabungwe ena ndi katundu wofunikira. The osachepera ogula bajeti wayikidwa malingana ndi msinkhu, kugonana ndi malo ndi zochitika kupitirirabe anthu. Mtengo wake ndi nthawi kuwunikira mogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya mitengo. Kuthandauza ndikofunika mtengo wa ogula mtanga.

kutsata mfundo zikuluzikulu

Maapatimenti katundu anaika malinga ndi kukula osachepera mowa mphamvu ya Institute ndi nawo WHO. Osachepera dengu kusiyanitsidwa ndi nyengo mabacteria 8. Kudulidwa kwa gawo ikuchitika malinga ndi ziyenera kachulukidwe wa zinthu zimene kudziwa zofuna za chikhalidwe ndi chuma cha anthu, malinga ndi mikhalidwe imene anthu amakhala. Mfundo zoti katundu si chakudya ndi misonkhano, komanso malipiro kuvomerezedwa zakonzedwa malinga ndi cholowa cha ndalama banja, ndi ndalama otsika. Monga m'munsi nkhani kapangidwe ka zipangizo phunziro ndalama 10% ya anthu ndi chitetezo kuthungo.

Aziona ubwino

Kulenga zinthu yabwino kwa kubalana n'kofunika osati mosavuta kuthamanga banja, komanso kukonza bwino osachepera ogula bajeti. Banja la 4 akhoza kukhala revenues zotsatirazi:

• Malipiro.
• Katundu ndalama.
• Entrepreneurial phindu.
• ndalamachi boma (penshoni, ubwino, maphunziro, free ntchito).
• Ndalama ndi zinthu zina (cholowa, mwachitsanzo).

Pa zolowa mbali chingakhale mwa zotsatirazi:

• Misonkho.
• inshuwalansi Social.
• Chakudya.
• Kung'amba, zofunikira.
• Nsapato ndi zovala.
• Zipangizo zoyendera magetsi.
• Mipando.
• Transport.
• Entertainment.
• Maphunziro.
• Kudzikundikira.
• Travel.
• Industrial katundu.
• zofunika zina.

The ndalama wokwera pakati revenues ali mabanja ambiri malipiro ndi phindu opaleshoni. Childs, iwo kudziwa ubwino wa banja. Yotsatira phindu kwambiri mtima pa chuma. Izi zikhoza kukhala lendi, rents, benefiti, chidwi ndi zina zotero. Kumbali zolowa, malo oyamba iwo amakhala ndalama pa chakudya. Mu mabanja amene ndalama ndi pansipa osachepera, iwo ali a dongosolo la 60-90%, ndi mkulu zokolola - 42%. Mu US, kuyerekezera, zimakwana waima pa 25,4%, mu Japan - 25-30%. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi akatswiri American, voliyumu ya mowa zoweta pa chiyambi cha 90s lapansi. Izo zinasonyeza kuti 34,4% mlingo mu United States, zovala - 39%, ndi pa katundu - 54%. Kupanga bajeti kukumbukira kuti kwambiri ndalama kwathunthu sizinatheke. Mwachitsanzo, chuma zoweta anakhazikitsa kuti ndi oyambirira 90s 'anaponyedwa kunja kwa dongosolo la 15-20% ya mankhwala buledi. Pambuyo nyamuka mitengo anthu anayamba kuwachitira mosamala kwambiri. Koma mankhwala ena (nyama, mkaka), mabanja ambiri ndi vuto lake wataya pafupi 4-12% ndalama zonse.

malamulo okhazikika

Chiphunzitso cha "ogula dengu" anali koyamba mu 1992 ndi lamulo mutsogoleli wadziko. Ndiyeno ankaganiza kuti ndi osakhalitsa muyeso pa mavutowo. Pokhazikitsa madengu anafika pa mfundo yakuti anthu ali ndi mtundu wa nkhokwe chakudya, kutsogolera munda. Chilamulo lolamulira yachokera ake, anatengedwa mu March cha 2006. Pansi kuchitako, dengu wakhala Tikawonjezera nyama ndi nsomba katundu, mkaka, mazira, shuga ndi masamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo anachepetsedwa mbatata ndi chakudya chodya mitengo. Malinga ndi Dr. Baturina, m'dengu si choti kudya njira iyi. Akuimira yekha muyezo zachuma, lomwe limasonyeza kuti n'zotheka kuti munthu wabwinobwino zakudya mankhwala tsiku lililonse pa osachepera ogula bajeti, mwa zomwe n'zotheka kuonetsetsa boma wathanzi.

pomaliza

Cholinga chachikulu pakati pa anthu onse masiku ano imalimbikitsa chikusintha miyoyo ya anthu. boma ayenera kupereka zinthu zabwino kwa wathanzi, otetezeka, wautali ndi wotukuka moyo. Izi zimatheka ngati chilengedwe cha bata umoyo ndi zachuma m'dziko lapansi. Miyezo yogwiritsidwa kunja kusiyana kwambiri ku zoweta. Pa nthawi yomweyo kulabadira mfundo yakuti chakudya m'mayiko anayamba anakhala osachepera theka ndalama. Wochuluka a iwo imatumizidwa zofunikira ndi nyumba. Koma Russian ogula ndi dengu, koma ndi mwapadera ku Ulaya. Pa maziko ake, anapereka malipiro osachepera ndi ubwino. The osachepera ogula bajeti ndi kutali abwino. Popeza kuti kumatengera zifukwa zambiri - dengu chomwecho, malipiro osachepera ndi zina zotero.