The zigawo za chingwe msana. ntchito msana

dongosolo msana imatengedwa akale kwambiri m'dera thupi. Unyinji wa gawo ili la wamkulu ndi za 34-38 Mu njira ya Kukula kwa gawo chapakati ya ubongo pa kusanduka chiŵerengero pakati pa kukula kwa ubongo ndi msana anasintha mokomera woyamba. Kenako, tione zimene dongosolo, amene amachita ntchitoyo.

General zamoyo

Chingwe msana thupi cylindrical wa mawonekedwe osasamba. M'litali mwa amuna - 45, akazi - 41-42 masentimita Pali zigawo zosiyana za chingwe msana .. Aliyense gawo thupi miyeso osiyana. Choncho chifuwa gawo ali ndi gawo sagittal (mu ndege ya kubwerera kwa m'mimba) - pafupi 8 mm. The awiri a mderali - 10 mm. Thickening akuyamba uko kumene gawo II-III (khosi). M'chigawo chino awiri ukufika 13-14 mm. Choncho sagittal kukula - 9 mm. Mu chigawo, wochokera oyamba wachiwiri lumbar sacral mpukutu awiri pafupifupi 12 mm. Sagittal kukula kwake - 9 mm. Thupi lonse lagawidwa zina (chiwerengero cha zigawo msana Adzaperekedwa m'munsimu). Yotsatira kapangidwe ka zinthu constituent.

msana zigawo: malongosoledwe likutipatsa

thupi ofanana ndi mnzake (homomorphic) mbali. Msana zigawo ogwirizana ndi ochititsa mitsempha ndi malo ena mu thupi. Kutalika kwa dera la thupi ndi osiyana. Chiwerengero cha zigawo msana - 31. Ang'ono zinthu coccygeal nthambi. Mu dongosolo lino:

• The lumbar zigawo (5).
• Sacral (5).
• M'mawere (12).
• Coccygeal (1).
• The zigawo za msana khomo lachiberekero (8).

Nkhani yomaliza za 23,2% ya kutalika kwa dongosolo lonse. Kwambiri (56.4%) zatenga zigawo thoracic. 7.3% ya kutalika nkhani dera sacral. msana zigawo kunja ali kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo pomwe alternating utsi akapunthwa - njira mitsempha. Tikumbukenso kuti dongosolo si mudzaze njira lonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zigawo msana ndi apamwamba kuposa dzina chomwecho vertebrae. Kusiyana kachiwiri ndipo ukuwonjezeka kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi.

malo

Munthu masiyanidwe skeletopy malo. Mwachitsanzo, dera m'munsi mwa lumbar gawo akhoza pabwino akuluakulu kuchokera kwa yachitatu pansi pa thupi XI thoracic vertebrae kwa chimbale pakati woyamba ndi wachiwiri lumbar vertebrae. Mogwirizana ndi izi Mbali view yeniyeni. Ngati akapunthwa chapamwamba kuwonjezera pa malangizo yopingasa, patsogolo pansi njira, ndi apamwamba linanena bungwe wachibale athandizira gawo la foramen intervertebral. zinthu Recent vertically amakonda m'madera ili pansipa mlingo pa zimene chingwe msana ikutha. Zonsezi wazunguliridwa ndi filament mapeto mtengo. Iye akutchedwa "ponytail".

filum terminale

Amafotokozera lachiwiri la lumbar msana pansi mu wapadera maphunziro achikalekale. Njirayi imatchedwa "ulusi mapeto." Iwo apangidwa makamaka Pia Mater. M'madera ambiri zone ake chapamwamba pali maselo mitsempha. Mapeto ulusi ulipo magulu awiri. Zimakhala mkati. Pankhaniyi chimafikira mu meninges ku linkawonongeka wachiwiri sacrum lapansi. The ulusi mapeto akhoza kukhala kunja. Mu nkhani iyi, chimafikira kupitirira linkawonongeka yachiwiri coccyx lapansi. Ulusi akunja makamaka limapangidwa kupitiriza ulusi connective. Mapeto mkati ali ndi ulusi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 16, ndi akunja - 8 cm.

dissymmetry

msana zigawo si symmetrical kwathunthu. Wosiyana m'litali ndi magulu a kumaliseche a mizu anaona pa siteji ya chitukuko embryonic. Atabadwa dissymmetry monga ukuwonjezeka nthawi. Ndi bwino m'dera thoracic. Mu dorsal muzu dissymmetry ndi kutchulidwa kuposa kutsogolo. Zikuoneka zodabwitsazi ndi chifukwa kusiyana khungu ndi minofu innervation wa lamanzere ndi lamanja mbali ya torso ndi.

Mbali mkati mwa zinthu

Tiyeni tiphunzire mwachidule Kapangidwe ka msana gawo chingwe. Aliyense mchitidwe alipo chimbale - mbale ili horizontally. Pa mlingo wa gawo ili kuwonjezera kugwirizana okhudza mitsempha. malo awo horizontally. Pakati zimbale pali ofukula kugwirizana okhudza mitsempha. Choncho, zinthu zikhoza akuimira mu mawonekedwe a zigawo okwana lapansi. Nawonso, ophatikizidwa kugwirizana interneuron. Mu mapangidwe mizu zapambuyo ndi axons mtsikana maselo lolingana nyanga lateral wa chingwe msana. Iwo ali preganglionic wachifundo ndi efferent galimoto ulusi; mu dorsal muzu uli afferent dongosolo. Iwo njira ganglion manyuroni. Chiwerengero alipo dorsal muzu ulusi - 1 miliyoni a mbali; zinthu kutsogolo ndi wapezeka mu zovuta za 200 000. Monga likukhalira chiŵerengero cha 5: 1. oimira

kuwanda zinyama chiwerengero cha dorsal muzu pa ulusi amene alipo kutsogolo, si choncho kulitchula. Mwachitsanzo, mbewa, chiŵerengero makoswe 2.5 ndi agalu: 1. Choncho, zikuoneka imodzi mwa dongosolo zinachokera chitukuko ya ubongo wa inakhala. Iwo kwagona kuti mapangidwe njira athandizira zachangu zoposa mlungu. Ndi otsiriza ali wolimba kwambiri. chiwerengero ulusi mitsempha mu zapambuyo ndi zapambuyo mizu mu gawo lina msana amakonda zosiyanasiyana. kusiyana mwina mpaka 59% a nyumba pa mbali kumene alipo zochepa.

nkhani imvi

The mtanda yachigawo mawonekedwe ndi yofanana ndi mapiko gulugufe kuulula kapena kalata N. Pali kumbuyo, kutsogolo ndi mbali nyanga. mawonekedwe awo zimasiyanasiyana pamodzi ndi chingwe msana. Pa malo, yochepa lateral ndi zapambuyo nyanga, ndi mapangidwe reticular a mtundu wa mauna. nkhani Gray amatenga pafupifupi 5 masentimita ³ (za 17,8%) buku onse a chingwe msana. chiwerengero cha manyuroni pano ali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 13.5. Iwo ndi ogwirizana magulu atatu: intercalary, mtengo, radicular. Gray Kupemphera ndi wapadera kapangidwe chipangizo. Apa, anaika ena a ntchito za chingwe msana. Kuyabwa amene amabwera pamodzi afferent ulusi kuyamika kugwirizana akhoza kutenga malo onse downlink ndi malangizo uplink. Iwo, mu ochred awo imfayo ambiri galimoto ayankhe.

nkhani woyera

Lili ziyerekezo, commissural ndi njira associative ubongo. Yotsirizira ndi matabwa anakafika circumferentially imvi dongosolo, ndi chingwe msana. njira Commissural anapanga woyera kukwera. Uli pakati kutsogolo kwa nkhani pakati kudula ndi imvi (ndi kaphatikizidwe amachepetsa ake). Ziyerekezo njira (kunsi (efferent) ndi kukwera (afferent)) kulankhulana ndi ubongo.

kotunga magazi

yobweretsa magazi ikuchitika ndi mtima maukonde ambiri. Iwo achoke mu kumtunda kwa subclavian, chithokomiro ndi mitsempha vertebral. Komanso nsupa kuyambira gawo kumene zigawo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu chingwe msana. M'dera lino, kusowa magazi ndi nthambi ya msempha. Zoposa makumi asanu wophatikizidwa mitsempha radicular, amene anapanga padziko m'maenje intervertebral amasiyana yaing'ono (150-200 micrometers) awiri. Iwo kupereka magazi mizu yekha, ndi chipolopolo pafupi izo. The chakudya zoona, wa chingwe msana nawo za 5-9 mitsempha yaikulu (400-800 mm) likungosonyeza. ndi zotengera zonse za mtundu Gypsy. Ilowa njira zimatiyika kudzera kumanja, anachoka mwa dzenje. Iwo anayitana mtsempha wamagazi thunthu kapena kumbuyo-medullary. Chiwerengero cha waukulu wa iwo nthawi zonse. Anamasulidwa mabedi atatu mtima:

• Upper kapena cervico-dorsal. Iye ali zone pamene pali zigawo za msana C1 - Th3.
• Wapakatikati kapena pafupifupi. Pamafunikanso zigawo Th4-Th8.
• M'munsi. Ndi chakudya m'dera pansipa Th9 gawo mlingo.

Zapambuyo mtsempha wamagazi msana chimafikira chabe zidutswa ochepa dongosolo la. Komanso, n'chosiyana m'chiwiya umodzi. Ndi unyolo anastomoses angapo radicular-medullary lalikulu mitsempha. magazi ambiri zapambuyo msana mtsempha wamagazi kupita ku madera osiyana. Zigawo chapamwamba - kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, pakati - kuchokera pansi, ndipo pansi - mmwamba ndi pansi.

ntchito yaikulu

Pali ntchito zikuluzikulu ziwiri za chingwe msana. The choyamba - ndi reflex, wachiwiri - conduction. Aliyense gawo amagwirizana ndi ziwalo zina ndi zipangitsa ntchito yawo ndi magwiridwe. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu sacral ndi miyendo ndi ziwalo m'chiuno ndipo ali ndi udindo ntchito za malo amenewa a thupi. Chimodzi kapena chimzake thoracic gawo interacts ndi ziwalo zogwirizana ndi akatumba. zinthu Upper kugwirizana ndi mutu ndi manja. Reflex ntchito ya chingwe msana ali ophweka bongo chibadidwe chikhalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka kuyikapo poyankha ululu - Munthu chimakakamiza dzanja lake, mwachitsanzo. Komanso mu gulu ili amadziwika m'maondo kugwedezeka anachita. Mu chiwonetsero cha motero, ubongo sangathe nawo. Chiphunzitsochi anatsimikizira chochitika timafanana ndi nyama. Popeza mutu chule kwa kuyankha kuti olimba ndi ofooka ululu zikuchitika. Conductive msana unazunguliridwa mu kufala zimachitika. Choyamba, ukupita mmwamba. Uplink njira mopupuluma afika ku ubongo, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko anatumiza monga lamulo n'zosiyana ndi ulamuliro uliwonse. Chifukwa nkhani imeneyi waya kukuonetsedwa, ntchito iliyonse maganizo: kutenga, pita, nyamuka, Matola, odulidwa, kuthamanga, kutaya jambulani. Pamene wochititsa ya msana ntchito chingwe kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa zinthu zimene anthu osaganizira, kupanga tsiku lililonse kapena kuntchito kwathu.

lateral nyanga

zinthu izi ndi ntchito zawo. Nyanga lateral (wapakatikati m'dera mu nkhani imvi) imakonzedwa wachifundo autonomic mantha dongosolo selo. Ndi thandizo lawo, mogwirizana ndi ziwalo mkati. Maselo amenewa ndi njira yomwe ogwirizana ndi mizu zapambuyo. zone Izi aumbike mwa njira: mu zigawo za zigawo chapamwamba awiri a chingwe msana ndi reticular dera - mtolo wa ambiri misempha kuti imakhudzana ndi madera yokhudza kotekisi kutsegula mu ubongo ndi ntchito reflex. Ntchito ya imvi ndi woyera matabwa kanthu, kutsogolo ndi dorsal muzu otchedwa reflex anachita. Sami bongo ataitana, ndi tanthauzo, Pavlov, unconditioned.

Njira akwera

zingwe kutsogolo kwa nkhani woyera ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, omwe amachita ntchito yapadera:

• Corticospinal (pyramidal kutsogolo) ndi udindo kulanda zikhumbo galimoto ku ubongo kotekisi kutsogolo mu nyanga dorsal.
• Front spinothalamic amapereka chogwirika tilinazo.
• Mtengo Leventhal ndi Gel'd - woyera nkhani ulusi wamanga mtima vestibular awiriawiri 8 cranial manyuroni mitsempha galimoto mu nyanga kutsogolo.
• njira Tectospinal ndipamene reflex zodzitetezera amene amagwirizana ndi zikuchitika zithunzi kapena Makutu. Izi ikuchitidwa ndi malo kulankhulana pansi kotekisi zooneka ubongo ndi mtima mwa nyanga zapambuyo.
• Kotenga mtengo amapereka kugwirizana ndi zina minofu ocular, ndi kumanga zigawo kumtunda kwa chingwe msana ndi mbiya.
• Mwa njira akukwera chimafikira kwambiri kugula tilinazo. Chifukwa ndi mphamvu ya thupi anthu. The nyemba kudutsa spinothalamic, tectospinal ndi cortico-msana ngalande.

ukutsika njira

patsogolo kutengerapo kwa kotekisi mu ubongo nkhani imvi mu nyanga zapambuyo ikuchitika ndi lateral ngalande cortico-msana. Krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal njira amapereka kusintha basi minofu kamvekedwe ndi kayendedwe pa mlingo chikumbumtima. njira ili patsogolo pa laterally-pyramidal. Ndi krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal njira pafupi spinnotalamichesky spinnomozzhechkovy mbali ndi kumbuyo.

mbali zaka

Zosakhalitsa kusintha nkhawa onse kapangidwe ka chingwe msana, ndipo zimachititsa chilumbachi ake. Mu theka lachiwiri la nthawi chitukuko yoopsa amalembedwa ena wosakwiya kukula. Kwenikweni, lags kumbuyo kakulidwe ka ndime msana. Ndipo akupitirira nthawi yaitali kokwanira. Makanda ubongo phirilo lili wachitatu lumbar linkawonongeka, ndipo itha ndi munthu wamkulu pa woyamba kapena wachiwiri. Pa nthawi yonse ya kukula m'litali mwa dongosolo kwambiri chifukwa 2,7 p. Izi advantageously analandira zikomo ku zigawo thoracic. Kapangidwe kulemera kumawonjezera za 6-7 nthawi. Kukula kwa vuto woyera ndi imvi ya chingwe msana akudutsa okwanira m'goli. voliyumu ndi zochuluka choyamba 14 chachiwiri - nthawi 5. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mwini chitukuko segmental wagawo udzatha kale kuposa ziyerekezo wa njira mitsempha.

pomaliza

Pakati pa chingwe msana ndi ubongo, dongosolo chapakati mantha, ziwalo zonse ndi miyendo ya munthu anapereka mgwirizano. Amakuona ngati "maloboti maloto". Pakali pano, palibe munthu, ngakhale Makina zotsogola simungathe kuchita zimene zotheka zonse ndi kayendedwe, amene ali mutu ndi chamoyo kwachilengedwenso. makina amakono awa ali ma kugwira ntchito yeniyeni. Nthawi zambiri makina amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa makina kupanga msonkhano-mzere. chingwe misa msana ngati anthu oimira zosiyanasiyana za makhalidwe dziko nyama zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chule - 45, akamba - 120, mbewa - 36, macaque - 12 agalu - 18, ndi anthu - 2. Mu dongosolo msana bwino ndithu kuwonetseredwa wamba kapangidwe ndi dongosolo la chapakati m'madera mantha dongosolo.