The zikuchokera magazi a anthu ndi ntchito magazi

Izi lathu, ngati mwazi ndi mwazi ntchito, momveka kuliganizira monga mmodzi wa maziko ukusonyeza machitidwe wa thupi lonse la munthu. Kumvetsa kufunika kwa magazi ndi wofunika chifukwa cha mmene iye chidwi onse njira yofunika thupi.

magazi Kodi

Ndi mwazi wa madzi ayenera kumvetsetsa chilengedwe mkati, amene amathandiza zonse kiyi amuzolengedwa ndi thupi magawo, pamene zikulimbikitsa kugwirizana humoral pakati pa matupi. Mwa kuphunzira magazi, kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa akamanena za mawu zofunikira ziwiri:

- magazi zotumphukira (tichipeza plasma);

- kupanga zinthu (ili mkati magazi mu kuyimitsidwa).

Magazi nawonso adatanthauzira monga mawonekedwe a minofu, yodziwika ndi zinthu zingapo: ziwalo constituent inayamba osiyana, izi madzimadzi thupi zoyenda zonse, mbali zonse za magazi anapanga ndi kuwononga kunja kwa magazi.

Pa nkhani yakuti: "dongosolo magazi, kapangidwe ndi ntchito" Dziwani kuti dongosolo monga ziwalo hematopoietic ndi kroverazrusheniya (chiwindi, mafupa, lymph mfundo, ndulu), ndipo magazi zotumphukira.

magazi zikuchokera

Kwambiri magazi theka - 60% - pa plasma, ndipo% 40 wodzazidwa ndi zinthu monga erythrocytes, leukocytes ndi maselo othandiza magazi kuundana. Viscous wandiweyani madzi (madzi a m'magazi) lili zinthu ofunikira zamoyo. Iwo amasunthira pa zimakhala ndi ziwalo, kupereka kufunika mankhwala anachita ndi zochita zonse za mantha dongosolo lonse. Yopangidwa ndi zopangitsa za katulutsidwe mkati mahomoni kulowa plasma kenako kufalitsa mu magazi m'thupi. Chitetezo - michere kuti kuteteza thupi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuwaopseza - zili plasma lapansi.

erythrocytes

Poganizira kapangidwe ndi zofunika ntchito za magazi, m'pofunika kulabadira maselo ofiira. Izi maselo ofiira a magazi, amene kudziwa mtundu wa magazi. Mu dongosolo zake, Selo lofiira la magazi ndi ofanana kwambiri chinkhupule zoonda, ndi pores amene ali hemoglobin. Pafupifupi aliyense amatha kunyamula 267 erythrocyte hemoglobin millionov particles "kumeza" mpweya ndi mpweya kulowa iwo mu Kusakaniza.

Kupita mwakuya mu phunziro: "kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya magazi ndi maselo ofiira," tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti particles akhoza kulekerera wambirimbiri hemoglobin chifukwa nyukiliya ufulu dongosolo. Pankhani kukula kwa erythrocyte, ndiye iwo nakwaniritsa 8 micrometres m'litali ndi 3 micrometers m'lifupi. chiwerengero maselo a magazi popanda kukokomeza lingamutsatire: iliyonse wachiwiri m'mafupa aumbike oposa 2 miliyoni a particles awa, misa zawo okwana mu thupi za zankhaninkhani, 26.

leukocytes

zinthu zimenezi ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika magazi. Maselo oyera Maselo oyera a magazi, amene angakhale osiyana kukula. Iwo ozungulira mawonekedwe cholakwika. Chifukwa maselo oyera - kukhala tinthu ndi pachimake, iwo ali amasamukira paokha. Iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuposa maselo ofiira, maselo oyera koma kukhala wochitachita mu ntchito za thupi zodzitetezera pa matenda. Magazi kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mwazi sizingathe wathunthu popanda maselo oyera a magazi.

Leukocytes adzalandira michere wapadera amene anatha kum'manga ndipo adzaphatikizana ndi mankhwala kuwonongeka ndi zinthu mapuloteni achilendo, ndiponso timadya tizilombo zoipa. Komanso, pali leucocytes akhoza kupereka oteteza - particles mapuloteni ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri: akunde zamoyo dziko lililonse wagwidwa magazi, zikopa mucous ndipo zimakhala ena kapena ziwalo.

othandiza magazi kuundana

othandiza magazi kuundana izi ikuyenda umakhala pafupi makoma chotengera. Ntchito yawo yaikulu - mtima kuchira ngati kuwonongeka. Ngati inu ntchito terminology zachipatala, tikhoza kunena kuti maselo othandiza magazi kuundana ndi kukhala wochitachita mu kupereka hemostasis (magazi clotting). Per millimeter kiyubiki wa pafupifupi 500 zikwi. Particles izi. Othandiza moyo zochepa otsala zinthu magazi - kuchokera masiku 4 mpaka 7.

Iwo amasunthira momasuka ndi nthenda yotaya magazi ndipo anapitiriza yekha mu malo amenewo kumene otaya magazi amapita ku boma chete (ndulu, chiwindi, subcutaneous minofu). Pa nthawi ya kutsegula kwa maselo othandiza magazi kuundana amakhala mawonekedwe ozungulira, momwe anapanga pseudopodia (outgrowths wapadera). Ndi kupyolera awa zinthu pseudopodia magazi angathe kulumikiza ndi mzake ndi anakonza malo owonongeka chotengera khoma.

zikuchokera magazi ndi ntchito ya magazi ayenera kuonedwa kokha pamaziko a ntchito ya maselo othandiza magazi kuundana.

lymphocytes

Mawu amenewa amanena kuti maselo ang'onoang'ono mononuclear. Lymphocytes mu unyinji ndi kukula kwa microns 10. The mtima wa maselo amenewa ndi kuzungulira ndi wandiweyani cytoplasm ndi tichipeza mbewu zabwino ndipo akuda bluish mtundu. Kafukufuku zachiphamaso za izo Tingaone kuti maselo onse ndi mawonekedwe womwewo. Izi sasintha mfundo zotsatirazi - iwo amasiyana zimatha selo nembanemba ndi ntchito zake.

Anthu zinthu mononuclear magazi m'magulu zazikulu zitatu: 0-maselo, B-maselo ndi T-maselo. The lymphocyte ntchito kutumikira monga precursors maselo amene amapanga oteteza. Nawonso T-maselo kupereka kusintha kwa B leukocytes. Tikumbukenso kuti T-maselo - gulu lapadera maselo chitetezo cha m'thupi, zomwe amagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, chotenga mbali ndi ndondomeko ya synthesizing zinthu macrophage kutsegula ndi zinthu kukula, interferon, komanso maselo B. Kungakhale kopanda ndi inductor T selo nawo kukondoweza kwa oteteza mapangidwe. Pa chitsanzo cha mmene osiyana- siyana lymphocytes limasonyeza bwino ubale wa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya magazi.

Koma 0-maselo, iwo zimasiyana ena, chifukwa iwo alibe antigens pamwamba. Ena mwa maselo amenewa magazi ngati "wakupha chachibadwidwe" ndi kuwononga maselo okhawo amene ali kapangidwe ka khansa kapena matenda ndi HIV.

madzi a m'magazi

The zikuchokera madzi (90-90%) ndi madzi a m'magazi akulowa zolimba :. Mapuloteni, mafuta, shuga, osiyanasiyana mchere, metabolites, mavitamini, mahomoni, etc. Mmodzi wa katundu enaake a kuthamanga plasma osmotic. Komanso, madzi a m'magazi amanyamula zakudya, maselo a mwazi ndi mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya. Mwa kuphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya madzi a m'magazi, izo Tingaone kuti umakhala kugwirizana pakati pa madzi amene ali kunja ziwiya magazi.

Madzi a m'magazi ndi kalekale pokhudzana ndi impso, chiwindi ndi ziwalo zina, potero kukhalabe homeostasis - mosalekeza chilengedwe mkati.

katundu Physico-mankhwala a magazi

Kuphunzira nkhani ngati zikuchokera, katundu ndi ntchito za magazi, m'pofunika kulabadira zinthu zina. Buku magazi wamkulu anthu pafupifupi wofanana 6-8% ya kulemera kwa thupi lake. Mu amuna, chithunzi ichi ukufika 5-6 malita, akazi - pa 4 ndi 5. Ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi tsiku lililonse umadutsa mtima wa nthawi chikwi .. M'pofunikanso podziwa kuti magazi si mudzaze dongosolo mtima kwathunthu zambiri imangokhala ufulu. osalimba a magazi zimadalira chiwerengero cha erythrocytes ndipo za 1,050-1,060 g / masentimita ^3. The kukhuthala ukufika mayunitsi 5 umasinthasintha.

The yogwira zimene magazi chifukwa chiŵerengero cha hydroxyl ndi wa hydrogen ayoni. Iwo amasonyeza ntchito pH, monganso pH ndi (haidrojeni ion ndende). Kusintha pH magazi, pa thupi akhoza kugwira zimasiyanasiyana mu zosiyanasiyana 7.0-7.8. Ngati yogwira magazi anachita ali ankatembenukira kwa mbali asidi, monga boma amawamasulira monga acidosis. chitukuko yake kuchepetsa ayoni wa hydrogen. Ngati zimene ali ankatembenukira pambali zamchere, n'zomveka kuti kulankhula za alkalosis. anasinthira pH ndi zotsatira za kuchepetsa ndende ya ayoni wa hydrogen, ndi kuwonjezera ndende ya ayoni hydroxyl HA.

Transport ntchito magazi

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito kiyi anachita ndi m'magazi. Ndi ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zosiyana monga ntchito zotsatirazi:

- trophic-kutengerapo mbali zonse za thupi la zakudya, tifufuza zinthu ndi mavitamini;

- zolimbana: kanyamulidwe mahomoni ndi zinthu zina kuti alowe thupi humoral dongosolo lamulo;

- kupuma: O2 kupuma mpweya zoyendera ndi CO2 kwa mapapo kuti zimakhala ndi zosiyana;

- thermoregulatory: kuchotsa kutentha owonjezera ku ubongo ndi ziwalo khungu;

- excretory: mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya ali kusamutsidwa kwa ziwalo excretion.

hemostasis

Akamanena za ntchito ya kumachepetsa kwa ndondomeko izi: pa nkhani ya kuwonongeka sing'anga kapena chabwino cha magazi chotengera (kapena mphako pamene cholizira minofu) ndi pakutchulidwa magazi kunja kapena mkati mwa situ chiwonongeko cha chotengeracho anapanga magazi aumirira. Zinali iye amene akutsekereza kwambiri magazi otayika. Mothandizidwa ndi zikhumbo kuthetsa mitsempha ndi mankhwala lumen chombocho yafupika. Ngati izo zimachitika kuti za indofeliyamu zilonda za magazi chotengera wakhala kuonongeka pansi pa endothelium poyera kolajeni. Mwamsanga n'kudziphatika kwa maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, amene zimafala m'magazi.

ntchito Homeostatic ndi zoteteza

Mwa kuphunzira magazi, kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito, khutu ku ndondomeko ya homeostasis. Akamanena za izo yafupika kusunga bwino madzi mchere ndi ion (a zotsatira za kuthamanga osmotic), ndi kusamalila pH chilengedwe mkati.

Pankhani ntchito atetezeke, umunthu wake ndi kuteteza chamoyo ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi, phagocytic ntchito leukocytes ndi zinthu antibacterial.

dongosolo la mwazi

Ndi mitsempha ya magazi monga mtima ndi magazi zotengera: magazi ndi lymph. Ntchito chifungulo cha dongosolo magazi - ndi yake ndi wathunthu kotunga ziwalo ndipo zimakhala za zinthu zonse zofunikira pa moyo. kayendedwe ka magazi kudzera dongosolo mtima amaperekedwa ndi ntchito mtima ikukoka. Kulowerera mu nkhani: "Kufunika kwa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya magazi" n'kofunika kufotokoza mfundo yakuti magazi mwachindunji palokha limayenda mosalekeza kudzera ziwiya choncho zimathandiza ntchito zonse zofunika amene tinakambirana pamwamba (mayendedwe, chitetezo, etc ..).

A thupi zikuluzikulu dongosolo magazi ndi mtima. Iwo ali Kapangidwe ka dzenje akulu limba ndi makoma ofukula olimba lagawidwa anachoka ndi ufulu amachepetsa. Pali kugawa china - ndi yopingasa. ntchito yake yafupika m'chipinda chapamwamba (atria) wa mtima magawano ndi 2 2 m'munsi (ventricles).

Mwa kuphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya magazi, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa mfundo ya mabwalo kufalitsidwa. Mu dongosolo magazi, pali awiri magalimoto bwalo, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magazi mkati thupi chimachititsanso mu machitidwe awiri chatsekedwa chotengera ogwirizana mtima.

Monga poyambira pa bwalo lalikulu waima msempha anakafika ku ventricle kumanzere. Kuti zinagwira yaing'ono, sing'anga ndi lalikulu mitsempha. Iwo (mitsempha) Nayenso nthambi mu arterioles, capillaries mathero. Mwachindunji capillaries okha kupanga zopezera lalikulu umene wafala zimakhala onse ndi ziwalo. Izo mu maukonde izi zimachitika akadzabweranso chakudya ndi mpweya maselo, komanso ndondomeko yopangira mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya (mpweya woipa komanso).

Kuchokera mmunsi mwa magazi thunthu akulowa otsika vena cava, kuchokera pamwamba, motero, pamwamba. Awiriwa vena cava ndi wathunthu zokhudza zonse kufalitsidwa, kulowa atrium bwino.

Ponena za kufalitsidwa m'mapapo mwanga, ndi Dziwani kuti iye akuyamba thunthu m'mapapo mwanga, anakafika ku ventricle pomwe m'mapapo ndi kumapitiriza magazi venous. Sam m'mapapo mwanga thunthu ukugawa mu nthambi awiri kuti apite ku lamanja ndi lamanzere m'mapapo. Mitsempha m'mapapo mwanga anawagawa arterioles ang'onoang'ono ndi capillaries, venules kudutsa kenako n'kupanga mtsempha. Vuto kiyi wa kufalitsa m'mapapo mwanga ndi kuonetsetsa kusinthika mafuta zikuchokera mu mapapo.

Kuphunzira zikuchokera kwa magazi ndi ntchito, n'zosavuta kuganiza kuti n'kofunika kuti minofu ndi ziwalo. Choncho, nkhani ya imfa kwambiri magazi kapena kulemala magazi pali owononga moyo anthu.