Chakale German nzeru mwachidule (makhalidwe general)

Kodi chidwi chakale German nzeru? Mwachidule kumuuza za n'zovuta, koma tidzayesetsa. N'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zopereka zogwirika kuti mbiri ndi chitukuko cha dziko la kuganiza. Choncho kulankhula za ingachititse lonse mfundo zosiyana ongolankhula kuti anatuluka mu Germany oposa mazana zaka. Ngati tikulankhula za dongosolo mabuku ndi choyambirira cha ganizo, ndi, ndithudi, German chakale nzeru. Mwachidule oimira ake anganene zotsatirazi. Choyamba, izi Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lyudvig Andreas Feuerbach. Chitsogozo chiwerengero cha anzeru a azimuth ili mulinso ochepa nkhope wotchuka. Izi Johann Gottlieb Fichte ndi Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Schelling. Aliyense wa iwo ali apachiyambi kwambiri ndipo ndi mlengi wa dongosolo lake. Kodi ife ndiye tinganene chotero chodabwitsa kwathunthu nzeru za Agiriki German? Mwachidule, longosolani ngati chopereka cha malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndipo limaphunzitsa. Koma iwo onse ndi zina wamba zofunikira ndipo mfundo.

German nzeru zachikhalidwe. makhalidwe General (mwachidule)

Ichi ndi lothandiza mu mbiri ya ganizo mu Germany. dziko ili, monga Marx mosapita m'mbali kuti m'masiku amenewo panali m'malo ongolankhula kuposa zothandiza. Komabe, pambuyo vuto la Chenicheni nzeru za pakati anagwidwa pano. Pa kubadwa kwake kufooketsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyana - Kukwera ankafuna kubwezeretsedwa mu France, kutchuka kwa malingaliro wa lamulo la zolengedwa ndi chuma, mfundo dongosolo zomveka chikhalidwe. Ngati tikufuna kumvetsa zimene chakale German nzeru, mwachidule tinganene kuti anapeza mfundo m'mbuyomu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'munda wa cognition, maphunziro azachilengedwe ndi patsogolo chikhalidwe. Komanso, anzeru onsewa ayesetsa kumvetsa chikhalidwe chomwe ndi chikumbumtima. Iwo amachita chidwi ndi zimene malo akuchita nzeru lonse. anzeru German nthawi imeneyi anayesa zimaonetsa ndi chofunikira cha munthuyo. Iwo apanga nzeru ndi mwadongosolo kuti "sayansi ya mzimu", kuzindikiridwa siyana zikuluzikulu zofunika kuzipewa komanso mafakitale. Ndipo ngati njira zikuluzikulu za maganizo, ambiri a iwo kuzindikira dialectic.

woyambitsa

mbiri yakale ambiri amakhulupirira Immanuel Kant, amene anayambitsa chodabwitsa kwambiri mbiri ya malingaliro a anthu, omwe ndi Agiriki German nzeru. Mwachidule ntchito yake kugawidwa m'mbali ziwiri. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi ndi kale ankaona subcritical. Pali Kant anadzionetsa ngati wasayansi zachilengedwe, ndiponso anaika patsogolo kungoganizira za mmene ubongo wathu dzuwa zinayambira. Chachiwiri, nthawi yovuta ntchito za nzeru zapamwamba, ndi zoyenera epistemology mavuto a dialectics, mwambo ndi aesthetics. Choyamba, iye anayesa kuthetsa vuto kuti zayamba pakati empiricism ndi rationalism: kodi adziwe - chifukwa kapena chochitika? Iye anaona kuti mkangano mwachuluka yokumba. Wokhudzidwa kutipatsa mfundo kafukufuku, ndi malingaliro lipatsa mawonekedwe. Experience imaperekanso zonse izi moyenera ndipo fufuzani. Ngati mtima ephemeral ndi impermanent, mitundu ya chifukwa - titadziwa ndi zolemba. Iwo anakaonekera zinachitikira. Chifukwa iwo tingathe kufotokoza mfundo ndi zochitika mu mawu a ozungulira. Koma kumvetsa tanthauzo lalikulu la dziko ndi chilengedwe m'njira sitingathe. Izi ndi "chinthu palokha", kumvetsetsa amene ali kutsidya zinachitikira, ndi transcendental.

Mtsutso chifukwa ongolankhula ndi othandiza

nzeru zapamwamba Izi waika mavuto chachikulu, amene ndiye anathana onse wotsatira German nzeru zachikhalidwe. Mwachidule (Kant nzeru zapamwamba zovuta, koma yesani wosalira chiwembu), izo zikumveka ngati. Kodi ndi mmene munthu akhoza kudziwa momwe ntchito, zimene adzakumane, ndi onse amene iye ali? Kuti tiyankhe funso loyamba, nzeru zapamwamba amaona magawo maganizo ndi ntchito zawo. Kutengeka ntchito njira zolemba (mwachitsanzo, malo ndi nthawi), chifukwa - Zithunzi Zophunzitsira (wambiri, khalidwe). Mfundo otengedwa zinachitikira nawo lidzasinthidwa malingaliro. malingaliro A nawo imangira zolemba chiweruzo kupanga. Choncho, pali ndondomeko ya cognition. Koma malingaliro muli malingaliro ndi chopanda malire - umodzi wa dziko, moyo wa Mulungu. Iwo akuyimira chitsanzo abwino, koma rationally kuwatulutsa zinachitikira kapena kutsimikizira zosatheka. kuyesa kutero amapanga zotsutsana insoluble - ndi antinomy. Iwo amanena kuti pali chifukwa kusiya n'kuyamba chikhulupiriro. Kumatsutsa maganizo ongolankhula, Kant akupitiriza yeniyeni, ndiye kuti makhalidwe. maziko ake imatengedwa wafilosofi, ndi zolemba categorical kuyesetsa - kukhazikitsa ntchito makhalidwe abwino, osati zofuna ndi mwathu. Kant mwachidwi, mbali zambiri nzeru za Agiriki German. Tiyeni akukhala mwachidule pa ena oimira ake.

Fichte

nzeru zapamwamba ichi, mosiyana Kant, anakana kuti ozungulira sikudalira chikumbumtima chathu. Iye anakhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi ndi chinthu - chabe mawonetseredwe osiyana wa Mulungu "Ine". Mu njira yachibadwa ya malonda ndi kuphunzira kwenikweni kumachitika kudalira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti choyamba "Ine" azindikira (zimapangitsa) yokha, ndiyeno sakufuna. Iwo amayamba kugwira ntchito pa nkhaniyi ndi kukhala mavuto chifukwa iye. Kuwalaka, "Ine" akufotokozera. Mbali apamwamba ndondomeko izi kumvetsa chizindikiro cha phunziro ndi chinthu. Ndiye zotsutsana adzaonongedwa, ndipo pali Mtheradi "Ine". Komanso, nkhani kumvetsa a Fichte ndi ongolankhula ndi othandiza. The imalongosola woyamba ndi zipangizo wachiwiri. Mtheradi "Ine", mwa mawu a Fichte, alipo okha potency. zinachitika ake ndi gulu "ife" kapena Mulungu.

Schelling

Kutola lingaliro la Fichte umodzi wa nkhani ndi chinthu, woganiza ndinaganiza onse a magulu awa kwenikweni. Nature si mfundo kukwaniritsidwa kwa "Ine". Wololera chikomokere maonekedwe lonse ndi potentiality wa nkhaniyi. Chipwirikiti ku ikuchokera zotsutsana ndi, nthawi yomweyo ndi kukula kwa Soul dziko. phunziro wabadwa kuchokera mu chirengedwe, koma amalenga dziko zake, kulekana ndi "Ine" - sayansi, luso, chipembedzo. Nzeru alipo osati maganizo, komanso chikhalidwe. Koma ambiri Chofunika chifuniro chimene chimachititsa kuti tikhale ndi dziko. Pofuna kuona umodzi wa munthu ndi chirengedwe, kumvetsa sikokwanira, tiyenera yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale aluntha. Iye ali ndi nzeru ndi luso. Choncho, dongosolo la lingaliro, malinga Schelling, ayenera zigwirizana wa mbali zitatu. Izi ndi nzeru za chilengedwe, ndiye epistemology (zomwe kufufuza njira zolemba za maganizo). Koma ulemerero korona wa onse ndi kumvetsa umodzi wa nkhani ndi chinthu. Izi Schelling apogee anati nzeru Pawokha. Iye akukhulupirira pamaso pa Mtheradi Mind, imene mzimu ndi chikhalidwe cha polarity ena ali yemweyo.

Dongosolo ndi njira

Woganiza wotchuka, amene amagwirizana ndi maganizo German chakale - Hegel. Mwachidule, longosolani dongosolo ake ndi mfundo zofunika. Schelling, Hegel kulandira chiphunzitso Pawokha ndi Kant anamaliza nkhaniyo sungazimitsidwe mwa manyazi, ndipo mosemphanitsa. Koma iye anakhulupirira waukulu nthanthi mfundo za mgwirizano ndi kulimba kwa zotsutsana. dziko zachokera adzadziwire kukhala ndi kuganiza, lingaliro mtheradi. Koma chinabisidwa zotsutsana. Pamene mgwirizanowu akadziwa yokha, kumapatutsa ndi kutitengera dziko la zinthu (kanthu, chikhalidwe). Koma otherness awa akadali akutukuka monga mwa malamulo a maganizo. Mu "Science wa Zomveka" Hegel amaonera malamulo amenewa. Amaona kuti mfundo monga iwo anapanga ndi khalidwe la kusiyana mfundo yokhala ndi dialectical, kodi malamulo a mtsogolo. Zimene zimachitika chimodzimodzi maganizo, ndi chilengedwe, chifukwa dziko n'zomveka ndi wololera. The njira chachikulu dialectic Hegel chikukwaniritsidwa siyana zikuluzikulu ndi malamulo amene iye analeredwa ndi kumanga.

wa ku

Ntchito zina yaikulu nzeru zapamwamba German ndi "nzeru chachibadwidwe" ndiponso "Phenomenology la Mzimu". Mu iwo, iye ikufotokoza citukuko ca Mtheradi Lingaliro otherness ndi kubwerera kwa Ine ndekha, koma pa siteji osiyana chitukuko. Mawonekedwe otsikitsitsa a nzeru dziko - zimango, kenako sayansi, ndipo potsiriza organic. Pa akamaliza wa ku mzimu ukatuluka mwa chilengedwe ndipo akufotokozera mwa munthu ndi dziko. Poyamba, iye amadziwa yekha. Pa nthawi imeneyi, iwo ndi mzimu zotengera malingaliridwe. Ndiye iye amapezeka mitundu pagulu - pankhaniyi, malamulo ndi boma. m'mbiri ya anthu itha ndi zikamera wa mzimu mtheradi. Iye alinso mitundu itatu ya chitukuko - luso, chipembedzo ndi nzeru za anthu.

chuma

Koma dongosolo Hegel a sikuthetsa ndi German chakale nzeru. Feuerbach (mwachidule ife pofotokoza chiphunzitso chake pansipa) akuti ndi nthumwi otsiriza. Iye wakhala wotsutsa kwambiri odzipereka a Hegel. Pakumalisa anabwereka lingaliro wa kupatuka. Pafupifupi moyo wake wonse zoyenera, kupeza zimene mitundu wake ndi mitundu. Iye anayesera kuti akonze chiphunzitso cha kugonjetsa kupatuka, ndiponso kudzudzulidwa chipembedzo pamaso pa chuma. Ntchito zake pa mbiri ya Chikhristu, ananena kuti munthu analengedwa Mulungu. Chotero panali kupatuka ndi anthu ganizoli. Ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti chilengedwe chake munthu anapanga chopembedzedwa. Kodi atumizidwe kwa zokhumba za anthu zimene iwo kwenikweni oyenera - okha. Choncho, njira yodalirika yogonjetsera kupatuka - ndi chikondi chimene angalenge ubale watsopano pakati pa anthu.

German nzeru zachikhalidwe. Chidule cha mfundo yaikulu

Tikuona kuti nzeru ena zonse zosiyana izi ayesetsa kufufuza munthu, umunthu wake ndi cholinga. Kant ankakhulupirira kuti chinsinsi makhalidwe abwino kwa anthu, Fichte - kuti yogwira ndi wanzeru, Schelling - kuti chizindikiro cha phunziro ndi chinthu, Hegel - logic ndi Feuerbach - chikondi. Kudziwa mtengo wa nzeru, iwonso wotanganidwa osiyana, ngakhale malo nthawi zambiri ndi ofanana. Kant tikunena kufunika kwa epistemology ndi chikhalidwe, Schelling - nzeru zachilengedwe, Fichte - amalanga ndale, Hegel - panlogism. Feuerbach ikufotokoza nkhani izi zonse zovuta lapansi. Koma dialectics, onse kuzindikira kufunika kwake, koma aliyense wa iwo waika patsogolo Baibulo yake ndi chiphunzitso cha kulankhulana konsekonse. Awa ndi mavuto zazikulu, zimene ankaona German nzeru zachikhalidwe. makhalidwe General (mwachidule tafotokozazi ife) wa zodabwitsazi mu mbiri ya ganizo anthu, malinga ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, ndi kuti ali mmodzi wa lofunika kwambiri zikayenda chikhalidwe cha kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.