Milesian sukulu ya nzeru ndi nthumwi zake zazikulu

Mapangidwe nzeru za Agiriki Ancient zinachitika m'zaka chimodzi ndi wachisanu pamaso Khristu. Nthawi imeneyi pali "anthu anzeru" amene akuyesetsa zifukwa zimene anauzidwa zikhulupiliro wakale. Akukhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha ndondomekoyi chifukwa chakuti gawo malonda ndi mafakitale anthu, amene wakhala yolimbirana mphamvu ndi apamwamba tidakocheza ndi kusamukira mtundu voti a boma, kukhala worldview zawo. Pa muzu wa ichi "zilizonse ndi mowiriza" kuganiza anali otchedwa Milesian sukulu ya nzeru.

Pachikhalidwe, woyambitsa wa umenewu amati Thales. Iye anakhalako cha kumapeto kwa chiwiri ndipo zoyambirira za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. Thales ankakhulupirira kuti zinthu zonse ndi chiyambi wamba. Iye anawatcha iwo madzi. Izi si madzi kapena thunthu. Pa dzanja limodzi, madzi nzeru zapamwamba za - kukhala malo amene "kuli" dziko lathu, ndiye Dziko Lapansi. Pa zina - n'zomveka, "Mulungu." Dziko lonse mwa mawu a malangizo a tate, amene kenako anadziwika monga sukulu Milesian wa nzeru, wodzazidwa ndi miyoyo. Last pafupifupi wofanana ndi milungu ndi kuyendayenda mu thupi kuti gwero la chitukuko aluntha. Madzi Thales nalonso lili ndi ntchito yaikulu epistemology. Chifukwa zinthu zonse langokhala pamwamba umodzi, ndi maziko a nzeru zonse. Ndipo kumathandiza kuti kafukufuku kwa mwanzeru ndiponso olondola.

Kodi wina anali akuluakulu a sukulu Milesian wa nzeru? Ife tikudziwa Anaximander, amene ankaphunzira Baibulo ndi Thales. Ife tikudziwa dzina la ntchito yake, wotchedwa "Pa Nature". N'chifukwa chake anthu anzeru a Greece wakale mapazi ake, afika kuthandauza monga nzeru ena achilengedwe. Anaximander anali woyamba amene anazindikira kuti chifukwa cha zinthu zonse sangakhale chinthu chilichonse zenizeni, koma chinachake onse pamodzi kuphatikiza, kosalekeza, muyaya ikuyenda. Iye akutchedwa gulu "apeiron". Milesian sukulu nzeru za mu nkhope ya Anaximander ngakhale atalemba kuti munthu akhoza kuoneka padziko lapansi chifukwa cha kusanduka. Komabe iye anati n'kupanda kwambiri. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti munthu woyamba anabadwa m'mimba mwa chinsomba, kumene anakulira. Ndiyeno iye abuluka mbatoma kukhalapo lokha, kupitiriza banja lawo.

Milesian sukulu ya nzeru anali chidwi kwambiri chiyambi ndi maziko a kukhalapo ndi moyo, kuti ndi maphunziro azachilengedwe. Wophunzira a Mlengi "Apeiron" Anaximenes anabwerera mfundo za mfundo imodzi onse. Iye anaona kuti mpweya uwu. Ndipotu - ndi kalekale ndipo featureless kwa onse anayi mbali kudziwika. Kumlingo, woganiza uyu anamutsatira mphunzitsi wake, ndi mtima ndi mpweya monga "apeyros" - beskochechny. Ndipo pa katundu wake ndipo kuti Anaximander anaona kuti ndi Umuyaya zonse kayendedwe ndi zotsatira ponseponse. Motero, "Apeiron" - ndi khalidwe la mpweya, osati chinthu umodzi. Pogwirizana Thales, Anaximenes anaona zinthu gwero lake loyamba nkhaniyo osati kokha, komanso kusamba. Yotsirizira zinthu zambiri "mpweya" makhalidwe - sali earthy monga thupi, choncho angalenge ndinso kumanga ndi akulu. Kotero, ndicho sukulu Milesian nzeru za anthu. Zafotokozedwa mwachidule zofunika madalitso ake. Komabe, sikuti ndi nthumwi zitatu ake mbiri ya sukulu. , Aika chakudya chachikulu nzeru zapamwamba ndi kusanduka kuchokera ku mzinda wina wa ku Asia Minor, Efeso. Izi wotchuka Heraclitus. Iye anafotokoza mfundo zonse zinachokera ndi Milesians anadzetsa nkhani za sayansi liwu lomwe masiku ano tikugwiritsabe ntchito. Izi "chizindikiro". Iye ndi maziko ofunika a moyo ndi cholinga cha nzeru zonse. Choncho Heraclitus amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale anthu onse kuti ndinu ololera, kumvetsa apamwamba "Logos" si umapatsidwa kwa aliyense. mfundo imeneyi imafotokozedwa kukhala, koma ndi nkhani mwiniwake wa moto. Iye ndiye inayambika, ndiye amaziralira kutali, chifukwa chirichonse mu dziko chosakhalitsa. Izo sizidzagwira konse ali yemweyo, koma nthawi zonse variable. Chirichonse anapanga zotsutsana osati nkhondo, komanso kuthandizana. Moyo wa munthu anadza moto wapadera, ndi chizindikiro chake ndi wapadera - izo amatha kudziletsa kukhala. Logos alinso gwero la malamulo, amene analenga anthu, monga amafuna bata kulikonse.