Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa mafuta. Kupeza katundu mafuta ndi mankhwala

Gulu la zofunika mankhwala organic - lipids - pamodzi ndi mankhwala ndi waxes monga mafuta. amanena maselo Mitandadza 5 mpaka 10% mwa kulemera youma khungu. zinthu izi kuphunzira, potengera maonekedwe awo dongosolo maselo, amene amayambitsa katundu mankhwala mafuta. Kapangidwe ka Organic mankhwala kuganizira zinthu zimenezi monga chotsatira cha esterification anachita pakati pa glycerol trihydric mowa ndi malire apamwamba kapena unsaturated zidulo carboxylic.

M'nkhaniyi, tiona osati ntchito zawo makampani ndi mtengo, komanso kupeza mafuta ndi katundu mankhwala kuti zikusonyeza kalasi ya mankhwala.

History of anapeza

Kapangidwe wakhala anaphunzira m'ma 19. French sayansi E. Chevrel usavutike iwo ndi madzi pamaso pa soda ndi mankhwala opezeka zimene mamolekyulu zidulo mafuta ndi glycerol. M. Berthelot anali zimene zosiyana: pamene usavutike ndi osakaniza glycerol ndi zidulo palmitic steorinovoy analandira triglycerides - mafuta. Kuchokera pa mayesero amenewa anali anapeza kuti zinthu anaphunzira za gulu la esters. The katundu mankhwala kunyama ndi anatsimikizira mfundo imeneyi.

Mafuta - esters

Kwasonyeza kuyesa ndi E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglycerides ndi esters wa glycerol trihydric mowa ndi zidulo apamwamba monocarboxylic. Mafuta munali steorinovuyu kapena asidi palmitic ndi olimba Mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe, nkhumba, mwanawankhosa. Izi nyama mafuta. Ngati zikuchokera triglycerides monga unsaturated mafuta zidulo - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - ngati mafuta madzi amatchedwa mafuta (mpendadzuwa, groundnut, linseed).

Chemical katundu wa mafuta ndi siyanitsa esters ena chifukwa chakuti kapangidwe ka tinthu ingakhale monga yosiyanasiyana zidulo carboxylic.

thupi katundu

Zonse achibadwa ndi kupanga, monga margarine, triglycerides Mbali wamba. Chief pakati pawo - hydrophobicity, otsika limatsogolera kutentha ndi otsika kachulukidwe yeniyeni. Iwo kupasuka bwino solvents organic, mwachitsanzo, benzene, mpweya tetrachloride. mafuta onse mosavuta chosakanikirana ndi zipangizo porous kapena fibrous. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso dongosolo mankhwala mankhwala organic M. Butlerov, thupi katundu ndi mankhwala a mafuta zokhudzana. Umboni wa zimenezi adzapatsidwa pansipa.

zochita mankhwala triglycerides

Kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe zikuchokera mamolekyulu mafuta, komanso kasinthidwe ake okhudza malo akutsimikiza mfundo za a esters kalasi triglyceride. mankhwala yaikulu katundu - zimachitika ndi madzi (hydrolysis). Izo mosavuta amapezeka mu kukhalapo kwa catalysts - soda, oxides magnesium, nthaka kapena calcium. Wapezeka mankhwala anachita osakaniza zidulo carboxylic ndi glycerine. Popeza anachita ndi kusintha ndi madzi, mafuta, makampani kulenga mavuto chitadutsa mapeto - kwa mapangidwe glycerol ndi zidulo apamwamba monocarboxylic. Chifukwa chaichi, osakaniza zotakasika anali mosalekeza kudyetsedwa kwa njira soda ndi mankhwala amagwira akatulutsidwa zone anachita. Njirazi kuteteza kuthekera zosayembekezereka wa ndondomeko n'zosiyana, zikubweretsa mapangidwe mafuta. Hydrolysis chimagwiritsidwa ntchito organic kaphatikizidwe umagwirira yopangira zinthu pamwambapa.

Zimene saponification soda

Timathandiza kuphunzira zinthu organic - esters. Mafuta ndi katundu mankhwala amene ankaimira ndi hydrolysis anachita, nawonso anachitira ndi soda. Zimenezi amatchedwa saponification, ndipo ankatsutsa ndondomeko ya esterification. Chifukwa zamchere saponification asidi mafuta ndi glycerol woyesedwa ndi carbonate ndi sodium kapena hydroxide ndi sodium. Chifukwa ndi sopo.

Ndi olimba, ali chilinganizo C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa otchedwa zachuma. Ngati anawonjezera thereto colorants, glycerin, onunkhiritsa zodzikongoletsera, kupeza sopo. Madzi sopo, mosiyana ndi mitundu olimba chinapezeka ngati mafuta mu saponification anachita si wothira hydroxide ndi sodium ndi hydroxide ndi potaziyamu. Mwachitsanzo, potaziyamu palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ kuphika - madzi sopo potaziyamu. Zopangira kwa saponification anachita ndi wotchipa mafuta chiyambi nyama kapena masamba.

Madzi mafuta - mafuta

Iwo wapangidwa ndi tinthu zidulo unsaturated carboxylic ndi maunyolo awiri. Masamba mafuta ndi apanga mu njira ya reticulum endoplasmic ndi zochita za michere ku glycerol ndi mafuta zidulo. Ndipo iwo, nawonso, anapanga mu Calvin zochita mkombero kuti zidzachitika chifukwa cha photosynthesis. M'malovu mafuta kudziunjikira mu mbewu, zipatso, osachepera mu magawo vegetative zomera ndi kutumikira chakudya zakudya. Physicochemical katundu wa mafuta popangidwa ndi zomera, chifukwa kukhalapo mu mamolekyulu awo awiri PI kumangigwa. Pa malo a chotupa zimachitika Kuwonjezera anachita Mwachitsanzo, maatomu wa hydrogen. Zimenezi zimabweretsa mapangidwe olimba triglycerides hydrogenated.

The katundu mankhwala idyani mafuta a mtedza

Monga tanenera poyamba, triglycerides chiyambi masamba ali mu zikuchokera awo apamwamba unsaturated carboxylic acid. Mafuta angathe kukonzedwa kudzera hydrogenation. Zimenezi ikuchitika pansi Kutentha ndi pamaso pa chothandizira - particulate faifi tambala.

Zimene mankhwala - mafuta olimba (hydrogenated mafuta). ntchito zake kupanga steorina, glycerol ndi sopo kupanga. Ngati salomas kuwonjezera shuga, mchere, mkaka ndi zakudya mitundu, ndiye mafuta zakudya - margarine. Pamene kuwonjezera thereto mavitamini ndi batala zachilengedwe kukonzekera otchedwa mafuta kuwala - kufala.

mafuta kupanga

Iwo mtengo kuposa zachilengedwe, ndipo kusiyana ndi triglyceride awo achilengedwe zikuchokera. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za kupanga mafuta - mwachibadwa ndi kugwirizana mpweya mafuta, komanso mafuta. paraffins apamwamba ali mchere achilengedwe, ndi oxidized. Chifukwa ndi kupanga mafuta acid. zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi ethylene glycol amapangira mafuta kupanga. Izo ntchito makampani chikopa (kwa fatliquoring wa zikopa ubweya ndi zikopa). Mu zodzikongoletsera makampani triglycerides kupanga ntchito mu kupanga sopo chimbudzi, creams, lotions. Makampani zomangira ndi mafuta yokumba kwa kupanga zokutira, putties, utoto.

The katundu mankhwala mafuta analandira kudzera yokumba, sizinasinthe kuchokera ku chirengedwe. Iwonso angadze ku hydrolysis anachita pamaso pa asidi ndipo pansi ndi soda (saponification anachita).

Monga triglycerides amapangidwa m'thupi la munthu

Chifukwa maselo zosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya mafuta m'thupi akhoza apanga ku chakudya owonjezera. Ikufotokoza chakuti mowa mosadziletsa olemera mu wowuma ndi sucrose (mankhwala ufa, mpunga, mbatata, maswiti) chakudya, kumabweretsa kulemera owonjezera. Mu ndondomeko ya mankhwala chimbudzi munali mafuta mu duodenum lamamatira kuti glycerol ndi mafuta zidulo. hydrolysis awo limapezeka pa lamulo nawo lipase - michere pancreatic ndi ya ndulu tochoka ndi chiwindi. Monga detergent, ya ndulu emulsifies mafuta, mwachitsanzo akuswa tinthu mubwatolo m'malovu chabwino mosavuta cleavable lipase.

The villi za m'mimba ang'onoang'ono apanga mamolekyulu mafuta lenileni la thupi la munthu, ndiye iwo ali odzipereka mu lymph lapansi. Ziwiya lymph mafuta kulowa muchipindachi, ndipo owonjezera awo uyikidwa mu subcutaneous mafuta kapena mafuta chisindikizo.

Udindo zamoyo lipids

Mwa kuphunzira katundu mankhwala mafuta, kuganizira luso lawo secrete yambiri mphamvu, galamu imodzi ya mafuta lili 37,8 KJ mphamvu pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wathunthu. Choncho triglycerides - ogulitsa ake generic. Choncho, mafuta - ndi chakudya wapatali. Amadziwika kuti ndi lolakwika ndi yaitali yosungirako triglycerides "m'badwo" ndi rancid, kukhala chinthu chosangalatsa fungo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa funsani ndi mafuta ndi mpweya wa mlengalenga. Anayamba limasokonekera mafuta n'zosavuta kudziwa ngati inu kuwonjezera kwa iwo iodide potaziyamu. Peroxides ali mankhwala, pawiri izi oxidized kumasula ayodini, zomwe zimabweretsa mtundu buluu pa kukhudzana ndi zinthu wowuma munali.

Mafuta zili zofunikira zomangila ndipo ndinu gawo la nembanemba ma ndi organelles. Great ndi udindo wawo zamoyo thermoregulation. Mwachitsanzo, nyama pa kuya yaikulu imene kutentha madzi ndi otsika, ndi bwino anayamba subcutaneous wosanjikiza mafuta, mwachitsanzo, zinsomba izo kufika makulidwe 1.5 m. Nyama steppe, chipululu ndi theka chipululu komanso kudziunjikira mu thupi lake okwanira kuchuluka kwa mafuta. M'pofunika iwo monga gwero la madzi amkati, monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mafuta kuwonjezera mphamvu, wambirimbiri madzi. nyama zimenezi zikuphatikizapo ngamila, mbewa yoyenda modumpha, shrews.

Lipids mbali yofunika kwambiri pofuna kuteteza ziwalo. Munthuyo bwino anayamba mafuta chisindikizo kuteteza m'mimba, m'mimba England kuvulala m'mutu. ziwalo zofunika kwambiri monga impso, ayenera kukhala wosanjikiza mafuta. Ndi lakuthwa kuwonda mu kuchotsa anthu aimpso kumachitika chifukwa kupatulira wa wosanjikiza, amene ali kudwala kwambiri, amasokoneza dongosolo excretory.

Wa mtengo wapatali wa lipids mu mapangidwe nembanemba selo. Pamodzi ndi chakudya mapuloteni, iwo apanga zigawo ziwiri ndi dongosolo zithunzi. Mankhwala a mafuta ndi mapuloteni otchedwa lipoproteins. Iwo chifukwa permeability kusankha nembanemba selo.

Nkhaniyi anafufuza zikuchokera mankhwala ndi katundu wa mafuta, komanso ntchito yawo mu makampani.