Trachea ndi bronchi: Ntchito ndi matenda

Kupereka thupi ndi zakudya, tiyenera chakudya. ife simungakhoze kuchita popanda madzi, kuyambira oposa theka wapangidwa madzi yofunika imeneyi. Koma chirichonse thupi la munthu ayenera mpweya, limene dongosolo lathu kupuma amatenga mpweya. Mu mwachangu kuthandiza trachea ndi bronchi.

Ngati mwayi mpweya ndi zovuta, ndiye kuti chofunika kuchuluka kwa mpweya chifukwa kupuma, dongosolo kupuma , pamodzi ndi mtima anayamba ntchito. Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, anthu dongosolo kupuma akhoza atengere mmene chilengedwe.

Kufunika kwa dongosolo kupuma

Udindo wa dongosolo kupuma sangathe kukambapo. Kodi tingadziwe bwanji popeza phunziro la sayansi, pamene inu kutulutsa ife kuchotsa mpweya woipa NKHA _2. Pamene inu pokoka mpweya mu mapapo abwera mpweya, ndani wa iwo ikuchitika ndi m'thupi kuti zimakhala onse a ziwalo za mkati. Choncho, mpweya kuwombola ikuchitika. Kukhala pa mpumulo, timadya malita 0,3 pa mphindi ya mpweya, potero kupanga kuchuluka kwa NKHA ₂ ndipo n'chochepa mu thupi.

Mu mankhwala, pali mawu akuti anaitana quotient kupuma, amene amasonyeza chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa umene uli mkati mwa thupi kuchuluka kulowa trachea ndi bronchi oxygen. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, chiŵerengero ndi 0,9. Iwo chingakuthandizeni ili ndi ntchito yaikulu kuti amachita dongosolo kupuma anthu.

Kapangidwe ka dongosolo kupuma

dongosolo kupuma ndi zovuta chomwe zigawo izi:

• m'mphuno;
• paranasal sinuses;
• m'phuno;
• trachea;
• bronchi;
• m'mapapo.

Kumvetsetsa mmene kukhala matenda makamaka chibadidwe dongosolo kupuma, m'pofunika kumvetsa mmene ena mwa zigawo zake imakonzedwa.

Komanso kuphunzira kodi iwo akugwira mu thupi lathu. Only Kupenda pa kusanthula wa bronchi ndi trachea, monga amachita sachedwa kusintha pathological.

trachea

The trachea ndi wapakatikati pakati pa m'phuno ndi bronchi. Ndipo trachea, ndi bronchi ndi dongosolo wamba ndi zikuwoneka ngati chubu. Only kutalika woyamba ndi za 12-15 masentimita ndi awiri a za 1.5-1.8 cm, koma ndi zaka mwina pang'ono anasintha. Mosiyana ndi m'mapapo ndi unpaired thupi. Ichi ndi thupi mwachilungamo kusintha, monga umaimiridwa ndi pawiri la 8-20 mphete za chichereŵechereŵe.

Malowa ali pamtunda pakati pa chimodzi vertebrae khomo lachiberekero ndi wachisanu thoracic vertebrae. The mmunsi mwa nthambi trachea mu njira ziwiri zazikulu, koma tapers pang'ono patsogolo magawano. bifurcation m'chinenero cha mankhwala dzina lake - ndi bifurcation. malowa ali zambiri zolandilira imalandira. Dziwani kuti trachea ali pang'ono flattened mawonekedwe, ngati cholinga kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo. Pachifukwa ichi,-gawo mtanda wake wa millimeters pafupifupi ochepa kuposa chizindikiro sagittal.

Kupitiriza kuphunzira zimene trachea (bronchi ndipo adzakhala anafotokoza), Dziwani kuti pamwamba pa tracheal chubu thereto pafupi mabele England, ndipo chimafikira kumbuyo kholingo. Mizere thupi mucosa, amene amakhala ndi luso suction. Pachifukwa ichi, mankhwala abwino ndi inhalation. Ndiponso, wodzaza ndi minofu cartilaginous minofu lomwe lili ndi dongosolo fibrous.

zida bronchial

Kuyambira mfundo zithunzi view, ndi bronchi ofanana mtengo, ngati mozondoka. Ngati kuwala, nawonso wophatikizidwa limba, amene anapanga ndi gulu la trachea mu machubu awiri, ndiwo bronchi chachikulu.

Aliyense chubu ali, nayenso, lagawidwa nthambi ang'onoang'ono amene amapita ku madera osiyana a m'mapapo ndi magawo. Pankhaniyi, thupi bwino ndi zosiyana pang'ono kuchokera kumanzere: ndi pang'ono chachikulu, koma yaifupi ali yapadera kwambiri dongosolo choimirira. Ambiri a tracheal ndi bronchial matenda kugwirizana ndi kutupa airway.

Kapangidwe lonse lili ndi dzina generic - Mtengo bronchial, dongosolo lomwe, kuwonjezera pa bronchus chachikulu, zikuphatikizapo angapo nthambi:

• chilungamo;
• segmental;
• subsegmentary;
• bronchioles (lobular, osachiritsika ndipo kupuma).

Thunthu ili mozondoka yokha trachea, kumene ziwiri zazikulu bronchus (kumanja ndi kumanzere) achoke. A iwo ali kusasiyana chubu pang'ono ang'onoang'ono, ndi m'mapapo bwino atatu a iwo, ndi lamanzere - ziwiri basi. machubu awa anagawa mu ang'onoang'ono segmental bronchi ndipo pamapeto, chirichonse itha bronchioles. awiri chawo n'chochepa kuposa 1 mm. Malekezero a inawo ang'ono wotchedwa vesicles, wotchedwa alveoli, kumene zoona, pali kuwombola mpweya woipa chifukwa oxygen.

Kodi chidwi, trachea, bronchi, mapapo wosiyana ndi kapangidwe (ngakhale woyamba matupi awiri ofanana). bronchial makoma ringed Kapangidwe ka chichereŵechereŵe, amene kumathandiza chidule awo lachibadwa.

bronchi mkati Ng'ona ndi mucosa ndi epithelium ciliated. Mtengo wonse kapangidwe ndi zoyendetsedwa kudzera mitsempha bronchial wochokera ku msempha thoracic, ndiponso kupyola mfundo za lymph ndi nthambi mitsempha.

Magwiridwe kupuma trachea ndi bronchi

Ntchito ya trachea ndi bronchi si kuonetsetsa yake mpweya kuwombola mu mapapo, ndipo Multilaterial. Mwachitsanzo, chubu kusintha m'thupi ntchito resonator, popeza mpweya umadutsa zingwe amapilira. Choncho, trachea ndi kumatanthauza mapangidwe mawu. Koma bronchi, iwo ali wokhoza kuononga ndi n'chongoletsa ena poizoni kuti zimawononga thupi lathu.

Komanso, mucous kholingo trachea, bronchi yokutidwa ndi epithelium ciliated kuti lili cilia. gulu lawo mwachindunji kwa pakhosi ndi pakamwa. Pano mu zopangitsa mucosal secrete chinsinsi yapadera imene anakumana ndi thupi yachilendo yomweyo wazungulira ndi kudzera ciliary kayendedwe amalimbikitsa mapeto M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Kupeza lalikulu thupi yachilendo reflexively amachititsa kutsokomola.

Koma, ambiri chochititsa chidwi, mpweya kudutsa trachea ndi bronchi, ndi mkangano kutentha chofunika ndi kukhala yonyowa. mwanabele mu bronchi akugwira nawo ndondomeko zofunika m'thupi mu thupi.

kusintha Pathological mu dongosolo kupuma

Nthawi zambiri tracheal kapena matenda bronchial zimachitika mawonekedwe a kutupa mucosa. Iwo angayambe onse mu pachimake ndi mawonekedwe aakulu. Pankhani chikhalidwe cha kutupa, zikhoza kukhala:

• catarrhal;
• fibrinous;
• purulent;
• zosauma.

Kulakwila tracheal ntchito , ndipo bronchial machubu zikutanthauza kugonjetsedwa wa bronchi kapena trachea. Pankhaniyi, ngati tikambirana choyamba, kusintha mu bronchi akuluakulu amatchedwa makrobronhit ndi bronchioles - mikrobronhit kapena bronchiolitis. Ena mwa pathologies ambiri monga mphumu tracheitis - kutupa trachea a.

matenda a trachea ndi

chiwerengero cha tracheal stenosis akulowa matenda, fistulas ndi lamoto matenthedwe. Nthawi zambiri, tracheitis, amene inafalitsidwa, zingathandize kuti kudwala wina - matenda, zimene zinachitikira amadziwika monga tracheobronchitis. Kudwala zikuwoneka wowona, koma kenako kukhala mavuto aakulu. Choncho, chithandizo cha matenda ndi bwino kuti akuchedwa.

Tracheitis, mu nthawi zina, zikuoneka ngati matenda palokha (mawu chachikulu), nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha matenda aliwonse sanali kudzachiritsidwa dongosolo kupuma (sekondale mawonetseredwe). Angayambe munthu aliyense, kaya akhale a msinkhu komanso jenda. Nthawi zambiri kuopsezedwa ndi mapapo, bronchi, trachea, ana m'phuno chifukwa kachitidwe kawo chitetezo ndi ofooka kwambiri bwino amalimbana ndi zinthu zina.

Pali mitundu ingapo:

• pachimake;
• aakulu;
• opatsirana;
• si opatsirana;
• losanganikirana.

Pankhaniyi, chikhalidwe opatsirana matenda mwina tizilombo mafangasi toyambitsa matenda.

Matenda a bronchi ndi

choncho ndicho kugonjetsedwa kwa matenda bronchi, amenenso ofunika ponena. Kudwala kutchulidwa kutupa makoma kupuma chubu. The zimayambitsa matenda zingakhale zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga:

• Kupezeka ndi mabakiteriya kapena mavairasi.
• A nthawi yaitali kusuta fodya.
• Chiwopsezo zotsatira za allergens.
• Zotsatira za zinthu mankhwala kapena poizoni.

Choncho, matenda ukhale wa mtundu zotsatirazi:

• bakiteriya;
• tizilombo;
• mankhwala;
• bowa;
• matupi awo sagwirizana.

Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri kuti dokotala pa maziko a zotsatira za maphunziro inatchula za mtundu wa matenda a bronchi, trachea. Mofanana ndi matenda aliwonse, matenda kumaonekera m'njira pachimake ndi aakulu.

The pachimake mawonekedwe a utuluke ndi kutentha, kenako chifuwa yonyowa kapena youma. Mwachidule, ndi mankhwalawa chikuchitika mu masiku pang'ono. Nthawi zina, pamafunika miyezi ingapo. Nthawi zambiri wachinsinsi monga matenda pachimake kapena matenda catarrhal. Monga ulamuliro, izo sikuthetsa mavuto alionse.

Mawonekedwe a chifuwa ukhoza kwa zaka zingapo. Pankhaniyi, chifuwa mtima alipo, ndipo chaka chilichonse pali pachimake, mpaka mwezi kuposa wina.

Chinthu chachikulu - kuganizira chifukwa siteji pachimake cha matenda, kuti si wadutsa mu mawonekedwe aakulu. Nthawi yaitali kwa matenda pa thupi amaona ndipo kungachititse kuti zovuta, zotsatira sizingasinthe kwa kupuma onse.

chithandizo

Malinga ndi matenda (matenda, tracheitis), chikhalidwe cha yatsoka matenda, akapatsidwa chiopsezo kukhala pa exacerbation chithandizo kutero. Poganizira kuti n'zotheka ngati kutupa tracheal zingachititse exacerbation aakulu a machubu bronchial, kapena ayi, dokotala mukuganiza kuti amanena wodwala kuchipatala, kapena angachiritsidwe kunyumba.

mankhwala kumaphatikizapo akonzedwa mwatsatanetsatane za miyeso, amene kuwonjezera mankhwala ndi zikuphatikizapo angapo mankhwala thupi: kuchokera ofunda ndi inhalation minofu ndi ntchito.