Turbellarians: makhalidwe ndi malongosoledwe a m'kalasi. oimira turbellarians

Turbellaria kapena turbellarians (Turbellaria) wa ufumu wa nyama, mtundu flatworms, oposa 3500 mitundu. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi ufulu amoyo, koma mitundu ina ndi majeremusi kuti moyo mu thupi la asilikali. Kukula kwa anthu amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo komanso kudya zizolowezi. Ena mphutsi akhoza chooneka ndi maso, ena kufika kutalika kwa masentimita oposa 40.

Majeremusi pafupifupi onse a mtundu wa flatworms. Ciliated mphutsi - kalasi okha monga njira momasuka tikukhala mu chilengedwe, koma ndi mdani.

Nyongolotsi angapezeke mu mchere ndi madzi, dothi lonyowa, pansi miyala, kufupi ndi kugombe la mitsinje ndi nyanja. Ena moyo padziko lapansi, ndi ena m'munsi mwake. Mitundu yakutali mu thupi phwandolo pamwamba, pokhala tiziromboti, koma popanda mavuto iliyonse. Ochuluka kuposa ndi zochititsa chidwi oimira kalasi ndi planarian, akulowamo onse a mitundu (kuchokera wakuda ndi woyera kwa zofiirira ndi buluu).

Kufotokozera maonekedwe turbellarians

Maphunziro ciliated mphutsi otchedwa chifukwa zonse za thupi nyongolotsi ali ndi cilia kakang'ono, kupereka kayendedwe nyama ndi kayendedwe ka nyama zing'onozing'ono m'malere. Kupita ciliated mphutsi kusambira kapena kukwawa monga njoka. Animal Thupi mawonekedwe flattened, chowulungika kapena pang'ono elongated.

Mofanana ndi ziwalo zonse za flatworm, manungo awo alibe M'mimbamo mkati. Izi zamoyo bilaterally symmetrical ndi anakonza patsogolo mphamvu ndi pakamwa pa gawo peritoneal za thupi.

NKHANI ciliary chivundikiro

Ciliary epithelium ulipo magulu awiri:

• ndi bwino anapatukana cilia ena;
• ndi zinaphatikizidwa cilia mu mzere umodzi cytoplasmic.

Cilia alibe onse a kalasi ya flatworms. Ciliated mitundu mphutsi pansi wosanjikiza zaminyewa la chikopa England katulutsidwe. Ntchofu kumasulidwa ku kutsogolo kwa thupi, amathandiza mbozi Ufumuyo, namgwira padziko gawo lapansi, komanso muziyendayenda popanda kutaya moyenera.

Pamodzi m'mbali mwa matupi mphutsi ndi zopangitsa unicellular secreting ntchofu ndi katundu poizoni. ntchofu Uku ndiko chitetezo cha nyama kuchokera adani zikuluzikulu (mwachitsanzo nsomba).

Ciliated mphutsi pa nthawi, titero dazi, kutaya ndalama za epithelium chokhala molting nyama.

Kapangidwe ka sac khungu-akulu

Kapangidwe turbellarians monga kapangidwe ka flatworms. thupi akulu ndipamene thumba khungu-akulu tichipeza zigawo zitatu ulusi:

• annular wosanjikiza ili kunja pamwamba pa thupi;
• opendekera wosanjikiza amene ulusi ali cham'mbali;
• ndi kotenga pansi wosanjikiza.

Kuchepetsa, minofu kuonetsetsa kuyenda mofulumira ndi kuzembera ndi toyesa makamaka lalikulu.

dongosolo alimentary

Akuluakulu turbellarians si bwino wasenza matumbo ndipo beskishechnyh. Ena ziwalo m'mimba awa akuimira dongosolo lonse la njira nthambi m'dipatimenti zakudya ziwalo zonse za thupi. Ndi matumbo dongosolo magulu osiyana turbellarians. Komanso beskishechnyh (anabadwa konvolyut) gawo turbellarians:

• thumbo (mesostom);
• vetvistokishechnyh (lactic Planaria trikladidy).

Anaigonjetsera anthu ndi nthambi intestine ili pafupi kumbuyo kwa thupi, pa thumbo - kutsogolo. Pakamwa chimayendera kummero mphutsi, amene pang'onopang'ono atuluka mu akhungu intestine nthambi.

Maphunziro ciliated mphutsi pharyngeal England ndi udindo wapadera (kunja kwa thupi) chimbudzi.

dongosolo Kugawilidwa kwanthaka

dongosolo Excretory ukufanizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa pores pa gawo kumbuyo kwa thupi nyama, imene kupyolera mu njira yapadera ejected zinthu osafunika. Njira yabwino olumikiza imodzi kapena ziwiri zikuluzikulu pafupi intestine lapansi.

Pamene m'mimba pakalibe kusankha (excreta) kudziunjikira pa pamwamba pa khungu maselo wapadera umene mutayankha kuletsedwa bwinobwino.

mantha dongosolo

Turbellaria mbali monga kusiyana kapangidwe ya ubongo. Mtundu wa maukonde izo ukufanizidwa ndi mathero yaing'ono mitsempha (ganglion) mu gawo kutsogolo kwa thupi.

Kwa ena, pali mpaka awiriawiri 8 makungwa mitsempha ndi zambiri nthambi okhudza mitsempha.

Ziwalo tanthauzo amakonzedwa, wapadera cilia atathana ndi udindo ntchito chogwirika. Anthu ena anzeru a muyezo udindo wapadera thupi statocyst kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a thovu subcutaneous kapena maenje.

Amaonera kayendedwe ndi kanthu kopweteka amapezeka kunja kupyolera sensilla - kuyenda ciliary thupi pamwamba lonse.

Mu kukhalapo mphutsi analenga statocyst chikugwirizana thereto ortogon - dongosolo ubongo latisi-mtundu ngalande.

Pulogalamu kununkhiza ndi pamaso

Turbellarians ali ziwalo olfactory, lomwe mbali yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wake ngati mdani wake. Ndi chifukwa iwo turbellarians kupeza chakudya. Pa mbali ya kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo malekezero a thupi imakonzedwa mabowo kuti ali ndi udindo kulanda chizindikiro kuchokera kunja ndipo mamolekyulu kununkhiza zinthu mu ubongo limba.

Nyongolotsi mulibe masomphenya, koma pali maganizo oti ena lalikulu kwambiri mitundu lapadziko amatha zowoneka kusiyanitsa zinthu, apanga disolo. Ngakhale diso, ndipo nthawi zambiri makumi angapo wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired diso lili ku nyongolotsi m'dera la ganglia oziziritsa padziko kutsogolo kwa thupi.

Kuwala kupanda tcheru retinal maselo zithunzi pa concave mbali diso amakwiya chizindikiro m'badwo umene udaperekedwa kwa ubongo kwa kusanthula ndi molekezera mitsempha. maselo Retinal ndi chikhalidwe cha mitsempha chamawonedwe umene umatumiza mudziwe kuti ganglia ubongo.

kupuma nyama

Maphunziro Makhalidwe ciliated mphutsi ndi osiyana mtundu wa flatworm kuti ufulu wamoyo anthu angathe kuyamwa mpweya - kupuma. Ndipotu, flatworms kwambiri - anaerobes, ndiye tikukhala mu malo mpweya-free za thupi.

Kupuma n'kofunika ndi kumachitika mwa thupi padziko lonse kuti zimatenga mpweya mwachindunji ku madzi kupyolera kuchuluka pores tosaoneka.

mphamvu turbellarians

Ambiri mwa nyama zimenezi zilombo zolusa komanso ambiri a iwo ndi dongosolo m'mimba kunja. Kuika mkamwa ndi wovulalayo kuthekera, mbozi akupanga chinsinsi wapadera, opangidwa ndi zopangitsa pharyngeal, imene imagaya chakudya panja. Patatha izi, mbozi imayamwa timadziti thanzi. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa kunja chimbudzi.

flatworms chakudya mtundu Maphunziro ciliary nkhanu makamaka ang'ono ndi invertebrates ena. Wosanyengereredwa kumeza ndi osokoneza chipolopolo nkhanu zazikulu, nyongolotsi secrete ntchofu mu wapadera wodzazidwa ndi michere. Kumafeŵetsa woberedwa, pafupifupi kudya, ndi mphutsi, ndiye basi imayamwa nkhani za mthunzi.

Kukhalapo mphutsi dzino m'malo mwa pharynx, limene kumeza chakudya lonse. Ngati wovulalayo waukulu, mbozi lakuthwa woyamwa kayendedwe ka misozi pakamwa pa iye kachidutswa kakang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kungolandira ndi abe onse.

kubalana

Maphunziro ciliated mphutsi anapereka ziwaloziwiri, ndi gonads amuna ndi akazi. Amuna ndi maselo testes lapansi. Iwo achoke njira yapadera mbewu kupulumutsa umuna msonkhano malo ndi mazira.

Female ziwalo zoberekera awa akuimira mazira omwe dzira mu Ukalawu wotumidwa zina mu nyini, ndipo kenako anaumba mu cloaca maliseche.

umuna kugonana kumachitika pamtanda. Nyongolotsi alternately manyowa mzake, alternately jekeseni umuna kudzera copulatory chiwalo chokhala mbolo mu kutsegula cloaca maliseche.

Umuna madzimadzi fertilizes dzira ndi dzira aumbike, TACHIMATA chipolopolo. Excreted nyongolotsi ili mazira amene kuwaswa chitsanzo ali ndi maonekedwe ofanana ndi mbozi wamkulu.

Only mu turbellarians (mtundu ciliated flatworms Maphunziro) kwa dzira pamaoneka ofanana ndi wamkulu tosaoneka mphutsi kuti kusambira mothandizidwa ndi cilia ndi zomera mpaka kukula koma adziwonetsa ngati mphutsi wamkulu.

nyongolotsi awa akhoza kukula monga asexually. Pankhaniyi, thupi la mphutsi, zikuoneka m'chiuno, zomwe pang'onopang'ono ukugawa mu magawo awiri ofanana. Chidutswa amakhala munthu wosiyana womera yokha zofunika ziwalo ntchito.

Ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa kuti asinthidwe

Akuluakulu a nyongolotsi ciliated Mwachitsanzo, planarian, amatha kachiwiri kukonzanso madera zowonongeka za thupi. Ngakhale zidutswa za kukula thupi la magawo zana la anthu wonse kachiwiri kukula mu zonse kunachitika nyongolotsi latsopano.

Ku dongosolo la Planaria trehvetvistyh Choncho ndinaphunzira kupulumuka pansi akumane malo ake. Pamene kuwonjezeka kwambiri kutentha kwa madzi, ndi kusowa mphutsi mpweya zokha aswe powomba ikhalenso kachiwiri ndi kusinthika pamene zinthu kunja kubwerera mwakale.

Turbellarians Planaria - woimira waukulu wa gulu amakhala ku mchere. Chilombo wakudya invertebrates yaing'ono. Okha chakudya mphutsi nsomba simukhala chifukwa cha zopangitsa kuti apange poizoni.

nsikidzi

Pakuti turbellarians parasitic monga:

• Temnotsefaly kuti moyo pa khungu la invertebrates madzi oyera ndi akamba, kuika pamwamba pa thupi la mazira gulu. Temnotsefaly kukula yaing'ono (15 mm) cha thupi mosabisa, pali tentacles angapo. Turbellaria ndi ziwaloziwiri ndipo amakhala makamaka Chigawo kum'mwera.
• Udonellidy - kale wachinsinsi monga flukes, koma tsopano iwo amasankhidwa mu turbellarians kumuwombera. Ali ndi thupi mu mawonekedwe cylindrical ndi kukula yaing'ono (mpaka 3 mm). Mothandizidwa ndi zida zomatira amagwira kuti nkhanu, amene nawonso, ndi majeremusi pa makutu a nsomba zazikulu m'madzi.

Ena mitundu turbellarians imapezeka mu Baikal madzi, chifukwa wapadera madzi ake. turbellarians kwambiri osati si zoipa, koma ndi mbali ya chilengedwe chawo. Kuwononga mollusks yaing'ono, iwo akhale pansi pa ulamuliro wa anthu invertebrates, osalola kuti kukula kwa makulidwe zosaneneka.