Woyendetsa - ndani izi? Kapena njira sayansi chikondi cha nyanja

Kamodzi pa moyo wake aliyense akunena mawu akuti, "Ndipo woyendetsa -? Ndani" Man, monyadira kubala mutu wa izi - ndi kuyenda panyanja, mwamuna kapena mkazi, amene amadziwa zone m'mphepete mwa nyanja ngati kumbuyo kwa dzanja lanu ndi zinthu zonse nyengo akhoza kubweretsa chombo doko panjira otetezeka.

Udindo woyendetsa ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zapamwamba komanso analipira zikawonongeka. No ano nyanja kapena mtsinje chombo simungakhoze kuchita popanda misonkhano ya katswiri. Yankho loyamba ku funso lakuti: "? The woyendetsa - awa ndi ndani" akhoza m'buku Panyanja malangizo Western European m'malire, lolembedwa pafupifupi 500 BC

Oimira loyamba chidwi akale ntchito zitsulo Aluya uwu, umene unali mmene ntchito matchati kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, kampasi ndi zipangizo zina kuyenda panyanja.

Pilot, kapena namulondola ngalawa

Science za kudutsa malangizo boti ndi mbali yofunika ya luso la panyanja. Palibe nyanja ulendo uli wathunthu popanda nawo woyendetsa sitima. Ndipo mwinamwake pafupifupi palibe zonyamula pa sitima nyanja si nkhawa ndi funso lakuti: "Anthu oterewa - awa ndi ndani" koma zimachitika chifukwa basi ngalawa matanga kuchoka kumtunda bwinobwino ndipo bwinobwino kufika izo kachiwiri. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza woyendetsa ntchito, ayenera kufunsa mu malo oyamba, mabuku a maulendo chikondi. Mu mawu "woyendetsa" chaululidwa komanso zotheka, chifukwa mu nthawi ya atulukira kwambiri Hrs, ndi mokakamizidwa akatswiri anali membala wa gulu la chombo, ndipo anachititsa kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha sitimayo pa ukhale pa nyanja ndi pamene kulowa doko kapena doko . Chopereka woyendetsa lililonse sitima Nkofunika, njira woyamba kupereka navigation ndi matchati kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zinalengedwa kuyamika adscititious zambiri. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ntchito okhazikika mu kuphunzira panyanja malangizo inkayenda anali phunziro kwa pulogalamuyo. Ndipotu, akatswiri anakhala zambiri, koma si onse bwinobwino atipatsa chitetezo cha sitimayo.

Modern woyendetsa - ndani izi?

Mawu "woyendetsa" inatuluka mu Chirasha mawu "Pilot buku," kutanthauza yomasulira ku Dutch "mukulephera kusintha chombo."

Ngati mukuwerenga mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mainsaikulopediya nyanja, mungapeze mayankho ambiri ku funso lakuti: "Anthu oterewa - awa ndi ndani?" Main katswiri maphunziro pa lotsiyam ndi kulangiza mwini chotengera pa chitetezo cha navigation poyerekezera otchedwa mwake fairway. Choncho zimene woyendetsa chabe kalozera. Mkulu wa ngalawa ili kapitawo, ndi udindo tsoka ndi chitetezo cha sitimayo zopatsidwa kwa iye.

Kodi muyenera kukhala katswiri?

Mu ndege lero Administration Maritime kukomana ndi zofunikira zotsatirazi:

1. Munthu ayenera kukhala ndi digiri ya ku yunivesite munda wa panyanja ndi Choyenereza osati m'munsi mlingo wa wothandizira mkulu.
2. Iye ayenera mwadzina adzadziwire Katswiri ntchito yawo ndipo ndi satifiketi, mapeto a ntchito zachipatala, kutsimikizira kuti iye anali wokhoza tsiku lililonse kuchita zochita lolingana specifications ake.
3. Professional woyendetsa - munthu amene wadutsa ndi kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu ndi anakumana ndi nyengo ya osachepera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mfiti.

Chifukwa chakuti atulukira Hrs m'munda wa navigation akhala anapanga msika wamakono wa kudzinenera woyendetsa ntchito si ankafuna wapadera, koma mu kukhalapo kwa zinthu zonse zakumwamba ndi kuchita zinazake kupeza ntchito ya malipiro si weniweni.