Yoshkar-Ola: zokopa, zithunzi ndi ndemanga

"Red City" - kotero anamasuliridwa dzina Mari Mari El likulu. Onse amene anali ndi mwayi kuno posachedwapa, sanabise anadabwa ndi ganizolo pa iwo Yoshkar-Ola. Zokopa pano ndi zachilendo kwabasi, ambiri a iwo anaonekera posachedwapa.

akale

History of Yoshkar-Ola anayamba pa nthawi imeneyo kutali pamene Mari malo linalanda kwa Russia atagonjetsedwa wa Kazan Khanate asilikali Ivana Groznogo mu m'ma 16. mzinda Tsarev pa mtsinje Kokshaga kapena Tsarevokokshaisk, anatchula mu mbiri mu 1584, ngakhale Mphekesera zakale mwa anthu Mesolithic kale kumene kuli dziko.

City anayamba ndi linga anamanga kuteteza dziko ndi ikuchitika yekha ntchito ya usilikali. Anakwanitsa linga kazembe, amene manja anakhala osati asilikali komanso utsogoleri, zachuma ndi zachiweruzo akuluakulu. Pang'onopang'ono izo zinayamba kutuluka amalonda, osema, osawuka amene sali zambiri tinakhazikika mu mzinda nakhala m'dziko mozungulira icho. Umu ndi mmene townsmen, midzi ndi miraga.

nthawi yathu

Modern Yoshkar-Ola aumbike mwa nthawi kuchokera 1941 mpaka mu 1990 ndipo akupitiriza kumangidwa lero. Makamaka anasintha maonekedwe ake pa zaka 10 zapitazi, pambuyo "Capital" wa pulogalamu ovomerezedwa ndi mzinda.

Kusinthidwa mzinda ndi m'mbuyomu olemera ndi malo aakulu a chikhalidwe cha Finno-Ugric anthu - uyu amaoneka ngati ife masiku ano Yoshkar-Ola. Zosangalatsa kuti ndinu wotsimikiza kuti muwonekere - ndi chikhalidwe, mbiri yakale komanso kamangidwe zipilala, kuwalitsa nthawi zosiyana za chitukuko cha deralo. Mwa nyumba zakale izi, mipingo, nyumba zakale, mabwalo, ndipo ziboliboli zambiri. Yofunika kwambiri pa zachikhalidwe cha likulu la Mari El akusewera owonetsera ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi.

Theaters

Lapadera ed moyo wa Yoshkar-Ola anapereka mitundu yonse tingachipeze powerenga za luso ed.

Mu 1968, chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa Drama ophatikizana Theatre. Mayorov-Shketan Music ndi Drama Theatre anakhazikitsidwa. Mu 1994 izo anadzatchedwa. Choncho panali Mari State Opera ndipo Ballet Theatre. Eric Sapaev, dzina lake Mari Soviet Wolemba, wolemba wa za zisudzo woyamba wa dziko lonselo. Maziko a kapangidwe kake maphunziro a sukulu choreographic ndi conservatories mu Moscow, Leningrad, Kazan, Perm, Gorky. Achinyamata zisudzo ndi dziko zochita kusukulu anayamba mapangidwe a. Pa mbali yake adaperekedwa 50 tingachipeze powerenga ndi chi ntchito za kuvina, zisudzo ndi operetta luso ndi masewero ana. Masiku ano, repertoire zikuphatikizapo mtundu wa opera "Aldiar" E. Arkhipova, "Akpatyr" Sapaev, ndi kuvina "nthano Forest" Wolemba A. Luppova. Kunyada Theatre - choreography: ndi kuvina "The Nutcracker" ndi "Mbalame ya Chinsansa Nyanja" ndi Tchaikovsky, "Romeo ndi Juliet" ndi Prokofiev, "Don Quixote" ndi Minkus. Kwa zaka 11 zamasewero ku chikondwerero mayiko "Zima Mausiku" ndi nawo zisudzo ndi kuvina ovina ku Russia, Italy, Japan, America. Mu 2002, anayamba kugwira dziko okha chikondwerero odzipereka kwa ballerina kwambiri Galina Ulanova. Zisudzo bwinobwino anabwera osati Russia komanso kunja. Ichi ndi China, Arab Emirates, Germany, Korea South America Central, Taiwan, Lebanon ndi mayiko ena. Masiku ano, zisudzo ali nyumba yatsopano, anamanga osati kale iye. Ndi akuphunzitsa amaona zabwino m'dera Volga.

Mari National Drama Theatre. Shketan, amene ali wamkulu mu dziko, anayamba mbiri yake ndi chuma zofufuzafufuza mu November 1919. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1929, ndi chikhalidwe bungwe akatswiri chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa imodzi yabwino ku Russia. Zisudzo ndi kukhala wochitachita mu dziko la moyo zisudzo, pokhalabe adziwane dziko. Wa mphoto iye wakhala amaitcha "Golden Palm" - mphoto ya Association of owonetsera European.

Mu likulu la Mari El maphunziro Russian Drama Theatre dzina la G. Konstantinov, amene anakhazikitsidwa mu 1919. Mu chitukuko chinathandiza atsogoleri ambiri. Udindo wofunika kwambiri wa akuluakulu wotsogolera Grigory Konstantinov, amene anali mu udindo uwu kuyambira 1964 mpaka 1994. Pa chongoganiza mu 1993 analengedwa ndi International Association ochitira masewero Russian, likulu la limene lili mu Yoshkar-Ola. Mu September 1994, zisudzo ndi dzina lake Konstantinov. Pa siteji ya Russian zisudzo Drama Theatre siteji ya ntchito Agiriki ndi chi. Pakati pa abwino angatchedwe "Othello" ndi Shakespeare, "Mfumu Theodore Ioanovich" A. K. Tolstogo, "chisa cha grouse" Rozov, "Easy Money" ndi Ostrovsky, "Afilisti" Gorky, "Chikumbumtima" Pavlova.

Mu 1991 mu Yoshkar-Ola, pa maziko a Russian Drama Theatre dzina la Konstantinov, Mari Youth Theatre linatsegulidwa. Tsopano iye ali mu repertoire 35 masewero zochokera ntchito za upamwamba dziko, Russian ndi ena ndi sewero ano. Pakuti nthawi zonse pa siteji izo unaperekedwa oposa 80 zisudzo ana ndi akulu mu Mari ndi zinenero Russian. Gululo zonse zimapita pa ulendo kudutsa Russia ndi mayiko ena.

zakale

History, chikhalidwe, miyambo ndi moyo wa Mari anthu zikugwirizananso ndi zopereka za zinthu zochititsa chidwi ku Yoshkar-Ola madera osiyana.

Museum wa mbiri ya mzinda wa Yoshkar-Ola ndi mu zopereka zinthu pofukula, heraldry, ethnography, ntchito zabwino ndi ntchito luso, zithunzi. Iwo atakutidwa mu nyumba ziwiri storey wa njerwa zofiira, yomwe inamangidwa mu 1911 mu mzindawo. nyumba iyi, tsopano ananena mbiri yakale ndi mapulani chipilala tanthauzo dziko, anali wotchuka m'deralo amalonda Anaitanitsa Mitengo amalonda Chulkov. Nyumbayi wamalonda kale lapangidwa ndi nyumba yaikulu, ndi outbuilding ndipo zipata mwala, amene chokongoletsedwa ndi Art Nouveau zinthu. Chionetsero okhazikika akupereka mbiri ya Yoshkar-Ola ku Alendo 1584 ndi 1917. tiphunzira za chiyambi cha mzinda yotchedwa Tsarevo, momwe inamangidwa, chitukuko, moyo ndi miyambo wene, tsogolo la anthu otchuka. Aliyense nyengo pali thematic zisudzo. Panopa Museum of History of mzinda wa Yoshkar-Ola asatambira chionetsero chithunzi "City ndi nthawi." Zithunzi wapadera mukhoza kuwona chimene Yoshkar-Ola mu zaka osiyana Mu zaka zapitazo. zisudzo zosakhalitsa kuonetsa moyo wa mzinda wamakono, anayambitsa mabizinezi, mbiri msewu, nzika za kulenga, zochita lachifundo.

Ntchito Folk Tirhana Museum linatsegulidwa alendo mu 1999, nyumba analengeza cholowa chikhalidwe cha Republic of Mari El. nyumba izi zopangidwa ndi openwork kusema inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 20. Pamaso zitasintha, izo m'manja mwa m'dera bungwe chigawo Lokhanov womanga. M'nyumbayi wapereka zamanja wowerengeka, mbiri ndi moyo wa Mari anthu. Total zatoleredwa zokhudza 250 zinthu, kuphatikizapo zinthu ethnographic, zitsanzo za maluso abwino ndi zamanja. Apa mutha kuona zovala miyambo ndi nsalu, nsugwi mipando, ladles losema, zoimbira, kupangidwa ndi m'misili. Museum wa Akutsatira Folk Tirhana bungwe mapwando a pachaka ndi zisudzo.

Mu 1961, chifukwa cha tsiku lokumbukira woyamba Russian Wolemba, amene anakhala tate wa mitundu nyimbo akatswiri linatsegulidwa chikumbutso owonetsera zakale JS Klyuchnikova-Palant. Inkakhala ku nyumba matabwa kumene wolemba ndinakhala zaka zapitazi. chionetserocho ili mu zipinda zitatu zimene kulengedwanso ziwiya kunyumba oimira luntha zigawo za m'ma 20. Apa zimasungika zinthu lodalirika banja, mipando, pamanja ndi zinthu zina mamembala Palant banja. M'nyumbayi makamu zisudzo, usiku music, nkhani misonkhano ndi analemba.

Art zakale ndi zisudzo

Museum of Wabwino Tirhana wa Republic of Mari El, womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu 1989, ukugwira ntchito malangizo angapo. Ndi ili mu nyumba anamangapo ndi wamanga Vladimir Babenko mu 1980. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito ya Mari chabwino luso ndi ntchito luso, apa umaimiridwa ndi kupenta Russian, zosemasema, zithunzi, komanso ntchito payekha amisiri Western ndi ojambula zithunzi zojambulajambula. M'nyumbayi makamu anakamba, mungapezeko Dziŵani mbiri ya luso, ndi dziko luso chikhalidwe, mbiri, luso Mari. ndalama zake ndi zikwi kuposa 7. yosungirako mayunitsi. M'nyumbayi amasonyeza zojambula za akatswiri Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19 (Serov, Shishkin, Makovsky, Yegorov). Chidwi ntchito ya chi Finno-Ugric luso mu mtundu wanyimbo etnosimvolizma ndi ethnofuturism. Awa ndi zithunzi za Mari ojambula - A. Ivanova, S. Evdokimova, V. Bogolyubov, AI Efimova. Kuwonjezera chionetserocho okhazikika nyumbayi mukhoza kuchezera zisudzo amene atsopano kawirikawiri.

National Gallery wa Art - ichi ndi chachikulu chionetsero dera likulu. Idamangidwa mu 2007 monga nthambi ya Museum of Wabwino Tirhana. zomera ili pa lalikulu waukulu Yoshkar-Ola. Iwo ali zipangizo zambiri zamakono: kulamulira nyengo, kanema anaziika ndi moto nkhondo, kuyatsa wapadera, chitetezo Alamu, mafoni kufotokoza zida. zomera The anali ndi yogwira ntchito chionetsero. Alendo timudziwe bwino ntchito ya Mari ndi amisiri Russian, zithunzi ojambula zithunzi mayiko wa Volga, komanso kusonkhanitsa zakale Russian. Pali zisudzo dziko kalasi. Kwa zaka zambiri, zikutipatsa Mari El okhala ndi mwayi kuwona ntchito Edgara Dega, Dali, Ilya Glazunov, Nikas Safronov, Benua De Stetto. Pa malo aakulu kwambiri osungirako zinthu zakale anasonyeza zosonkhanitsira rossiyskiyh: ndi Tretyakov Gallery, ndi Zlatoust zida zakale, ndi Amber Museum (Kaliningrad). Bwino kwambiri zakhala zisudzo zotsatirazi:

• "Bwererani. Ku Ulaya Russia, "Benua De Stetto.
• "Nkhope ya Time" - za chikhalidwe cha dera Mari.
• Personal chionetsero cha chithunzicho Nikas Safronov.
• Photo chionetsero "Private Collection" E. Khirisimasi.
• "Gold kwa Nyanja Baltic" - kuchokera mndandanda wa Amber Museum mu Kaliningrad.

Pambuyo kutsegula mu zomera nthambi pafupifupi kwa anthu State Russian Museum wa Yoshkar-Ola kunyumba kuti bwino katswiri wa luso chabwino cha zakale waukulu likulu kumpoto.

M'mbiri komanso kamangidwe zipilala

Zinthu zakale, mapulani ndi chikhalidwe n'zofunika, monga ulamuliro, m'dera chakale cha mzinda. Mwatsoka, Yoshkar-Ola anakhalabe pang'ono nyumba chisanadze chosintha. M'nyumba amalonda awa:

• Chulkova nyumba (m'ma 19), amene nyumba Museum wa History mzinda wa Yoshkar-Ola.
• Manor wamalonda Pchelina (m'ma 18).
• Nyumba Karelin (m'ma m'ma 18).
• Nyumba Bulygin (m'ma 19 m'zaka).
• Naumova nyumba ndi ziboliboli kukongoletsa ndi nyumba matabwa (m'ma 19-20th). Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nyumba zokongola kwambiri akale mu mzinda.

akachisi

Mwatsoka, pafupifupi mipingo kwa zaka za m'ma 18, akhala kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kuwonongedwa mu nthawi ya Soviet. Lerolino mzindawo ali mipingo, omwe ankamangidwanso kapena kumanganso. Pakati pawo:

• Utatu Mpingo inali nyumba woyamba wa miyala ndi limodzi mwa mabuku akale mumzinda (1736). ndalama yomanga anapatsidwa ndi wamalonda ndi m'mphawi Vishnyakov Osokin. Icho chinali chikhalidwe ziwiri storey nyumba wopangidwa mwa quadrangle lalikulu ndi refectory a. Chetverik anavekedwa ndi domes asanu, pansi anali St. Nicholas tchalitchi, Mipikisano tiered belu nsanja anaima padera. 30, ntchentche mpingo chinatsekedwa belu nsanja ndi gawo pamwamba anawonongedwa. Iwo anayamba kuchira ntchito yatsopano mu 1995 ndipo anamaliza yekha mu 2008. Chatsopano nyumba anasunga mitundu khalidwe la zomangamanga mpingo kwa zaka za m'ma 18. Iwo anakhala mmodzi wa nyumba zokongola kwambiri mu mzindawo. kachisi chikugwirizana ndi belu mwa Chipilala, ndi mawonekedwe ake zachilendo surmounted ndi domes denga zisanu zagolide.
• Cathedral wa Ascension ndi inamangidwa pa wamalonda Pchelina mu 1756. Iye anali octagon pa quadrangle ndi zomera, ndi chipinda chodyera chachikulu ndi ufulu ataima belu nsanja tiers. mpingo chinatsekedwa mu 1937, pang'ono kuwonongedwa ndi kumangidwanso, ndiye munali ndi yofululira moŵa. Mu 1992 kachisi anabwerera kwa okhulupirira n'kuikonzanso. Kuyambira mu 1993, pa tchalitchi ali udindo wa tchalitchi ndi.
• Cathedral wa Kuuka kwa Khristu ndi zokongoletsa mu Moscow Baroque kalembedwe poyamba inamangidwa 1759. Zinali odnosvetny quadrangle ndi octagons awiri, kucheperachepera m'lifupi. Bell nsanja madenga anayi anamanga mu mochedwa 18 ndi m'ma 19. Refectory ndi awiri m'matchalitchi (Fedora Stratilata ndi Basil) zinamangidwa cha m'ma 19 mochedwa. Mu 1928 tchalitchi chinatsekedwa chapamwamba octagonal belu nsanja ndi kuwonongedwa. Only mu 1944 nyumbayo anabwerera kwa okhulupirira, koma m'chaka cha 1961 tchalitchi chinatsekedwa kachiwiri ndi inawonongedwa. Only mu 2008 yomanga tchalitchi anayamba chimene chinafika mpaka 2010. Kusinthidwa Kazan Cathedral, zinakonzedwa kalembedwe Baroque kwa zaka za m'ma 18, izo wodzipereka mu 2010.

• Mpingo wa Mfundo za Mariya Namwali Wodalitsidwa anakhazikitsidwa mu 2005 pamene mpingo wa Orthodox. nyumba kalembedwe, pafupi ndi Wachiwiri-Byzantine, inamangidwa 2005-2006.
• Mpingo wa Lady Wathu Tikhvin inamangidwa 1774 (malinga neoy, Mudali tchalitchi cha St. George (sanasunge). Belu nsanja inali pamwamba refectory lapansi. Mpingo zinali kutsekedwa mu 1929, kenako pang'ono adzamangidwenso. Anabwerera okhulupirira 90s ndi ndipo ankamangidwanso. Mu malo ya kumanda tsopano paki.

zipilala

Yoshkar-Ola, ambiri a malo osiyana ndi amene alendo amakonda kujambulidwa, ndi kuchita okhala mumzindawo. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri:

• Chosema "Mtengo wa Moyo", yomwe ili Park ya Culture ndi Zosangalatsa, zimanyezimiritsa khalidwe dziko ya dera Mari. Chipilala, lomwe linalembedwa ndi wojambula Andrei Kovalchuk, unakhazikitsidwa mu 2008. Pakati pa zikuchokera pali mtengo, kufanizira moyo ndi kusintha kwa mibadwo zili padziko oimba atatu zamkuwa, yoperekedwa kwa mibadwo yosiyana, zida dziko m'manja. Munthu wakale atenge chitoliro, zeze munthu, mnyamata pa ng'oma ndi. mamita atatu mkulu chipilala ali ndi malo abwino mu paki kumene izo zimasonyeza bwinobwino kulikonse.
• Chipilala Obolensky-Nogotkov - woyambitsa wa mzinda, kazembe woyamba - amayikidwa mu lalikulu eponymous kutsogolo kwa nyumba boma. Six-mita kutalika kwa chipilala ndi chizindikiro cha Yoshkar-Ola ndi imodzi mwa zokonda zake zazikulu. Prince Obolensky, Marigold akufotokozedwa pa mahatchi ndiponso m'manja. chipilala linalengedwa ndi ziboliboli A. Kovalchuk zina zachidule mu 2007.

• Kudera pafupi siteshoni Mari odziwika wosewera Soviet ndi kuyatsa chipilala zamkuwa. Yvan Kyrlya linasonyeza atakhala trolley, monga izo zinali mu filimu "Njira ya ku Moyo" kumene iye ankasewera udindo wa Mustafa - mtsogoleri wa ana msewu.
• kabuku Tsar Cannon anapanga mu 2007. Izi buku halving wa pachiyambi wotchuka, amene anaponyedwa mu mkuwa A. Chokhov mu 1586. Mari mfuti, amene pamodzi ndi kulemera kwa mtima ndi matani 12, anapangidwa pa Zvenigovsky Bzalani. Butyakov. Malinga ndi ambuye, zikhoza kuwombera. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi welded mbiya pachimake.

zokopa zachilendo

Anthu amadabwa ano Yoshkar-Ola. Zokopa pali zosaneneka, ngakhale zachilendo.

Mmodzi wa iwo - chipilala cha nyundo, umene unakhazikitsidwa mu 2008, mu Alley kutsogolo kwa ofesi ya nyumba kampani ya zomangamanga. Zinayi mita zitsulo ndi nyundo masekeli ndi matani awiri theka yagoletsa mu msomali pansi. Mlembi wa lingaliro - pulezidenti wa kampani inayake ya zomangamanga - anaganiza motero kupitirizabe ntchito za antchito ndi kulipira iwo msonkho. Patapita kanthawi, pafupi ndi nyundo ndi chipilala kuti ntchito mu omanga kavalidwe ndi njerwa mu dzanja lake.

Asanalowe nyumba imodzi, Suli kutali ndi fano ndi hamala, pali awiri choyambirira zokopa - buluu njovu kutalika pafupifupi 1.5 mamita ndi mpando waukulu.

Oddly zokwanira pali chosema mkuwa mu mzindawo pafupi waukulu nyumba yunivesite. Izi chipilala Yoshkinu mphaka, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 2011. Olemba zikuchokera - ndi C. A. Shirnin Yandubaev, kuumbidwa chosema Kazan, njira Moscow bizinesi. Mu 2013, pafupi ndi Yoshkinogo mphaka, lounging pa benchi chipilala Yoshkinoy mphaka, unsembe umene unadzipereka kwa Mipukutu ya ku malo omwera eponymous.

Kamangidwe watsopano mwa likulu

M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, maonekedwe a mumzindawo wasintha kwambiri. yomanga ikuchitika pano, mpaka amene ali achipambano. Kutsogolo kwa nyumba mu osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya masitaelo a kamangidwe kake. Latsopano misewu ndi mabwalo ndi nyumba chodabwitsa ngati wosangalatsa, chidole ndi amatikumbutsa pang'ono za chilengedwe cha.

zowoneka zachilendo, mosakaika, monga Bryggen, umene unatchedwa mzinda Belgium. Pamene inu mufika pa msewu, ine sindingakhoze kuganiza kuti iye anali mu mzinda Loona za Bruges. Quay kwathunthu nyumba ya Flemish kalembedwe, ankaikira Flanders akale. Makamaka wokongola pano usiku pamene zokongola magetsi.

Alendo dziwani kuti Yoshkar-Ola anapereka anadabwa odzitukumula, kusiya pakati wotopetsa kudziyimira pawokha Soviet mumzinda chidwi kumene mukufuna kupita kumbuyo. Ambiri ponena kuti zomangamanga ndi maganizo, koma chakuti yachilendo, losaiwalika, zabwino, pafupifupi onse amavomereza.

A anadabwa wapadera alendo ndi Annunciation nsanja chimes. Izi n'zimene wamng'ono wa Spasskaya Tower mu Moscow. Ambiri a alendo chabe kugwera stupor pamene mwadzidzidzi kumva chime, amene ali chimodzimodzi monga likulu Russian.

Ngakhale kuti yaying'ono Yoshkar-Ola, zokonda zake zosiyanasiyana ndiponso ochuluka. Aliyense kukaona mzinda lodabwitsa ili ndi miyambo ulemerero, zidzakhala kukumbukira ndi chinachake kuna axamwali wanu.