Yosungiramo kudziwitsa sing'anga wa mapesi nzimbe. Ancient TV yosungirako

Tili pafupifupi ntchito tsiku CD-mbale, abulusa kung'anima, ndi pepala, koma sadziwa n'komwe kuti atolankhani awa lili ndi mbiri yake. Komanso, maonekedwe awo anali yoyamba njira zina za kasungidwe ndi kufalitsa mauthenga, zitsanzo zomwe tsopano anapeza mwina okha zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Old TV bwino mu chitukuko cha zakuthupi. Lililonse latsopano maonekedwe awo anali penapake mosavuta ndi zothandiza kwambiri kusiyana ndi m'mbuyomu. Today yosungiramo sing'anga ku zimayambira wa bango, zikopa zakale, kapena mapale ndikuuzeni asayansi kwambiri za moyo mu kutali kale. Ena a iwo zotsogola analogues amakono kwa nthaŵi ya kusunga zambiri.

Mu mithunzi ya mapanga

Woyamba media, odziwika bwino asayansi - ichi chithunzi khoma. Iwo amakomana mu mapanga mu madera osiyana a dziko. Poyamba, ntchito mwina ntchito mitundu nyimbo. Pa nthawi zinaoneka fragility a dongosolo chotero, ndipo monga chitsulo chida ntchito miyala lakuthwa. Iwo zochepa chabe pa makoma a ziboliboli (dzinali linachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "thanthwe" ndi "ulusi"). The mfundo zikuluzikulu za luso thanthwe - akusaka, nyama, mtundu wanyimbo zithunzi. Lero, ikhala bwinobwino cholinga cha zithunzi zimenezi. Analongosola za Baibulo kuti iwo anali achipembedzo mu chikhalidwe kapena cholinga azikongoletsa nyumba, ndipo n'kutheka kuti anali ndi njira popereka mauthenga kwa atsogoleri a.

Chitsanzo wakale wa luso thanthwe kale kwambiri. Ofukula kukhulupirira kuti zinalengedwa zaka zoposa zikwi makumi anayi zapitazo.

dongo

Evolution wa atolankhani anali pa kusaka njira ya zipangizo, wosuta-wochezeka ndiponso wamphamvu imodzi kupulumutsa uthenga kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu malo ziboliboli ndi thanthwe luso anabwera mapale. anachokera chikugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha kulemba Iguputo ndi ku Mesopotamiya. Kodi TV izi? Table inkakhala mbale TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza woonda dongo. otchulidwa lolembedwa ntchito miyala kapena timitengo matabwa. Analemba pa dongo lonyowa kenako zouma piritsi. Pafupi inu mukhoza kuchita imodzi mwa njira ziwiri: kapena kusiya ndipo ngati n'koyenera, kufufuta lolembedwa, moisten ndi madzi kapena kuphika. Zikatero, zambiri amasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, pamaso pa chiwonongeko cha nthandala. Zotsalira za mapale otere, akatswiri awulule kwa tsiku lino. Izi ndi anapezazo lofunika kwambiri kuti akhoza kukuuzani zambiri za mmene banali.

Palinso mapale ndi kulemba zakale, koyamba m'dera la Sumer wakale wachitatu Zakachikwi BC. anthu ambiri ntchito mtundu wa mudziwe chonyamulira mpaka kuoneka pepala.

sera

Mu Roma, athamangadi magome phula. Iwo anali opangidwa ndi boxwood, mumamera kapena mafupa ndi wa indentation kwa paraffin. Ndi sera analankhulana ndi cholembera, ndi lakuthwa zitsulo ndodo. Zizindikiro amenewa akhoza kachiwiri ntchito: zizindikiro mosavuta zidzachotsedwa. Mwatsoka, zinthu kutentha saloledwa kusunga ambiri a nyimbo pa TV amenewa. Komabe, zitsanzo zina zafika mpaka pano. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi polyptych (angapo angongole mapiritsi chikopa zomangira phula) munali Novgorod Codex, pa gawo la mzinda wakale.

Yosungiramo kudziwitsa sing'anga wa mapesi nzimbe

Mu mitundu yonse ya mapiritsi, ndipo analinso mabuku matabwa wina drawback - iwo kulemera kwambiri. Ndi sizodabwitsa, kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa njira kasungidwe ndipo akupereka mauthenga adapita kufufuza njira mbandakucha m'munsi. Aiguputo anatulukira njira. Mu theka lachiwiri la lachitatu Zakachikwi BC, iwo anabwera ndi kusunga sing'anga wa mapesi nzimbe. Zinali gumbwa, womwe wapangidwa ndi zomera yemweyo. Ngakhale wachibale uyu wa sedge kutumizidwa ku Nile Delta. Lero, mitundu zakuthengo amtunduwu pafupifupi wapita.

umisiri

Mfundo chonyamulira ku zimayambira mabango analengedwa mu magawo angapo. Choyamba, mwayeretsa kwa mbewu makungwa ndi pachimake ake kusema n'kupanga woonda. Kenako, awo atayikidwa lathyathyathya pamwamba wandiweyani wosanjikiza. Kenako, m'gulu la n'kupanga anaikidwa pamwamba pa decomposed pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino bwino. Onse ataphimbidwa ndi mwala mosabisa, ndipo patapita kanthawi anachoka ku dzuwa. Pamene pepala chifukwa amakhala mokwanira ziume iwo, nyundo amaipidwa ndi ankawachotsera.

Papyrus nthawi zonse anali kuphatikiza pamodzi, glued pamodzi. Zimakhala maliboni motalika, amene kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a mipukutu. Gumbwa kutoma akhacemerwa "protokolon". Nkhope ya mpukutuwo ndi limodzi pamene ulusi anali yopingasa.

reusable

Linafotokoza chithunzi chimene inu mukhoza kuwona pa intaneti wodzipereka kwa mbiri ya Iguputo, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo. Pamene mfundo pa nkhope, kumakhaladi zolemba sikuthandiza kapena kungoti zosafunika wodzazidwa zolowa. Nthawi zambiri ndiye linaikidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zolembalemba. Nthawi zina amakhala zosafunika mawu kuchokera kumbali ya kudzanja kutsukidwa.

Amtunduwu ku Iguputo ndipo anaika malemba opatulika ndi nkhani zokhudza ntchito tsiku banja. Mfundo chonyamulira ku zimayambira wa bango, zikuoneka, iye ali apa pa nthawi yomweyo ndi kubadwa kwa kulemba, m'nyengo predynastic. Nthawi zambiri patsamba angapezeke mipukutu fano.

anapeza

Papyrus - osati woyang'anira yodalirika. Kuwapulumutsa mawonekedwe unaltered n'chotheka akamaziwononga Koma m'mamyuziyamu Tingaone anaikidwa mabokosi chatsekedwa galasi mkati zomwe kutentha koyenera ndi chinyezi. Mipukutu ntchito pa gawo lonse la Greece ndi Rome, koma anapulumuka makope yekha, kusungidwa mu Egypt: nyengo ya dziko uyu ali pa zinthu zosachedwa thandizo ndi zotsatira zochepa choopsa.

Chifukwa zinthu mwapadera mu Nile Valley, akatswiri olemba mbiri yakale komanso anatha alidziwe "Constitution la ku Atene" Aristotle, Latin ndakatulo "Alcestis Barcelona", ena mwa ntchito za Menander ndi Philodemos Gadarskogo. Mipukutu ndi zitsanzo izi mabuku akale apezeka ku Iguputo.

akamaliza nyengo

Evolution, amene anali wakale TV, kodi chilili. mipukutu ankagwiritsa ntchito mu East mpaka BC VIII atumwi. Komabe, mu Europe kumayambiriro Ages Middle izo m'malo mwa sing'anga kujambula pa khungu la nyama. Iye ankalimbikitsa monga lalifupi alumali moyo wa amtunduwu (anapitiriza osaposa zaka 200), ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zomera ku Egypt.

Khungu la nyama monga woyang'anira ndi

Zikopa anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma V. BC. e. mu Persia. Kuchokera apo iye anali mu Ancient Greece, kumene anakhala m'malo yogwira ndi II m'ma BC. Iwo anali pa nthawi ino, Egypt laletsa ndi katundu wa amtunduwu ku dziko. Posankha zoti zidzatsogolera ku kutamandira Library of Alexandria poyerekeza ndi ili ku Pergamo mu Asia Minor. Kenako Agiriki ndi Aperisiya anakumbukira Kutulukira awo, akweza sayansi ndipo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kusungiramo sing'anga wa khungu nyama ndipo ankatchedwa "zikopa". Mu Greece, kupanga ake ntchito zikopa mwapadera ankachitira a nkhosa ndi mbuzi.

pepala nyengo

Zikopa ntchito yaikulu mapepala kwa nucleation yosindikiza. Ndiyeno nthawi zina skinning nyama ntchito limodzi ndi pepala. Komabe, kuchulukitsa kwa kupanga zikopa kwachititsa pang'onopang'ono kuisiya mokomera TV latsopano.

pepala, malinga ndi mbiri Chinese, kupangidwa mu oyambirira chachiwiri m'ma AD, Moredekai Lun. zofukulidwa m'mabwinja, Koma amasonyeza ndi chiyambi kale zakuthupi (za II m'ma BC). Moredekai Lun, malinga ndi mfundo ano, zipangizo zatsopano anapanga pepala mtengo ndi cholimba kwambiri. Kupanga ndondomeko ya mapepala ndiye kuimaliza kukonza: waukulu zopangira (nsalu, phulusa, hemp) anayamba kuwonjezera zomatira, wowuma ndi mitundu wothandizira. Ambiri Komabe, zikuchokera pepala ano si wosiyana kwambiri choyambirira.

Mu zaka XI-XII latsopano TV uthenga unafika kwa Europe ndi kuwathamangitsa zikopa. Ndi chitukuko cha makina yopanga pepala anayamba kuculuka kwambiri. kusinthika Komanso izi chonyamulira zambiri wakhala kukuchitika chifukwa choti njira bwino kupanga pang'onopang'ono kusintha kwa bukuli kuti kupanga makina.

Today pepala pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa Akhristu digito ndi zipangizo. Khalidwe lalikulu la atolankhani ku nthawi yathu - kuchuluka kuiwalidwa. Paper pang'ono ndi pang'ono kutaya tanthauzo lake, ngakhale amapangidwa akali ambirimbiri. Zikopa ndi gumbwa, zithunzi mosavuta pa intaneti, chinthu chakale, ngakhale kale ntchito lero mwa ojambula zithunzi. Mbiri ya TV zikusonyeza chilakolako cha anthu kuti apite patsogolo ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zotsatira kwambiri moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.