Yoyenera gudumu mayikidwe. Zotsatira pa drivability

gudumu mayikidwe kumathandiza chachikulu cha machitidwe a galimoto - ndi kulemekeza, iwo adzapatsa moyo wa zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu, komanso kusintha chitonthozo cha galimoto. Koma ambiri sakumvetsa mmene kuwatsatira ndipo kodi kuchita.

Kodi bwanji?

Choncho, gudumu ayenera wokwera ndendende perpendicular kwa panjira, ndiponso gudumu mayikidwe kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino kulola kuti tikhale okhazikika m'chikhulupiriro pazipita, ndi kupereka kukana kochepa. Komanso, mogwirizana ndi lamulo limeneli kumachepetsa avale tayala ndi mafuta, amenenso ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa ntchito ya galimoto. Mwatsoka, yolangiza sizingatheke.

Wheel mayikidwe amasinthasintha pa kusintha mu msewuwo, katundu, kapena pa ngodya zosiyanasiyana, choncho okonza kuika mu galimoto angapo magawo osiyana tipeze malo mulingo woyenera m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa magawo izi zakonzedwa kuti mfundo zonse, pokhala winayo gudumu mayikidwe zikhoza kusintha pa machitidwe a galimoto.

Mu magalimoto amakono ndi chiyani kokha kupereka kusintha a magawo monga chala, koma zikuoneka kuti kukhala mbali zabwino, palinso zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chifukwa kumawononga thupi kapena wosweka thupi Masamu galimotoyo, izo zikhoza kuchitidwa gudumu mayikidwe, ndipo ngati kusintha ikuchitika yekha mgwirizano, m'pofunika kuti agwire m'malo lathunthu la magawo bwanji, amene nthawi zambiri analibe mtengo.

Ngodya ya phula

Womwewo pakati ofukula ndi mzere umene umadutsa pakatikati pa kasinthasintha wa mayendedwe mpira, ndi zobala thandizo strut ndege kufanana kwa olamulira kotenga. Izi zimathandiza ziziyenda mawilo zamphamvu, ndiko kuti, amalola galimoto kusuntha mwachindunji ngati woyendetsa si akugwira chiongolero. Pakuti kumvetsa zithunzi caster anakumbukira yamoto kapena njinga imene Utsogoleri mzati ndi nthawi amatsamira kumbuyo, nchifukwa chake mu njira ya gululi, ngati anasiya kusintha kwa ngodya mawilo, iwo nthawi zonse amayesetsa kuti abwerere ku malo woongoka.

Ndi chifukwa caster ngati woyendetsa si akugwira chowongolero, galimoto akupita molunjika, ndipo pambuyo ponditembenukira gudumu wayamba basi kubwerera ku malo muyezo. Ngati inu kusintha kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi magudumu kutsogolo, ndiye galimoto kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kusamalira, chifukwa muyenera zonse galimoto yomwe si ntchito yotopetsa, osati kokha kwa dalaivala komanso matayala ake, amene zisathe mwamsanga mokwanira. Ngati caster ndi kuchuluka, ndiye makina adzayamba kupita pa msewu, ngati m'njira ndi mawilo kasinthasintha Pakufunika waukulu kwambiri thupi yaikulu. Kumene, zonsezi pamwambapa likukhudza kwambiri kumbuyo gudumu galimoto galimoto imene chitsulo chogwira matayala kutsogolo ndi malamulo penapake mosiyana, chifukwa yaing'ono kutsogolo-gudumu caster n'kopindulitsa zabwino kuti ziziyenda mawilo pa coasting ndi pamene braking mwadzidzidzi kapena lateral katundu.

Ngati kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi magudumu zamphamvu ndi kukhazikitsidwa molakwika, galimoto wayamba kupita mu njira za kayendedwe, ndi dalaivala adzayenera khama khama kutembenukira galimoto yake ku lamanzere ndi lamanja mbali.

Camber ngodya

Womwewo pakati pa ndege ofukula ndi kasinthasintha wa gudumu. M'mawu ena, kaya ndondomeko kuyenda kapena katundu n'kusintha linapendekeka pachithandara ndi levers unsembe kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi magudumu zamphamvu wachibale msewu ikufunika malire mwasankha. Ngati kumtunda kwa gudumu kumbali kunja kugwa otchedwa zabwino, ndipo ngati linapendekeka inwards - negative. Ngati pali zolakwika iliyonse kuyambira dongosolo, amene analimbikitsa ndi deta gudumu mayikidwe, galimotoyo kuyamba kutenga ku mbali, ndipo pali m'goli kuyenda avale.

mgwirizano

Ndi makona pakati pa galimoto kotenga olamulira ndi gudumu kasinthasintha ndege. Khazikitsa gudumu kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino chala walola kuti tikwaniritse udindo zolondola imathamanga, ndiponso kaya choyendetsa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za galimoto. Ngati pali mgwirizano bwino, izi amakwiya ndi avale sawtooth pa gawo lakunja la kuyenda, pamene njira zoipa chimodzimodzi zotsatira zofanana lamkati. Tikumbukenso kuti pamene mavuto angayambe kukuwa matayala pa cornering yafupika controllability galimoto, ndi mafuta kwambiri kumawonjezera, popeza pali kochulukira anagubuduza kulimbikira mawilo kutsogolo, lomwe limakhudza anthu galimoto coasting.

Kuwonjezera awa, palinso kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zimenezi, amene ndi osafunika - gululi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi displacements mu nkhwangwa umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Ngati pagalimoto ndi anakumana ndi mavuto, muyenera kutumiza galimoto zovalazo galimoto, komwe kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino kwa mawilo adzakhala kufufuzidwa ndi akatswiri. "Nissan" ndi apamwamba magalimoto ena lina imvera mavuto ofanana, ndi ngati zambiri kuposa m'pofunika kukonza kuyimitsidwa kapena kubwezeretsa thupi la galimoto.

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani lamulo ikuchitika?

Mu magalimoto ambiri Nissan zopangidwa, Vaz, ndipo ena amene sanali okonzeka ndi kuyimitsidwa "McPherson", kugwa kwa mawilo kutsogolo zambiri yaing'ono mtengo zabwino (kwa ^{0 kuti} 45), potero kuchepetsa khama pa chiwongolero, komanso yafupika kutengerapo kuti kum'patula onse a jerks. Ngati galimoto ali opareshoni kuyimitsidwa "McPherson", magudumu n'zosathandiza zoipa camber.

Mu ntchito mfundo zosiyanasiyana za kuyimitsidwa zagonjetsedwa kwa avale zachilendo ndipo kuichotsa, anaphwanya unsembe kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino. N'chifukwa chake nthawi (malinga ndi malangizo) amafunika kuyeza kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi magudumu kumbuyo ndipo ngati n'koyenera, kuthana ndi lamulo awo.

Kawirikawiri "unscheduled" kusintha chofunika magalimoto amakono pambuyo kugunda ndi mitundu yonse ya maenje kapena zopinga, ndipo pambuyo kutenga mbali pa ngozi imene zinachititsa kuwonongeka kwa thupi. Ngati inu munazindikira kusintha kulikonse mu khalidwe la makina chifukwa Zikatero, muyenera yomweyo kutumiza ku siteshoni utumiki.

Komanso, chigweranso kuti tiyenera kupita ku "razvalschikam" pambuyo mbali n'kuyamba kuyimitsidwa ndi chiwongolero, zokhudza udindo wa mawilo.

Ngati mulibe anakumana ndi aliyense wa milandu pamwamba, koma inu mukuganiza kuti magawo a gudumu mayikidwe anagwiriridwa, ndiye kuyesa kudziwa zinthu zikusinthira ndi kumvetsetsa zomwe mwina pambuyo ndi kusintha khalidwe la galimoto. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mungagwiritse ntchito magudumu ena, mu nkhani ya vutoli angayambe kugwedera ndi m'goli kuyenda avale. Komanso Dziwani kuti pamene osakwanira kumangika kwa gudumu akapichi galimoto, nthawi zina kugwedeza, ndi kuwonjezera, tayala zopindika, masaizi osiyana, dongosolo ndipo ngakhale digiri ya mpope angathe kuyambitsa khalidwe nthenda ya galimoto yanu panjira.

Ngati galimoto anabwerera ndi padera, nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa braking la mawilo, komanso chifukwa walephera limagwirira nanyema, pamene wosweka absorbers mantha m'mavuto khalidwe la galimoto yanu panjira. Lolemera kasinthasintha chilimbikitso ndi chifukwa mavuto actuator hayidiroliki, ndipo kuchepa mu ndodo, kunja chifukwa cha mayendedwe gudumu.

Choncho, sikuti nthawi zonse ndi "tchimo" mu kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ya magudumu. Miphika ndi magalimoto ena m'banja makamaka atengeke chotero wonongeka, choncho ndi bwino kuyamba afufuze nawo.

Kodi kukonza?

Choyamba, yesani kupeza ambuye kwenikweni akatswiri, ndipo musawaletse kuyang'ana kwa anthu ndi zida zabwino ndi nthandala. Adzigwira anasankha malinga ndi zosowa zawo, monga mukatero kulipira chimene iwe osanena amafuna.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati makina ndi bwino, ndipo inu mukufuna kuti ayendele ndi kusintha chala, si ntchito 3D-kumbali udindo wa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino gudumu. Katswiri wodziwa kwambiri kupirira mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe ndodo ndi muyezo Matola, ndi chifukwa chomwecho adzadzipereka ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri. Ngati mukufuna kufufuza masamu onse, pali kale amafuna zida apadera.

Kodi zida?

Waima, amene kufufuzidwa gudumu mayikidwe ndi kusintha, anawagawa mitundu iwiri chachikulu - kompyuta ndi kuwala. Aliyense mwina ali mbali yake ndi ubwino.

kuwala

nthandala amenewa anawagawa m'magulu awiri - laser ndi mtengo. M'mbuyomu monga kuwala gwero ndi filament nyale. magwero awiri akuyang'ana magudumu, ndi mbali ndipo kutsogolo kwa galimoto wokwera kuyeza zowonetsera limene mtengo kuwunika ntchito. Pamene motsatira kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino magudumu a galimoto, matabwa a akuuzidwa kuti chingwe bala, inali kutsogolo kwa makina. Laser komanso ali olondola ndi iwo savuta ntchito ndi mwini yekha. Mbali ya Nyamulani kapena dzenje wokwera zowonetsera metering pakati umene dzenje wapangidwa, amene lasers ndi akuuzidwa pa wina ndi mzake. Mawilo wokwera galasi limene cheza cha zikugwirizananso pa zowonetsera.

The ntchito mabenchi kuwala ndi osavuta kumva komanso lodalirika ntchito ndi mtengo wotsika, koma kuipa zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, iwo sakhala zolondola poyerekeza ndi kompyuta, ungatithandizire imodzi yokha ndi olamulira makamaka galimoto, ndi Musapereke kuti n'kutheka kuti ntchito m'munsi wapadera zitsanzo deta. Mwa zina, iwo alibe kuthekera kuyeza magawo angapo zomwe wonse "Masamu" galimoto. Choncho, ngati galimoto ndi opareshoni Mipikisano kugwirizana kuyimitsidwa, fufuzani ndi kusintha kwa mawilo pa mabenchi kuwala ndi contraindicated.

kompyuta

Mtundu wa kumbali alinso subspecies awiri - ndi 3D ndi CCD (a Sankhapo). M'mbuyomu pa chilichonse gudumu atathana kuyeza mitu, amene deta adzakhala kukonzedwa ndi kompyuta. Mwa njira ntchito ndi kugwirizana kwa matabwa kungakhale Cordova mitu ndi infuraredi yikidwa mawaya kapena mafoni. Mtundu otsiriza panopa ndi ambiri, koma pamene inu kusankha ayenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti mpaka lero nthawi zina kompyuta aima ndi kuzungulira lotseguka amene ali ndi magwiridwe a kwambiri poipa, poyerekeza ndi zipangizo kutsekedwa.

Ubwino ya nthandala kompyuta ndi zoonekeratu: multitasking, kwambiri mkulu molondola, luso kuyeza makhalidwe kwambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito Nawonso achichepere mosalekeza kusinthidwa. Komanso Dziwani kuti chida ntchito ndi pulogalamu apadera limene limatiuza zimango zinayendera. Koma zosonyezera opanda kuipa - alili masensa m'malo ikhoza iwo amadalira kuwala ndi kutentha zinthu.

Ndi makompyuta 3D-Nthandala zinachitika kwenikweni kusintha m'munda wa kuyezetsa ndi mawilo mayikidwe. Pa kauntala kutsogolo kwa galimoto chili kamera wapadera kuti amalola kuti kukonza malo a mipherezero pulasitiki chimawala pa mawilo molondola wangwiro. Kuyeza ngodya, chabe kukwera galimoto mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo masentimita 20-30 chabe, ndiyeno nkutembenuka pa chiongolero mu madera osiyana. Pambuyo pake, zimene kuwapeza makamera kanema mosamala kukonzedwa ndi kompyuta, amvekere zofunika magawo geometrical mu nthawi yeniyeni. luso amenewa chimatchedwa "makina masomphenya".

mwapadera ziperekedwe chakuti masiku ano 3D-kusonyezedwa, mosiyana ndi ena, sasamalira kufunika akomere galimoto pa mwangwiro lathyathyathya pamwamba.

chipango chabwino

Anatumiza kwa alignments angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha ngati inu mu wabwino chiwongolero ndi kuyimitsidwa ndi pamaso kusintha idzachitike, mbuye ayenera kufufuzidwa magawo awa. makina adzafikira pa Matola, ndiyeno katswiri amafufuza ndi amasuntha mawilo, levers, ndodo, akasupe ndi kuchita khamu zochita zina zofunika.

Ndi kuvomerezedwa chimaonekera ndipo ngati n'koyenera, anabweretsa mwakale tayala. Pamene anthuwo kuvutika ndi waukulu kwambiri, kapena kuwonongeka thupi mbali katswiri ayenera kwenikweni kusiya ndondomeko ndi kukana kwa kasitomala mu kusintha ngati simungathe kuthetsa vuto pa malopo.

Ngati akadali sanapezeke chosayenerera aliyense, galimoto wokwera pa nsanja yopingasa, ndiyeno yodzaza mogwirizana kwambiri ndi malangizo a opanga galimotoyo. M'mawu ena, ngati chomera inali kutchulidwa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino kwa katundu yeniyeni, padzakhala kuphwanya mwachindunji akuyesa kukonza iwo kwathunthu kanthu makina. Kukhazikitsa mbali kuyimitsidwa mu ntchito udindo wake woyamba ndi mphamvu prozhimayut, kukanikiza kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kwa galimoto. Kupewa machimo akuluakulu pa miyezo ya, ikuchitika kuyambirira runout malipilo kanthu pa zomwe maimidwe ikuchitika kusintha. Kuchita njirayi ndi anaika mbuye olamulira, magudumu atathana gauges, ndiyeno iwo mpukutu. Pa masiku ano 3D-waima malipilo ikuchitika popanda atapachikidwa ndi makina anagubuduza mu madera osiyana ndi 20-30 cm.

Kodi kusintha?

Popeza kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino unsembe ndi zogwirizana pamene kusintha akatswiri amayesetsa kutsatira ndondomeko yeniyeni kwambiri. Choyamba pali lamulo Kasitolo, ndiyeno kusintha ndi kale pansi njira camber ndi chala. Ambiri a magalimoto amakono yachilendo ikuchitika yekha kuika chizindikiro lomaliza.

Kusintha Kasitolo zikuphatikizapo kusintha chiwerengero cha zolinga, ndi mawilo a galimoto braked braking system (koma osati handbrake) - izo ntchito mu zokambirana odzipereka ngo loko. Ndipotu, Kasitolo kusintha ndondomeko ndi imodzi mwa nthawi yambiri kuti 'razvalschikov "kumafunika nthawi, ndi zina zambiri sindimakonda izo. Akatswiri ena akhoza ngakhale kudula zolinga ndi chisel, pamene ena chabe saika pa Kasitolo kapena kuyesa kutsimikizira makasitomala awo kuti ngodya ichi mu dongosolo, kotero izo ziri zonse zofunika kukhala maso.

Kusintha camber pawiri wishbones ikuchitika monga momwe zinalili ndi Kasitolo. Pa kuyimitsidwa wa mtundu "MacPherson" nthawi zambiri kusintha camber ikuchitika mwa onsewo wapadera eccentric bawuti, imene pachithandara ali yomatidwa ndi knuckle, koma embodiments zina ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ena zitsanzo, m'malo bawuti ndi wapadera Wopanda limagwirira kapena kusintha mchitidwe akhoza adzaikidwa m'tsinde mwa ndalezo lapansi. Palinso machenjerero oterewa imene kusintha camber imagwiridwa ndi kusuntha kuchitira ozungulira.

Musanayambe agwire kusintha kwa mgwirizano, katswiri ayenera kaye mu malo pakati pachithandara, ndi mawilo ayenera kudzongoka, ndipo chili ndi loko wapadera. The kusintha opangidwa ndi kusintha kasinthasintha lumikiza Onyamula Zazitali Ayi mbali iliyonse (Mulimonsemo osati ndi Audio). chisonyezo lamanja la ntchito ndi mwachindunji chiwongolero udindo popanda chinyengo chilichonse zoyenda liniya. Osachepera malinga Mbali imeneyi inu nthawi zonse kudziwa kusintha kotani, ndipo ngati iwo angakhoze kuthana ndi mavuto pa khalidwe ulendo kunachitidwa.