Zitsanzo zoyamba. Atavism ndi zoyamba: Zitsanzo

Atavism ndi zoyamba zitsanzo za tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino ndi umboni wosatsutsika zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha zamoyo. chiyani mfundo izi ndi zimene ndi tanthauzo la anatulukira sayansi yamakono?

umboni wa kusanduka

Evolution akutchedwa ndondomeko sizingasinthe chitukuko cha zamoyo zonse kuchokera ku zocholoŵana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa nthawi majeremusi m'malo mzake. M'badwo uliwonse wotsatira uli ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri kwa nyumba, zimene zinachititsa kuti anatengera awo mikhalidwe yatsopano ya moyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zamoyo za thupi mayunitsi osiyana taxonomic ayenera mbali mofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, forelimbs mbalame ndi pinnipeds nyama zigwirizana dipatimenti chomwecho. Izi phewa, mkono ndi dzanja. Koma chifukwa mbalame ndinazolowera kuuluka Maphunzirowa iwo lidzasinthidwa mapiko, ndipo m'madzi okhala mutates mu lasty.Takie otchedwa ziwalo magazi.

Umboni wina wa zasokoneza ofanana. Choncho, tizilombo ndiponso mileme ndi mapiko. Koma poyamba zichokera kwa minofu zaminyewa, ndi yamasika ndi khungu makutu pakati kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo m'makona. Matupi amenewa ali m'zipembedzo zosiyana, koma iwo ali mbali wamba kapangidwe ndi ntchito. zodabwitsazi adanyamuka kusiyana kwa maonekedwe kapena divergence.

Atavisms zoyamba ndi maphunziro kunaonekera poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi komanso ndi umboni mwachindunji kwa ubale ndi moyo weniweni.

Kodi rudiment?

Akuluakulu ena akunena kuti "anayamba achikalekale." Izi zikutanthauza - sikokwanira kukhazikitsa zonse ntchito ankafuna. Ndipotu zoyamba otchedwa akuluakulu, amene m'kupita kwa kusanduka zilibe tanthauzo awo oyambirira. Pa dzanja limodzi, iwo amakonzedwa pamlingo winawake, ndi pa zina - ali pa siteji ikutha. Zitsanzo Chitsanzo kuchotsako kwa - kusintha mu mawonekedwe a khutu ndi mlingo wa chitukuko cha minofu yozungulira izo. makolo athu miniti iliyonse kunali kofunika kumvera njira ya ngozi kapena ayambe yaitali. Choncho, zitheke anali pachimake, ndi minofu kupereka kayendedwe ake. luso masiku ano kupotokera makutu silingakhale ntchito pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Choncho, anthu maluso amenewa amapezeka kwambiri kawirikawiri.

Zitsanzo zoyamba anthu ndi nyama

ziwalo underdeveloped chibadidwe makolo anapeza nyama zambiri zokwanira. Zitsanzo zoyamba - ndi kukhalapo anthu a coccyx, ndilo otsalira a mchira msana, komanso mano nzeru kwa kutafuna coarse ndi chakudya unprocessed. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ife pafupifupi sindigwiritsa ntchito mbali zina za thupi. Zakumapeto - ndi rudiment, munthu ankati tinatengera kwa herbivores. Mbali iyi ya dongosolo m'mimba secrete michere ndi kumatanthauza ndondomeko makhalidwe oipa, koma poyerekeza ndi makolo athu ndithu adzafupikitsidwa. Yerekezerani munthu, m'litali avareji za 10 cm, ndi nkhosa kapena ngamila - ndi mamita angapo.

List of zoyamba anthu akupitiriza chikope lachitatu. Nyama zokwawa nyumba imeneyi moisturises kuyeretsa akunja maso chipolopolo. Anthu, komabe ali ndi kukula yaing'ono, ndipo ntchito pamwamba zimagwiridwa ndi chikope chapamwamba. Mbali ndi chilonda pa munthu pamwamba pa thambo - ndi zoyambira za mzere lotsatira mano, limene munthu kufunika.

Zoyamba nyama umabisika m'nyumba thupi hindlimbs anamgumi halters ndi tizilombo dipteran kotoryeya awiri mapiko ali zinasintha. Koma njoka miyendo sunayambe, chifukwa chifukwa peculiarities wa kachitidwe kawo oporono galimoto, kufunika iwo palibe kwathunthu.

Zoyamba: zithunzi za zomera

ziwalo Vestigial ndi zomera. Mwachitsanzo, udzu mphasa ali pomwepo kenaka bwino anakamba, chomwe ndi kuthawa mobisa ndi internodes elongated. Ndi bwino looneka mamba ang'onoang'ono, amene achikalekale masamba. Monga mobisa izo sizingakhoze ntchito yake zofunika - kukwaniritsidwa kwa dzuwa, ndiye mu chitukuko Sikuti. Rudiment achikalekale pistil ali mu mawonekedwe a tubercle mu staminate maluwa nkhaka.

Kodi atavism?

Umboni wina kusanduka ili ndi throwback. Tikhoza kunena kuti mfundo imeneyi ndi zosemphana zoyamba. Atavism otchedwa mawonetseredwe mu anthu makhalidwe khalidwe la makolo awo. pamaso pawo linasonyeza pamlingo winawake zimakhalira mwa mibadwo. Mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko embryonic ndipo ali ndi mchira ndi gill m'mapaketi. Ngati embryogenesis amapezeka molondola, nyumba awa adzaleka kukhala. Ngati kuphwanya citukuko kuwala angaoneke anthu ndi mbali uncharacteristic structural. Choncho, tailed mnyamata ndi munthu amphibian - osati chabe zongopeka.

atavism munthu

Kuwonjezera pa maonekedwe a mchira ankaikira atavism anthu ndi thupi amaika tsitsi. Nthawi zina ndi apamwamba kuposa zachibadwa. Pali milandu pamene tsitsi anali TACHIMATA ndi thupi lonse kupatula m'manja ndi mapazi. Atavism ankaona ndi zochitika za zina zopangitsa mammary pa thupi, ndipo ngati angayambe akazi ndi amuna onse. Mbali imeneyi anachokera ku nyama, imene ana ambiri anabadwa. Choncho pali kufunika kuti akatenge onsewo nthawi imodzi. Anthu, palibe amenewa.

Mzere wachiwiri mano - komanso zimaonetseratu chibadidwe makolo athu akumidzi. Mwachitsanzo, Nsombayo mizere angapo. Izi ndi zofunika kwa anthu ogwirira imayenera analanda ndi kugwira nyama. Pali maganizo tinganene kuti ndi throwback ndi microcephaly. Ndi matenda majini lomwe limapezeka kuchepetsa ubongo kukula ndipo mutu. Pankhaniyi, ena onse thupi kufanana ndi zabwinobwino. Iyi imalimbikitsa retardation maganizo.

Man pryavlyaet zizindikiro za nyama mu mawonekedwe a bongo. Mwachitsanzo, hiccups bokosi ankaikira achule wakale. Zimenezi zinali zofunikira kuti iwo pochitika madzi dongosolo kupuma. A reflex kumvetsa, amene makamaka bwino Analimbikitsa ana, kumasonyeza chotero nyama. Iwo nditagwira tsitsi makolo awo, osati kutaika.

Atavism za nyama ndi zomera

Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe a makhalidwe makolo nyama ndi maonekedwe a nkhosa kapena kunsana miyendo mu zinsomba. Ichi ndi chitsimikizo cha magwero a nyama pa zinatha nyama hoofed. Atavism ndi chitukuko cha zala zina mahatchi ano, kusuntha miyendo njoka ndi abuluzi legless. Primroses nthawi zina anali ndi kuchuluka kwa stamens ndi 10. Choncho chambiri makolo a zomera ano. Ngakhale njira zamakono 5 stamens.

Zimayambitsa kusintha zamoyo zinachita

Monga mukuonera, zoyamba ndi atavism zimachitika mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera. Izi zikusonyeza pamlingo winawake zimakhalira pakati mayunitsi osiyana taxonomic mu ufumu chomwecho. kusintha chisinthiko nthawi zonse zimachitika malangizo a kuwonjezeka Kuvuta, kotero kuti zamoyo amatha bwino azolowere zinthu zachilengedwe kapena inyi.

Taganizirani chitsanzo cha zoyamba ndi atavism, taona mu dongosolo m'dera la dziko organic ndi kugwirizana kwa zamoyo zinachita kusintha.