Kodi rudiment? Zoyamba ndi atavism - quirks zachilengedwe kapena umboni kusintha?

Kodi rudiment? gawo ili la chomera kapena chinyama thupi, salinso imagwira ntchito yake, chomwe cholinga. Zamoyo ndisefukira nyumba vestigial, ndi kuphunzira awo amapereka mwayi china kutsimikizira kusanduka.

Zitsanzo zoyamba mu dziko nyama

ndi zoyamba chiyani? Zitsanzo zikhoza kupezeka paliponse. Mwachitsanzo, dandelions, ngakhale kubereka popanda umuna, ali ndi maluwa ndi mawonekedwe mungu. Mwa tizilombo angapezeke kafadala flightless amene athanzi mapiko zibisika pansi pa elytra olimba zinaphatikizidwa.

Zokwawa monga pythons, akadali ndi mafupa a chiuno vestigial, osati Ufumuyo kwa vertebrae (monga inakhala kwambiri) - izo basi amayandama mu zonse m'mimba. Umenewu ndi umboni wakuti njoka kusanduka kuchokera zokwawa anayi-miyendo. Ena abuluzi ali achikalekale, vestigial miyendo pansi pa khungu lawo kuti ali imperceptible kuchokera kunja.

nyama zambiri ndi maso achikalekale. Mwachitsanzo, mphanga m'madzi anthu monga nsomba (tetra Mexico ndi mitundu salamander Typhlotriton spelaeus ndi Proteus anguinus), wakhungu, koma ndi achikalekale maso vestigial. Maso Mexico tetra ndi mandala, osachiritsika diso ndi mitsempha chamawonedwe. Akhungu salamanders ndi maso ndi ana a kuunika kunja ndi chatsekedwa zikope.

Zinsomba ndi mafupa a chiuno vestigial ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Mafupa mwendo alipo mu thupi mwa chinsomba, koma osati Ufumuyo ena mafupa a. M'malo mwake, iwo ali chabe mbali minofu nyama. Ndi pangano kwa zamoyo wa zinsomba kwa makolo lapadziko, imfa kuipa wa miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mafupa a chiuno. Onse amene amakhalabe achikalekale mu zinsomba ano, ndi zotsalira za nyumba izi.

kuchotsako anthu

Kodi rudiment? Mbali imeneyi ya thupi, pakutayika mu kasinthidwe cholinga chake mwachindunji, monga zakumapeto anthu, amene anatumikirapo ntchito yofunika, ndipo acita zoipa koposa zabwino. The coccyx ndi otsalira a mafupa mchira wa makolo a anyani - ndi gawo yotsalira ya mchira embryonic, amene anapanga mu thupi la munthu, ndiye linakwiriridwa ndi "kudya" ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi. Koma anthu ena, ngakhale yosowa kwambiri, amabadwa ndi michira (atavism).

Anthu ena kupotokera makutu awo, ngakhale chuma ichi ndi chibadidwe amphaka ndi nyama zina ndi chofunika kuti kutanthauzira mawu pamene kusaka. Makolo a anthu kudziwika kwa akhala zamiyendo Inayi, ndipo mano anafunikira kutafuna ndi akupera mbewu zakudya. Oposa 90% ya akulu onse ndi otchedwa nzeru mano. Izi mano achabechabe zina kukula bwino ndipo angathe kuyambitsa kupweteka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri anthu chabe tichotse iwo.

Maonekedwe a "tokhala tsekwe" anthu ndi chizindikiro achikalekale. Zimenezi zambiri kumachitika pamene ozizira kapena mantha. Minofu m'tsinde mwa tsitsi lililonse kuchita kuchotsa tsitsi mmwamba. Nyama, ntchito imeneyi akugwirizana ndi posungira kutentha. Vuto lomwelo angagwe ngati nyama ndi kuopsezedwa. Panthawi imeneyi, "kuima mmwamba ubweya" amalola chirombo kuyang'ana kwambiri akuopsa ndipo pachiswe.

umboni wosatsutsika mfundo

Tikumbukenso kuti aliyense mitundu ali pedigree wapadera chifukwa chophunzira muyezo phylogenetic mtengo. Aliyense chamoyo ali wapadera mndandanda wa makolo wamba ochilumikiza nawo. Iwo ayenera kuyembekezera kuti zamoyo ndi umboni wa mbiri imeneyi pedigree. Kodi rudiment? Mu zamoyo, anatomical ili ndi mbali maselo amene sanali zinchito.

Kodi rudiment? Mwachitsanzo, mapiko a mbalame ndi zovuta anatomical amazionera, nyumba, makamaka kusinthidwa kwa amphamvu ndege, koma pali mbalame zouluka sikudapatsidwa. A chitsanzo chapadera - ndi akadzidzi mapiko sipangakhalenso molimba otchedwa ziwalo vestigial, popeza safunikira ndege, koma moyenera pamene akuthamanga ndi kuvina mating.

zododometsa asayansi

nyumba Vestigial zotsatira mu naturalists mitu monsemu. Funso limeneli asayansi chidwi kale Darwin woyamba akufuna chiphunzitso chakuti chilengedwe magwero a mitundu. Asayansi ambiri maganizo XVIII-XIX atumwi, monga Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Georges-Lui Leklerk, Comte de A Buffon (1707-1788) ndipo Zhorzh Kyuve (1769-1832) akhala akuphunzira vutoli.

zaka makumi asanu pamaso buku la "The Origin of Species," Darwin, ndi lopambana French katswiri mu thunthu Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (1772-1844) analankhula nkhani ya mapiko vestigial la nthiwatiwa ndi cassowary. Iye anali patsikulo chifukwa chikhalidwe nthawi masamba "limafotokoza thupi," limene sanalinso ofunikira. Patapita zaka khumi, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) anapereka tanthauzo la ena nyumba vestigial mu "Philosophy Zoological".

atavism

Atavism ndi zina zokhudza chofuna kuchita kagulu ka zamoyo. Zitsanzo ndi anthu mchira (coccygeal ziyerekezo), zina kapena Ngati a Bakha zala, nthenda hairiness, minofu sublingual agalu ndi zina zotero. Ena majini Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa mwanayo, chabe deactivated atabadwa. ndi zoyamba ndi atavism chiyani? Iyi ndi kunsonga ya madzi oundana umboni wa kusanduka.

makhalidwe Atavism ndi:

1) pamaso pa siteji wamkulu wa moyo;

2) pakalibe zizindikiro za kholo kapena makolo posachedwapa;

3) m'chipani kwambiri mu anthu.

Mmodzi wa atavism chidwi kwambiri ndi michira anthu. Ena zofewa uli minofu, mitsempha ya magazi ndi misempha. Nthawi zina kupezeka chichereŵechereŵe. michira awa akhoza kuchotsedwa opaleshoni. Ndi Atavisms monga kuchuluka kwa nsonga zamabele (2-x).

masamu a kusanduka

Kodi mu zoyamba za sayansi? Ndi akuluakulu, anataya cholinga chawo mwachindunji ndipo salinso kukwaniritsa ntchito zawo mwachindunji. Ngati zamoyo onse anachokera kwa kholo limodzi, ndiye imfa kapena kupeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi nyumba amayamba ndi macroevolution mbiri.