Zowonjezera Technology: kufotokoza, tanthauzo, ndipo ntchito zimaonetsa mavoti. umisiri zowonjezera makampani

luso 3D-yosindikiza unayamba mu 1986, pamene kampani 3D Systems njira yoyamba wapadera chosindikizira - stereolithography makina, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani a chitetezo. Makina oyamba anali okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi kusankha mfundo za chilengedwe cha zitsanzo zochepa. Kukula mofulumira yosindikiza atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena anayamba ndi chitukuko cha kamangidwe luso (CAD) anapezazo ndi kayeseleledwe (CAE) ndi Machining (kamera). Ndipo lero n'kovuta kupeza malo a ulimi, umene sibwenzi ntchito 3D-osindikiza :. Gwiritsani ntchito kubala mbali ya ndege, spacecraft, sitima zankhondo, zipangizo, ziwalo ndi amadzala, zodzikongoletsera, etc. The chiyembekezo ndi zoonekeratu - luso zowonjezera posachedwapa adzakhala patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga makina zomangamanga .

Mayiko kutsogolera a dziko kukhala wochitachita mu 3D-anagona. Choncho, mu 2012, Yangstoune, Ohio, anatsegula National luso Institute zowonjezera kupanga NAMII - likulu loyamba la umisiri zowonjezera fifitini opangidwa mu United States. Machine paki Institute kale 10 makina zowonjezera, atatu amene makina zotsogola kulenga mbali zitsulo.

Terminology ndi gulu

Akamanena za luso zowonjezera ndi kuphatikiza zipangizo kulenga zinthu kafukufuku 3D-chitsanzo wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza. Ichi ndi chosiyana kuchokera njira ochiritsira subtractive kupanga akwanitse Machining - kuchotsa zinthu workpiece lapansi.

luso zowonjezera zimagawidwa:

• ndi zipangizo ntchito (madzi, particulate, polymeric, zitsulo ufa);
• ndi kukhalapo kwa laser ya;
• ndi njira kukonza wosanjikiza zomangamanga (zotsatira ikukhudzana walitsa ndi ultraviolet kapena kuwala looneka ndi binder zikuchokera);
• ndi njira mapangidwe wosanjikiza wa.

Pali njira ziwiri za n'kupanga wosanjikiza a. Chifukwa choyamba ndi nsanja woyamba udzathiridwa pa zinthu ufa, ndi analigawa kapena wodzigudubuza mpeni kuti alenge ngakhale wosanjikiza anakhumba makulidwe zakuthupi. Zimachitika kusankha laser ufa processing kapena njira zina za particles ufa pawiri (limatsogolera kapena gluing) mogwirizana ndi gawo panopa CAD-zitsanzo. Yomanga ndege lomweli silinasinthe, ndi ena a ufa silinasinthe. Zimenezi amatchedwa kusankha kaphatikizidwe komanso kusankha laser sintering, ngati pawiri la chida ndi laser. Yachiwiri njira tichipeza mu mafunsidwe mwachindunji nkhani za mphamvu mwachidule mfundo.

Organization ASTM, amene akufotokozera mfundo makampani, ukugawa luso 3D-zowonjezera m'magulu 7.

1. Extruding zakuthupi. Pomanga mfundo za extruder preheated anadyetsa phala chuma, osakaniza binder ndi ufa zitsulo. Anamanga chitsanzo yosakongola aikidwa mu ng'anjo kuchotsa binder ndi sinter ufa - chimodzimodzi monga izo zimachitika mu njira zamakono za makolo. Njira imeneyi zowonjezera akuyendera pansi pa zotetezedwa MJS (Multiphase ndege solidification, multiphase ndege solidification), FDM (zinaphatikizidwa mafunsidwe Zitsanzo za Pakompyuta Zosonyeza, kayeseleledwe ndi layerwise kusakaniza), FFF (zinaphatikizidwa filament yonama, njira yopanga kusakaniza filaments).
2. Kupopera zakuthupi. Mwachitsanzo, mu Polyjet sera kapena luso photopolymer chifukwa Mipikisano ndege mutu umagwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga imeneyi. Njira imeneyi zowonjezera amatchedwanso NAC jetting Zofunika.
3. Kukonkha binder. Zikuphatikizapo ndege Inki-kwakusiyana-jekeseni luso pomanga zone si chitsanzo chuma, ndi binder wothandizila (zowonjezera kupanga luso ExOne).
4. Pawiri zipangizo pepala. Zomangila ndi polima film, zitsulo zojambulazo, pepala ndi ena. Izo ntchito Mwachitsanzo, mu akupanga luso zowonjezera Fabrisonic. mbale woonda zitsulo ndi welded pamodzi ndi ultrasound, kenako zitsulo owonjezera chikutha ndi mphero. luso zowonjezera ntchito molumikizana ndi subtractive.
5. Photopolymerization kusamba. sayansi amagwiritsa madzi mawerengeredwe zipangizo - photopolymer utomoni. Chitsanzo ndi SLA-luso kampani 3D KA DLP-luso Envisiontec kampani, Intaneti Kuwala kumanda.
6. Kusungunuka kwa nkhani wosanjikiza chisanadze anapanga. Ntchito SLS-luso, ntchito monga gwero la mphamvu laser kapena matenthedwe mutu (SHS kampani Blueprinter).
7. Direct mphamvu mwachidule kumalo a zomangamanga. Zofunika ndi mphamvu kudyetsedwa kwa mfundo zake limatsogolera ntchito yomanga imodzi. thupi ntchito monga mutu ntchito, zida ndi njira yabwino kupereka mphamvu ndi chuma. Mphamvu akubwera mu maonekedwe a mtengo wa nsanganizo za ma elekitironi (Sciaky) kapena laser mtengo (POM, Optomec,). Nthawi zina mutu wokwera pa "dzanja" la loboti lapansi.

Gawo ili ndi nkhani zambiri za ndondomeko ya mmene umisiri zowonjezera kuposa anthu m'mbuyomo.

Minda ya ntchito

zowonjezera luso msika mu mphamvu ya chitukuko patsogolo mafakitale ena. kukula pachaka pafupifupi 27%, malinga IDC kampani amanena kuti ndi 2019 adzakhala zopanda madola biliyoni 26,7 poyerekeza biliyoni 11 2015

Komabe, msika AT ali koma kuti awulule lingathe untapped kupanga katundu ogula. 10% ya magulu a mtengo wa yopanga katundu amadya prototyping ake. Ndipo mabwana ambiri kale izi gawo msika. Koma otsala 90% zipita kupanga kotero kulenga ofunsira kupanga mofulumira mankhwala adzakhala malangizo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha ntchito imeneyi m'tsogolo.

Mu 2014, chiwerengero cha umisiri mofulumira prototyping mu msika wa zowonjezera ngakhale kuchepa unakhalabe apamwamba - 35%, gawo la kupanga adakula mwamphamvu ndipo anafika 31% nawo chilengedwe cha zida anakhalabe anakhalabe pa 25%, mpumulo udzayesedwa kwa ndi kafukufuku ndi maphunziro.

Ndi kumabungwe chuma, ntchito AT zamakono anagawira motere:

• 21% - ogula malonda ndi zamagetsi;
• 20% - galimoto;
• 15% - mankhwala, kuphatikizapo mano;
• 12% - aeronautics ndi makampani malo opanga;
• 11% - kupanga njira yopanga;
• 8% - zida za nkhondo;
• 8% - mapangidwe;
• 3% - yomanga.

Amateurs ndi akatswiri

AT zamakono msika lagawidwa ankachita masewera ndi akatswiri. msika kwakung'ono zikuphatikizapo 3D-osindikiza mabuku ndi kukonza kwawo, womwenso utumiki, consumables, mapulogalamu, ndipo lapangidwa okonda munthu, maphunziro ndi zowonera maganizo ndi atsogolere kulankhulana pa siteji koyamba za chitukuko cha malonda latsopano.

Professional 3D-osindikiza mabuku ndi okwera mtengo ndi ali oyenera kubereka yaitali. Ali ndi lalikulu la zomangamanga ntchito molondola, kudalirika yaitali zipangizo zosiyanasiyana chitsanzo. makina Awa ndi zambiri zovuta ndipo amafuna kutukula luso ntchito ndi zipangizo okha, ndi zipangizo lachitsanzo mapulogalamu. Childs, woyendetsa za makina amadzasanduka katswiri umisiri zowonjezera ndi maphunziro apamwamba luso.

Zowonjezera Technology mu 2015

Malinga ndi lipoti Wohlers Report 2015, 1988 ndi 2014, 79.602 makampani a 3D-kusindikiza mabuku akhala mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. . Pa nthawi yomweyo 38,1% zipangizo ndalama zoposa 5 madola zikwi US ali ku USA, 9,3% - chifukwa Japan, 9,2% - kuti China, ndipo 8.7% - kwa Germany. Mpumulo wa dziko kuposa atsogoleri. Kuchokera mu 2007 mpaka 2014 voliyumu ya pachaka wa malonda a osindikiza kompyuta chinawonjezeka kuchoka 66 139 584 mayunitsi. Mu 2014, 91,6% ya malonda nkhani 3D-osindikiza kompyuta, ndi 8.4% - ntchito mafakitale opanga zowonjezera, phindu limene Komabe, nkhani 86,6% ya okwana, kapena biliyoni 1,12 madola US mawu mtheradi. makina kompyuta kukhutira miliyoni 173,2 madola US ndi 13.4%. Mu 2016, tingayembekezere kukula malonda kwa $ biliyoni 7.3, mu 2018 - biliyoni 12,7, mu 2020 msika lidzafika $ biliyoni 21,2.

Malinga Wohlers, FDM-luso chichitika, pafupifupi pafupifupi 300 zopangidwa lonse, tsiku lililonse kuwonjezera zosintha latsopano. Ena a iwo anagulitsa kwanuko okha, choncho zovuta, mwinanso kosatheka, kupeza mfundo za chiwerengero cha zopangidwa chopangidwa a 3D-osindikiza. Ndi chidaliro tikhoza kunena kuti chiwerengero chawo pa msika kumawonjezera tsiku lililonse likadutsa. Pali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri mu kukula ndi umisiri ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kampani Berlin umabala yaikulu BigRep FDM-chosindikizira otchedwa BigRep ONE.2 pa mtengo wa 36 chikwi. Yuro, angathe kusindikiza akutsutsa mpaka 900 × 1055 × 1100 mamilimita ndi Maganizo a 100-1000 microns, ndi extruders awiri ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Makampani - chifukwa

Makampani ndege ndi pakuika kwambiri kupanga zowonjezera lapansi. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zowonjezera kuchepetsa kumwa zipangizo ntchito pa ulimi wa magawo ndi nthawi 10. Zikuoneka kuti Ge Aviation kampani chaka kufalitsa 40 chikwi. Injectors. Ndipo Airbus ndi 2018 kampani ankati kusindikiza matani 30 a mbali pa mwezi. kampani limati patsogolo kwambiri makhalidwe a mbali chopangidwa m'njira poyerekeza chikhalidwe. Kunapezeka kuti bulaketi, yokonzedwa kwa matani 2.3 katundu zoona, chingathe kupirira katundu matani 14 pamene kuchepetsa kulemera kwake ndi theka. Komanso, kampani limafalitsa mfundo za pepala zotayidwa ndi zolumikizira mafuta. The ndege Airbus ali 60 chikwi. Zidutswa, ankasindikiza 3D-chosindikizira Stratasys Fortus Company. makampani ena Azamlengalenga makampani amagwiritsidwa ntchito zowonjezera luso kupanga. Pakati pawo: Bell ndege, BAE KA, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Azamlengalenga, General Mphamvu, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce ndi SpaceX.

Intaneti zowonjezera umisiri kale ntchito kupanga katundu osiyanasiyana ogula. Company matupi, kupereka zowonjezera kupanga mogwirizana ndi Hoet Eyeware mu kupanga magalasi masomphenya kudzudzulidwa ndi magalasi. 3D-zitsanzo Amawapatsa zosiyanasiyana ntchito mtambo. Only kampani 3D nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi Sketchup kupereka zitsanzo miliyoni 2,7. Musakhale mu chipani ndi makampani mafashoni. RS Sindikizani amagwiritsa dongosolo kuti amaona mavuto zidendene, kuti kusindikiza insoles payekha. Okonza ndi kuyesa mabikini, nsapato ndi zovala.

prototyping mofulumira

Pansi prototyping mofulumira kumvetsetsa chilengedwe cha mankhwala zinachitika mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka. Ndi mmodzi wa ntchito yaikulu ya umisiri zowonjezera kupanga. Zinachitika - ndi mtundu wa mankhwala chofunika kuti konza mawonekedwe a mbali za kuwunika kwake ergonomics, maluso yachinsinsi msonkhano ndi kulondola njira Kamangidwe. N'chifukwa chake kuchepetsa kupanga mbali moyo angathe kuchepetsa nthawi chitukuko. Komanso zinachitika angakhale chitsanzo anaikira kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ndi hydrodynamic kuyezetsa kapena magwiridwe yachinsinsi m'makola mwawo wa banja ndi zipangizo zachipatala. prototypes ambiri analengedwa monga zitsanzo kapangidwe exploratory ndi zina zabwino mu kasinthidwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ndi zina zotero. D. Pakuti prototyping mofulumira amagwiritsa yotchipa 3D-osindikiza.

kupanga mofulumira

The zowonjezera luso mu makampani ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu. Small lonse kupanga mankhwala ndi masamu komanso zipangizo zenizeni wamba mu shipbuilding ndi, mphamvu zomangamanga, opaleshoni reconstructive ndi mankhwala mano, makampani Azamlengalenga. Direct kulima mankhwala zitsulo yakeyi chifukwa kufunika zachuma, monga izi akafuna kupanga anali zosawonongetsa ndalama zambiri. Ndi ntchito ya umisiri zowonjezera kupanga ntchito matupi turbines ndi mikondo, amadzala ndi ziwalo, zida zosinthira magalimoto ndi ndege.

Kukula kwa kupanga mofulumira ndi chinathandizira kuwonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha kupezeka zipangizo zitsulo ufa. Ngati mu 2000 panali mitundu 5-6 ya ufa, tsopano amapereka osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa makumi mayendedwe kuchokera structural zitsulo ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi superalloys.

Zingamuthandize ndi zowonjezera luso mu luso lopanga, komwe angawapeze ntchito popanga zipangizo ndi zipangizo kupanga mndandanda - oyika kwa makina jekeseni akamaumba, amatha kuumba, zidindo.

Ultimaker 2 - yabwino 3D-chosindikizira mu 2016

Mu lingaliro la magazini Chip, yomwe imachitika kuyezetsa komanso poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe a m'nyumba ya 3D-osindikiza, osindikiza yabwino 2016 lachitsanzo Ultimaker ndi 2 makampani Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 kampani Conrad ndi Replicator Kompyuta 3D Printer kampani MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ mu bwino chitsanzo chake amagwiritsa kayeseleledwe luso ndi kusakaniza. 3D-chosindikizira losiyana laling'ono wosanjikiza makulidwe a 0,02 mm, yaing'ono nthawi mawerengedwe, otsika yosindikiza mtengo (2600 pakani pa makilogalamu 1 zakuthupi). Features mfundoyi:

• kukula kwa chipinda ntchito - 223 × 223 × 305 mamilimita;
• kulemera - 12,3 makilogalamu;
• mutu kukula - 0,25 / 0,4 / 0,6 / 0,8 mamilimita;
• kufa kutentha - 180-260 ° C;
• kusamvana wosanjikiza - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Sindikizani Liwiro - 8-24 mamilimita ³ / s;
• mwatsatanetsatane XYZ - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• zakuthupi - PLA, ABS, CPE awiri 2,85 mamilimita;
• Mapulogalamu - Cura;
• Mitundu file angatheke - STL, OBJ, AMF;
• Mphamvu mowa - 221 W;
• mtengo - 1895 yuro, ndi patsinde chitsanzo 2495 yuro imakula.

Malinga ndi ndemanga kasitomala, chosindikizira ndi kuwala kukhazikitsa ndi ntchito. Kukonderera mkulu kusamvana, kudzikonda kusintha bedi, lalikulu zosiyanasiyana za kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu lotseguka gwero. The kuipa monga chosindikizira kutsegula chosindikizira kamangidwe, zimenezi zingawachititse amayaka m'nkhani otentha.

Printer LulzBot Mini 3D

Mu ndemanga ya magazini PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 ndi Replicator Kompyuta 3D Printer apitambo pamwamba atatu, koma pano mu malo oyamba anali chosindikizira LulzBot Mini 3D Printer. specifications ake ali motere:

• kukula kwa chipinda ntchito - 152 × 152 × 158 mamilimita;
• Kulemera - 8,55 makilogalamu;
• kufa kutentha - 300 ° C;
• wosanjikiza makulidwe - 0.05-0.5 mamilimita;
• Sindikizani Liwiro - 275 mamilimita / s pa msinkhu wa wosanjikiza 0,18 mamilimita;
• zakuthupi - PLA, ABS, m'chiuno, PVA, PETT, poliyesitala, nayiloni, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, ndi awiri ena a 3 mm.
• Mapulogalamu - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl etc;.
• Mphamvu mowa - 300 W;
• mtengo - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Mmodzi wa makina abwino mafakitale zowonjezera opanga ndi EBAM 300 makampani Sciaky. Elekitironi mtengo mfuti amachititsa zigawo zitsulo pa liwiro la makilogalamu mpaka 9 paola.

• kukula kwa chipinda ntchito - 5791 x 1219 × 1219 mamilimita;
• mavuto chipinda zingalowe - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• mowa mphamvu - mpaka 42 kW pa voteji 60 kV;
• umisiri - extrusion;
• zakuthupi - titaniyamu ndi titaniyamu kasakaniza wazitsulo, tantalum, inconel, tungsten, niobium, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zotayidwa, zitsulo, mkuwa faifi tambala aloyi (70/30 ndi 30/70);
• pazipita kuchuluka - 8605,2 malita;
• mtengo - madola US 250 zikwi ..

umisiri zowonjezera ku Russia

mafakitale kalasi makina mu Russia si opangidwa. Ngakhale yekha akupangidwa mu "Rosatom", likulu laser MSTU. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg, ndi Urals University Federal. "Voronezhselimmash" popanga maphunziro ndi zoweta 3D-osindikiza "Alpha", ndiyo kukhala malonda zowonjezera mbewu.

The vuto lomwelo ndi katundu. Mtsogoleri wa chitukuko cha ufa ndi formulations ufa mu Russia ndi VIAM. Anapanga ufa kwa umisiri zowonjezera ntchito mu kukonzanso masamba chopangira mphamvu, ndi dongosolo la Permian "injini ndege». Bwino ndi pa Institute Onse-Russian wa kasakaniza wazitsulo kuwala (mawilo). Njira zosiyana malo zomangamanga m'dziko lonse la Russia. "Rostec", Ural Nthambi ya Russian Academy of Sciences, UFU kutsogolera chitukuko. Koma iwo sangathe kukumana ngakhale kufunika ka matani 20 a ufa pa chaka.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, boma analangiza Unduna wa Maphunziro, Unduna wa Development Economic, Unduna wa Makampani, Unduna wa zoulutsa, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" mabungwe chitukuko kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa pulogalamu chitukuko ndi kafukufuku. Pakuti akufuna kuonetsetsa zina azimayi bajeti, komanso kuganiza kuti co-ndalama pa ndalama za Fund National moyo ndi zina. Ndi bwino kuthandiza umisiri kupanga mu Vol. H. Kuwonjezera, MERs, "Rosnano" Fund "Skolkovo", ndi katundu bungwe "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". boma ankatsogoleranso ndi makampani ndi Trade Utumiki kukonzekera chigawo cha pulogalamu boma pa chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa mpikisano mafakitale.