Abiogenesis - ndi chiyani ichi?

Mbiri yakale ya anthu amadziwa malingaliro ambiri za chiyambi cha moyo padziko lapansi. Kuyambira nthawi zakale pa nkhani imeneyi, pali awiri mfundo zosiyana kwambiri ndi maganizo. Mmodzi wa iwo amadzinenera kuti tingafunse amene sanali moyo - ndi abiogenesis. Lachiwiri wa maganizo amoyo pangabuke yekha m'chamoyo - ndi biogenesis. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa chiphunzitso cha biogenesis wa abiogenesis, kuyesetsa kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi.

maganizo History

Mfundo za chiyambi cha moyo ndi bwino chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi kuchepa kwa chidziwitso cha nyengo makamaka. Kale, pamene zinthu akali wamng'ono, chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha moyo kugunda wosangalatsa ake. Pano pali maganizo akatswiri ndi naturalists zakale. Mwachitsanzo, Empedocles (V BC.) Ankakhulupirira kuti mitengo kubala mazira. Aristotle (. IV BC) ankanena kuti nsabwe za zichokera kwa nyama, ndi nsikidzi - madzi nyama thupi. maganizo a m'badwo mowiriza kwa moyo weniweniwo analipo mpaka cha m'ma XVII, pamene English nzeru zapamwamba Francis Bacon (1561-1626) chiphunzitso, ndi Chitaliyana dokotala F. Redi (1626-1698) ndi Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) pafupifupi zinali zosatheka m'badwo mowiriza a moyo . Zinali ndiye kuti anayamba kupanga magulu awiri m'misasa, awiri ziphunzitso matanthauzo ofananafanana wa moyo - biogenesis ndi abiogenesis.

A pang'ono chiphunzitso

Pansi Abiogenesis (kuchokera Greek negation mtima - ndi, zamera - moyo ndi zidakwa - maonekedwe) kumvetsa chiphunzitso cha zosayembekezereka wa nyumba organic ndi zochita kupanga ku kunja kwa zamoyo. Monzama abiogenesis - ndi chiphunzitso za chiyambi cha moyo amene sanali. Ndiyeno muyenera kulongosola chimene chimapanga moyo ndi wopanda moyo, ngati moyo. Ndipo kuyambira lero moyo tanthauzo kutanthauziridwa mu njira zosiyana ndi mfundo akusiyana ndi maganizo, monga olimbikitsa abiogenesis ndi biogenesis mpaka anapereka.

Moyo mchiphunzitso cha abiogenesis

Mu lingaliro ili, zofunika kwambiri amaonedwa kukhala majini ndi zamoyo zinachita i liwulo moyo. i ena onse - thermodynamic ndi chilengedwe - anazindikira sekondale. Chakudya cha ganizo la abiogenesis kungoganizira motere:

• Zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo amasiyana mipweya ndi makhalidwe (kagayidwe). Onse mfundo za malowa amatchedwa abiogenesis amuzolengedwa.
• Chiyambi cha moyo Padziko Lapansi zinali, mwachibadwa, ndipo ndi ufulu mphamvu. chotsatirachi maonekedwe a mankhwala zovuta organic ku zochita kupanga yosavuta mkubwela kwa zochita latsopano mankhwala therebetween. Onse mfundo za chiyambi cha moyo wa malo otchedwa geocentric.
• Makhalidwe chachikulu ndi mbali ya amoyo - ndi kuwombola zinthu, kudzikonda kubalana a mtundu wawo, chibadwa ndiponso kusintha.

Choncho, abiogenesis - ndi ziphunzitso geocentric ndi mankhwala kufotokoza magwero a zinthu zamoyo.

Moyo chifukwa cha biogenesis

Biogenesis amapereka patsogolo katundu thermodynamic ndi chilengedwe kusiyanitsa anthu amoyo zopanda lapansi. Choncho chibadwa, amuzolengedwa ndi zamoyo zinachita njira amaonedwa okhulupirika. biogenesis wa mfundo motere:

• Live, komanso zopanda moyo zinthu - izi ndi ziwiri zogwirizana ndipo limodzi boma la nkhaniyi. maganizidwe amenewa amatchedwa achilengedwe.
• Yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe (mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito atasemphana) ndi system (Mphamvu Bata ndi subordination asapita) chigawo chimodzi - izi ndi makhalidwe zazikulu ndi zizindikiro za moyo.
• Moyo unachokera mu chilengedwe, ndipo biosphere dziko lapansi - mawonetseredwe moyo wa Cosmos. maganizidwe amenewa amatchedwa danga.

Biogenesis, choncho cosmocentric thupi chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha moyo.

malingaliro amakono

Sayansi yamakono ndi maganizo kuti integrates mfundo zonse mu dongosolo wogwirizana zambiri za mmene zopanda moyo kanthu inasanduka moyo. Monga njira zambiri wobadwira zamoyo sayansi yamakono limanena kuti siteji koyamba - ndi abiogenesis. Ndipo tichipeza zigawo zitatu zikuluzikulu:

• Zikamera wa monomers kwachilengedwenso.
• Mapangidwe ma polima kwachilengedwenso.
• Kubwera kwa nyumba Kakhungu ndi zapulaimale mogwirizana - protobionts.

pofuna kukwaniritsa moyo padziko lapansi kupita anali mosavuta - mwa njira zamoyo zinachita Darwin (chibadwa, kusintha ndi kusankha).

Abiotic mapangidwe organics

Chemical kusanduka kapena prebiological abiogenesis - yatsoka izi organic zinthu kuchokera zochita kupanga. Mu 1924, a Russian academician AI Oparin (1894-1980) adati mkulu mankhwala maselo kulemera mu njira zimalimbikitsa anapanga zokha zone za kuchuluka woipa (coacervate m'malovu kapena coacervates), amene amakhala ku chilengedwe, koma anakhalabe kuwombola. chiphunzitso Oparin mu 1929, mothandizidwa wasayansi British Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), ndi sayansi mbe chiphunzitso cha coacervates, imene imakhudza m'badwo mowiriza wa organic mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha dziko lathu ndi zinthu wapadera thupi.

Umboni wa amanena za abiogenesis

Poyamba kutsimikizira kuthekera mowiriza kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic ku zochita kupanga sikunali kotheka. Komabe, masiku ano kale magawo ena ndi zotsatira analandira.

Zonsezi zinayamba mu 1953 pamene akatswiri Stanley Miller ndi Harold C. Urey imachitika kuyesera ndi msuzi chachikulu (sing'anga ngati prebiotic mu dziko). The kuchuluka mphamvu (60 zikwi pa) kupanikizidwa ndi pa kutentha madigiri 80 Celsius zinachititsa mapangidwe zidulo mafuta, urea ndi zidulo angapo kwa amino (mapuloteni monomers). Ndipo mu 2008 ndi akatswiri American analenga "protocells" ndi Kakhungu, mu 2011 akatswiri Japanese anatulutsa ntchito pa chilengedwe cha vesicles ndi chipolopolo ndi luso kugawikana.

precariousness udindo

Ngakhale patsogolo akatswiri experimental kuyesera kutsimikizira chiphunzitso cha Oparin-Haldane chiyambi cha moyo pa dziko mu coacervates, koma nyumba yonse chifukwa ali kutali ndi kapangidwe ka maselo amoyo. Ammudzi dziko alibe kuzindikira nkhani izi monga wosatsutsika umboni ndicho chiyambi cha moyo. Monga biogenesis ndi abiogenesis - chiphunzitso chimenechi chibwenzi si anatsimikizira experimentally. Popeza kuti njira ku mamolekyulu zochita kupanga maselo moyo unali wautali, ndi zambiri mafoloko mu msewu ndi oyima, asayansi amakhalabe yekha kungolota mmene zimenezi akanatha njira. Koma malingaliro onsewa si umboni wakuti zonse zimene zinachitikadi Padziko Lapansi mabiliyoni ambiri zapitazo.

Mwina zosaneneka ndithu

The randomness wa zosayembekezereka ya selo lamoyo mu msuzi primordial masamu mwamasamu. British masamu Fred Hall ndi ntchito makompyuta yamakono kudziwa Mwina wa mwachisawawa mapangidwe mapuloteni amoeba. Ndipo imabwera uyu anali negligible - 1/10 * 40000. Kumbukirani, izi ndi zinthu zina abwino. Ndipo zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti ena kusinkhasinkha ndi limatchula mfundo kumbali mfundo zina ndi mfundo za chiyambi cha moyo padziko lathuli.

zosaneneka ayenera

Koma monga mukudziwa, zonse ndi wachibale. Pa dziko lathuli ndi m'dziko lathu - ndi mfundo angatsutse. Nazi zitsanzo zochepa zimene kupanga zodabwitsa - kodi ngati mwamwayi sizotheka, monga chiyambi cha moyo mu msuzi primordial.

• Ngati kutalika kwa moyo munthu akakhala 100 000 zaka, Sitikukayikira (ie 100%) anamwalira pa ngozi ya ndege.
• Mwayi woti munthu angawine njuga Kuli Miliyoni 1 mu 5200 000. Ndipo komabe American Valerie Wilson anapata mphoto pamwamba kawiri: mu 2002 ndi 2006.
• Mu 2009 anagwa manambala yemweyo (4 15 23 24 35 42) mu Chibugariya lotale "6 41." mu circulations awiri ndi kusiyana kwa masiku 4. Mwina chochitika ndi 3,61 • 10 ^-14.