Ali malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917?

Malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917 yakhala chakhala chopunthwitsa pakati pa aphunzitsi lolemekezeka la mbiri, andale wotchuka ndi zithunzi chikhalidwe. Mapangidwe a lamakono anali kufalitsa zaka zoposa, amene mizinda wakale ndi mitundu n'kuyamba kuposa kamodzi kapena kawiri.

Kubwera kwa Cimmerians

Anthu oyambirira pa gawo Chiyukireniya anakhala Cimmerians, amene anatchulidwa chinyezimiro cha chi - ". Odyssey"

Ancient wongosamukasamuka, kulankhula chilankhulo chomwecho cha chinenero gulu aku Iran, anapita ku dera Black Nyanja za m'ma 9 BC Iwo amaganiza kuti kuyendayenda mafuko a Cimmerian-kimmertsev wa dera wotsika Volga, ndi nyengo yabwino ali akhaapatisa kukhala m'chigawo yakuthengo ya zaka mazana awiri . Mbiri malire a Ukraine anasintha zonse mpaka 1917, ndipo anayamba kwa pafupifupi 3000 zapitazo, ndipo m'dera mobwerezabwereza anawonjezera kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndipo kuchepa inkayenda zosaneneka.

Popeza kalata wongosamukasamuka sanadziwe zambiri zokhudza okha iwo asiya, kupatula akatswiri a zinthu zakale kotero kawirikawiri amatchula m'mbiri ya nthawi. M'nthawi anafotokozanso zambiri za mbuli kowopsa - olemba mbiri kwambiri kufotokoza Cimmeria ngati ankhanza ndi waluso wankhondo ndi miyambo ya mafuko anatsogolera mitundu ŵakusanga kunjenjemera.

Asikuti kuthengo

Herodotus m'mabuku ake, nkhanza anayenda kudutsa pa kasitomu ndi zinthu zokhudza za wongosamukasamuka ndi mitundu anafotokoza awonongedwe ankhanza wa Cimmerians Aaborijini-chernolestsev. Kodi anali malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917, ife tikudziwa, koma angathamange kulikonse, ngati si kuimirira okhala apakavalo steppe zochepa otukuka nkhalango.

Komabe, tsoka chernolestsev mofulumira kwambiri anam'pezanso Cimmerian. Nawonso, sanathe kubweza Asukuti amene anaulukira kwa oyimitsira ndi, anagonjetsa nyumba ndi anachotsa akavalo ng'ombe.

Maluwa wamkulu wa yoweyula wotsatira wa wongosamukasamuka (Asikuti) chikwaniritsidwa mu V-IV m'ma BC.

Woyamba chapakati phata la chikhalidwe pa dera la Ukraine - Great Scythia - anafotokozedwa ndi Herodotus. Malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917 kuyambira Asikuti anatengedwa mawonekedwe a rectangle yaitali padziko kumpoto Black Sea ku mtsinje wa Danube kumadzulo kwa kum'mawa kwa Nyanja Azov.

Popeza danga yochepa Pripiat kumpoto ndi mzere kuti chimafikira mu Chernigov ano amakhulupirirabe Kursk ndi Voronezh. Mu III m'ma BC Asikuti mu Nyanja Black steppes Sarmatians potsiriza m'malo. Pa Nyanja Black zigwa mafuko unatha pafupi mazana asanu ndi limodzi (mpaka Zakachikwi woyamba BC. E.), kufikira wopirikitsidwa ndi Goths ndi Huns. Pambuyo kuwukira awo a m'dera la Ukraine chimakhala chogwidwa ndi Asilavo mafuko a Antes ndi sklaviny ofanana.

Malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917, ndinali ndi kuchuluka yaikulu nthawi: mayendedwe pang'onopang'ono nthawi ya wongosamukasamuka, ndiyeno kusintha mawonekedwe a gawo anayamba kuchitika ndi liwiro dziko.

Sklaviny, Antes, venedy

About walemba sklaviny amatchulidwa kawirikawiri mbiri Gothic Jordan. Malinga ndi iye, Asilavo-sklaviny anali kholo limodzi, ndipo moyo mafuko atatu Vendian - venedy wolimba, wamphamvu Antes, abale awo ang'onoang'ono - sklaviny. Koma mu VII m'ma French mbiri mbiri Fredegar ananena kuti "akamanena za sklaviny Wends".

Ofukula zambiri antskie chuma wopangidwa ndi golide ndi siliva opangidwa mmisonkhano ndi kuukira pa madera ozungulira. Nyerere Ankhondo anali atakonzekera ndi mauta, mivi, zishango ndi malupanga yaitali monga mbali ya zida muyezo. Antes ankaona amphamvu kwambiri Asilavo fuko: iwo anali asilikali mercenaries la asilikali Byzantine.

Akaidi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati akapolo, kugulitsa iwo kapena kutenga dipo nawo yapafupi anali mtundu wa zodyera nthawi imeneyo. Komabe, patapita kanthawi kapolo analanda akhoza kumasuka ndi membala zonse kunachitika ammudzi. Umulungu waukulu wa Nyerere - Perun - ankaona ndi wololera. Yopanda magazi nsembe - mfundo yofunika ya chikhulupiriro; mwa nsembe pa maguwa a mafano, akatswiriwa anapeza yekha yophika chakudya, zitsamba ndi zodzikongoletsera. Mu nthawi ya nyerere Kiev anayamba ndondomeko nucleation ndi Volyn, amene kachiwiri anasintha malire a Ukraine. Mpaka 1917, Koma kunali kutali.

Magwero a Kievan Yairo

Chinthu chofunika lotsatira mu mbiri ya lamakono anali Kievan Lazaro. Mudzi, umene wakhala pakati chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha gawo lalikulu anamanganso nthawi zambiri, kuwotchedwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Chiyukireniya malire anasintha pamodzi ndi kufikira 1917 - kuti kuphimba dziko loyandikira, ndiye mwapang'ono mzinda Kiev.

State padziko Kiev kuthetsa adanyamuka m'ma 9, pamene Asilavo kutali kum'mawa ndi anthu a magulu Finno-Ugric ogwirizana mu ulamuliro wa Prince Rurik mafumu. History of Kyiv ngati woima mzinda boma akuyamba ndi adani a likulu Oleg, amene anabweretsa East mafuko Asilavo.

The heyday wa boma

Chiyukireniya malire kuti ulimi wa 1917 (penapake cha m'ma 10 mochedwa, pa heyday wa Kievan Yairo) anapitirira Dniester ndi malire magombe a mtsinje Vistula kumadzulo, kuphimba Taman Peninsula mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi anasowa malire chapamwamba cha kumpoto Dvina. Geography kumathandizanso kuti mupereke mzinda wa Kievan Lazaro ndi kumvetsa akuphatikizapo malo. Midzi wamkulu - Kiev, namtsata mu lockstep anayenda Chernigov, Pereyaslavl wakale, wotchuka Smolensk, kulonjezedwa Rostov, Novaya Ladoga, Pskov, ndipo n'zodabwitsa latsopano Polotsk.

Ulamuliro wa Prince Vladimir (960-1015 gg.) Ndipo Jaroslav (1019-1054 gg.) Kodi nthawi chuma chachikulu cha boma. N'zosadabwitsa, chimene icho chinali malire a Ukraine pamaso pa 1917! Anawonjezera gawo la zapadera: kuchokera Carpathians ku Baltic ndi dera Black Sea wa steppes.

Pofika m'ma 12, wamphamvu Kievan Yairo anayamba nyengo mdima kusagwirizana ang'onoang'ono, zipolowe anathyola ndikulowa ambiri maukulu osiyana olamulidwa ndi nthambi zosiyanasiyana za Rurik. Kuyambira mu 1132, woyamba imatengedwa nduna chiyambi cha chokhudza kwapakati pa-banja, pamene atafa Mstislava Velikogo, mwana Vladimira Monomaha, Kalonga wa Kiev akuluakulu salinso kuzindikira Polotsk ndi Novgorod nthawi yomweyo. Kiev si mwalamulo ankaona likulu mochuluka kuti mliri Mongol (1237-1240 gg.). Kodi akanakhala malire a Ukraine pamaso pa 1917, Ngati sikudali kwa mavuto? Mwina Kievan Lazaro kuti kukhala wamkulu kukula kwa Rome ndipo Carthage ndi kugwa mochititsa manyazi goli mumamva mavuto yaikulu maufumu.

Kugwa ndi Smoot

Mu nkhondo ndi Mongolia pa mtsinje Kalka (tsopano m'chigawo Donetsk) kumapeto May 1223rd panafika anthu pafupifupi onse a kumwera kwa akalonga Russian, ambiri a iwo, komanso ambiri boyars bwino wobadwa anagwa pa nkhondo. Akalonga zatha wapamtima achibale, atumiki ndi ana akuluakulu kuti zinachititsa kuti bwino exsanguination yobereka la dzikolo. Chigonjetso anapita ku Mongolia, ndipo opulumuka ankayembekezera ukapolo, ndi manyazi. Ndi chifooke kum'mwera maukulu Russian itakula amanyansidwa Chihangare ndi Chilituyaniya ang'onoang'ono ambuye, komanso kuchuluka mphamvu ya akalonga a Chernigov, Novgorod ndi Kiev zigawo. Kodi akanakhala malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917, kuwonjezera onse mu mtima Rusich? Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati princelings yaing'ono adatafuna mzake ndi chifukwa chomwecho - mu nkhondo mphamvu ndi pamtunda anafa ndi anthu otchuka kwambiri komanso wobadwa mwa Kievan Lazaro.

Kugwa kwa Kiev

Mu 1240 ku Mongolia (kutsogoleredwa ndi Batu Khan mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan, m'khutu,) anasolola Kiev ku phulusa. The zotsala za mzinda analandira Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, amene Mongolia anazindikira makamaka ngati mwana wake Aleksandra Nevskogo. Koma iwo kuwapititsa ku likulu la Kiev anakhalabe ku Vladimir - kuchoka wongosamukasamuka zakutchire ndi Mivi yawo, ng'ombe, ndi miyambo zovuta kuzimvetsa.

Patsogolo ulimi mu 1917 omwe anali malire? Kodi anali kuthawa nkhondo mu nthawi ya Kievan Lazaro. Kenako, mwamphamvu ndipo potsiriza anakhazikitsa azimuth aliyense inchi ayenera kumwedwa ndi mphamvu.

ukulu wa Galich

Mu 1245-mamita Yaroslav pa nkhondo (wamakono Poland Jaroslaw mzinda wa San mtsinje) Danila Galitsky ndi asilikali ake anagonjetsa m'masitolo Chihangare ndi Polish ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Danila Galitsky zochokera mgwirizano Western motsutsa Golden gulu mu 1253, analandira kwa Papa mutu wa mfumu. Ulamuliro Daniel Romanovych nthawi anali wamkulu kukweza wotchedwa Galicia-Volhynia. Mphamvu ya boma wachititsa nkhawa mu Golden gulu. The ukulu anakakamizika kupereka msonkho kwa chiguluchi zonse, ndi olamulira ndi alonjeza kutumiza asilikali yokopa olowa ndi asilikaliwa. Komabe, wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu anakwanitsa bwinobwino tsimikizirani mtima, ambiri mavuto awo mfundo yachilendo.

Malire a Ukraine patsogolo ulimi mu 1917 zinasintha mofulumira. Izi zinachitika m'masiku a Danily Galitskogo. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XIII, wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu sanali kulamulira kum'mwera a gawo, koma ndiye anapezanso kulamulira m'mayiko amenewa ndi ankalowa Nyanja Black. Ndipotu 1323rd chatsopanochi gawo kachiwiri atayika kwa zaka zambiri. Polesie anali linalanda Lithuania m'chiyambi cha m'ma XIV pa nkhani za nkhondo pakati pa Ufumu wa Poland ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania. gawo ceded kuti Poland mu 1349, chizindikiro cha mapeto a heyday lapansi. Kuyambira chaka chino, wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu inali yololedwa kutha.

magawo atsopano

Chiyukireniya malire pamaso pa 1917, monga taonera kale, anthu enanso ambirimbiri a nthawi anasintha, ndipo kuti panthawi imene Lithuania inatha kukana asilikaliwa m'gawo la Kirovograd ano, Ndondomeko kachiwiri anasintha kupitirira kuzindikira.

akalonga ambiri Orthodox sanali otsutsana ndi rapprochement ndi Poland, ngakhale 1381-1384, 1389-1392 ndi 1432-1439 zaka. Iwo anali nkhondo atatu boma. m'midzi yambiri, kuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, Lviv, Kiev, Vladimir-Volyn, muli boma yake malinga ndi Chilamulo Magdeburg.

Mu zaka 90 za m'ma XIV. Jagiello a msuweni Vytautas chifukwa cha mgwirizano ndi Mongolia anakwanitsa mwamtendere kulowa m'dera lonse ambiri kum'mwera kwa lalikulu Field Wild. Mbiri malire Chiyukireniya, pamaso pa 1917, patapita nthawi anasintha pang'ono. madera atsopano asiya chuma anthu a nthawi imeneyo pang'onopang'ono kupeza zinthu mu maonekedwe.

Hetman ndi Mabwinja

Yotsatira kwambiri wokonzanso ndipo anakhala wolamulira wa Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Kugalukira ya 1648-1654. motsogozedwa wake kwachititsa kuti zikamera wa yoyenda yokha Hetman. Sizikudziwika pamaso pa phukusi la Cossack Ataman kumene malire a Ukraine. Mpaka 1917, boma amakumana zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri. Yosokoneza ndi otalikirana zambiri, nthawi zambiri zochokera yekha pa wakale, yosayenera kufunika kwa malemba ndi zikalata. Mu Khmelnytsky Rada anatengera angapo zochita, omwe chifukwa anakhala Russo-Polish Nkhondo ya 1654-1667. Linapangitsa kwa analamula za nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati hetman osiyana. Lamanzere gombe Ukraine anafuna kukhala gawo la Russia ndi Ufulu Bank anafuna kuti akonze mgwirizano wolimba ndi Poland.

Yambani Chatsopano Russia

Tsopano inu mukudziwa kumene anali malire a Ukraine mpaka 1917 mu kosiyana mbiri. Pa kumpoto nkhondo Hetman Mazepa mosayembekezeka anagwirizana ndi Swedish Mfumu Karl XII, yemwe anagonjetsa Nkhondo ya Poltava. Chifukwa cha kudziyimira pawokha komanso ufulu wa Hetman zinali zochepa, ndipo pa kayendetsedwe ka gawo lalikulu anali kuthamanga ndi Little Russian Collegium. Nthawi pambuyo kugwa kwa Russian Ufumu palibe wapadera akupeza Kupititsa anapereka.

njira imene malire unakhazikitsidwa mu Ukraine pamaso pa 1917, ankadalira mfundo yachilendo ndi zoweta. Dzina "New Russia" ndi contours lolingana gawolo dziko anagula mu m'ma 18 mochedwa.