Amene anali mfumu yoyamba ya Roma?

Gayo Octavius Furin (dzina la munthu pobadwa) anakhazikitsa Roma. Anzeru, aluso ndi akathyali, iye nthawizonse kukhala mu mbiriyakale. Zinali wolamulira ndi mzimu Republican. Mfumu yoyamba ya Roma, iye ankaona kuti, wotchuka pansi pa dzina la Oktavian Avgust.

Banja ndi maphunziro a achinyamata Octavius

Augustus yekha ankaona yekha (by Suetonius) banja wakale ndi wolemera wa okwera. atate wake, Gay Oktavy - wolemera ndi wolemekezeka - anakhala aphungu. Iye anafa ndipo ana kumanzere amasiye 3. Chidwi kwambiri kwa ife, mwana wake ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri Attii (mphwanga wa Caesar), lomwe kenako adzatchedwa Augustus - mfumu yoyamba ya Roma, amasiye pa zaka 4.

Malinga Suetonius, iye anabadwa kusanache, kapena 23, kapena 24/09/63 BC. e., mwina palantinskom kotala Velitrah (mbiri yakale musati kukusalani kuti Rome), ndipo patapita kuika opatulika. chipinda ana ake m'nyumba ya agogo ake Velitrah ena zifukwa zosamvetsetseka zachititsa mantha ndi mantha anthu amene analowa popanda kuyeretsedwa mwambo. Young Octavius analeredwa ndi agogo anga, mlongo Kaisara, ndi pa zaka 12, iye analankhula pa maliro ake. Pa zaka 16 adalandira kwa Kaisara mphoto asilikali kunkhondo mu Africa, koma nkhondo yokha sanali nawo. Kenako iye, popeza analimbitsa matenda aakulu, kenako Kaisara mu Spain ndipo analandira udindo wa patrician. Caesar wawatenga ophunzira osamalitsa, wanzeru Octavius mu 45 BC. e. A chifuniro cha cholowa kusungidwa Vestal mobisa wathunthu. Caesar anatumiza wolowa wake mu Apoloniya (ano Albania), kuti amalize maphunziro ake ndi kukonzekera nkhondo latsopano.

Zotsatira za wolamulira wa (44 BC. E.)

Atadziwa za kupha Sitefano Kaisara, Octavius m'chombo ku Rome nalowa cholowa. Kuonetsa kuwawa kwa imfa, anasunga ndevu monga chizindikiro cha kulira kwa wolamulira wa. Polemekeza kupambana anakhala masewera. Mwa njira, panali nyenyezi, ndipo ambiri mantha pa nthawi ino. Koma Octavius anatha kutsimikizira Aroma kuti ndi - Mulungu moyo Kaisara.

Kupeza kutchuka, iye anagulitsa ndipo anapereka Aroma anatengera sesterces mazana atatu. Choyamba, kwa zaka 12, anali gulu limodzi ndi Mark Anthony ndipo Marcus Lepidus, ndipo kenako - pa zaka 44 - autocratically. Zafotokozedwa mwachidule moyo anatsogolera mfumu yoyamba ya Roma.

nkhondo

Octavius anali 5 nkhondo: mutinskuyu, Filipi, peruziyskuyu, Sicilian ndi Actian. Monga kubwezera kuphedwa kwa Kaisara, iye anayamba kumenyana ndi Cassius ndi Brutus, koma Kazembe Anthony silinachirikize. Kenako anayamba kumenyana ndi Anthony. Koma mosayembekezera alandira chithandizo kuchokera asilikali ndi asilikali, ndipo chifukwa Octavius ntchito maluso zamtendere ndi kukonzanso teamed ndi Anthony.

Kuwononga Brutus, pamodzi iwo bwinobwino nkhondo Filipi. Anthony anatumizidwa ku East kukhazikitsa dongosolo Roma. Octavius ankachita nawo yothetsa anamenyela mayiko oyang'anira tauni. Pa nthawi iyi mu Perusia anaukitsidwa anagalukira, ndipo pambuyo yimitsira ake mu August anasonyeza nkhanza kugonjetsa.

The nkhondo Sicilian ndi Kodi Sextus Pompeyi inatenga zaka 4. Izo zinali zovuta ndi kufooka kwa Octavia kukhala mtsogoleri wa asilikali komanso zinthu zachilengedwe: mikuntho imawonongeka zombo. Mu kuitanidwa kwake kwa Africa anathandiza ya wamwano Mark Lepid acimuuza malo oyamba mu dziko. Anthony ankakopa asilikali yekha ndi Lepidus enawo kupita ku Circe. Alliance ndi Anthony sanali amphamvu.

nkhondo inayamba mu nkhondo nyanja ya kanthu Anthony anagonjetsedwa. Iye anali kuzunzidwa mu Alexandria, komwe Anthony anali atathawira ndi Cleopatra anadzipha ndipo pamene imfa. Kenako, mwana Cleopatra a Caesarion anaphedwa. Ilo zopangira tsogolo woyamba mfumu ya Roma.

Principate

Ndi '27 Octavius anachoka mu Senate yokha mwa anthu amene akhala anzake akuoneka, ndipo molimba mtima ananena kuti boma ayenera a anthu ndi seneti.

Senators "anapempha" kutsogolera ufumu, ndi Octavius anakhala kazembe wa zigawo zonse zimene panali magulu, kuti ali mu ulamuliro wa asilikali onse. Iye analandira udindo wa princeps - aphungu woyamba wa boma. Zimenezi zitanthauza kuti iye - mfumu yoyamba ya Roma. Komanso, iye anapatsidwa dzina laulemu. Choncho mfumu yoyamba ya Roma inayamba mu August ( "Mulungu"). Kenako anakhala onse mkulu wa ansembe, Pontifex Maximus. mphamvu zonse dziko ndi anaikira mu manja a August: asilikali, boma ndi ansembe. Mfumu yoyamba ya Roma linakhala bwana autocratic.

mfundo yachilendo pansi Augustus

atagonjetsa anali mwayi ndi kugonja, koma mu ufumuwo lonse kukodzedwa kwambiri. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Roma anali Alps, banki lamanja la Danube, lonse la Gau ndi Pyrenees, Africa North, Greece, Yudeya, Syria, Ufumu wa Bosporus.

Zonsezi zinayamba kutheka pambuyo mfumu yoyamba ya Roma wapanga kusintha wa asilikali, kuti yotsirizira anakhala katswiri. Bulu anali kusintha. Wapakati pa asilikali anapita 2/3 misonkho anasonkhana.

chuma

Pamene Augustus anakonza mwadongosolo wofunafuna ndalama. Tsintho ubale chomwecho ankatengedwa woipitsitsawu. Mfumu yoyamba ya Roma zatithandiza kwambiri malonda - likulu ananyamula katundu apamwamba, ndipo m'zigawo za malonda ndawala mu tirigu, mafuta, vinyo. Iwo kunatha kuberana kwazaluso, ndi malonda apanyanja zambiri.

Mfumu ya Aroma Kunyada

Njerwa wolamulira Rome pang'onopang'ono anayamba kusandutsa mu nsangalabwi lapansi. Carrara nsangalabwi anapita ku kachisi wa Apollo - woyamba nyumba yaikulu. Forum (Square) mu August ku kachisi ataima pa Mars ake Ultor kunali nyumba yaikulu achipembedzo.

Pa lalikulu pali fano la Augustus galeta. Guwa la Mtendere inamangidwa ulemu cha kupambana mu Gau ndi Spain. Komanso oyambirira mfumu chowawa anayamba kuchita okha ndi achibale awo pomanga mausoleum mu Campus Martius. Denga la manda a mfumu korona chithunzi.

Zonse anakonza ndipo anamanga kachisi ndi eyite-awiri mu Roma. Ndipo kwambiri kumukuza ndi chizindikiro chake, ndipo pamodzi ndi kuchepetsedwa ulova.

Pakhala komanso tima yomanga yapachiweniweni monga misewu, misewu, misika, malo, ngalande akasupe, m'tawuni sewerage, malo osambira, laibulale.

Kodi anali Augustus

Augustus anakwatiwa katatu, koma anali ndi mwana mmodzi yekha ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri - mwana wa Julia. Komabe, khalidwe lake libertine amakakamizidwa mfumu kutumiza mtsikana kugwirizana.

Kunja view wa wotchuka Mfumu ziri zodziwika bwino kwa zifaniziro wotsalayo.

Iye anali munthu akuwuka 1 mamita 70 cm, amene anali kuposa kukula avareji ya anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Koma ankaoneka osakwanira kwa mfumu choncho Augustus nsapato ndi nsanja. Iye anali ndi tsitsi lagolide ndi maso ndi mano yonyansa yosowa ndi mkulu wa Rome khungu golide hue.

khalidwe

Zamatsenga, kukhulupirira kuti maula ndi maloto ndi timanyamula mauthenga ndi kwambiri - zina mwa zinthu zazikulu za munthu August. Iye ndi mantha kwambiri kuukira, pamene Octavian adakhala Senate, pansi zovala zimene iye anali nazo zida.

Wolamulira anagona zoipa, kudzuka zambiri, nchifukwa chake kudzuka mochedwa. M'nyengo yozizira ndi kuzizira ndipo nditavala mkanjo ofunda, iye wamanga miyendo yake. Mwa kudya sindinali adyera. Anadya yosavuta chakudya ndi woledzera pang'ono. Mfumu ankakonda masewera dayisi, ankakonda kusewera ndalama, ndi kuwonjezera, ankakonda kusodza. Chitani amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana cha kapangidwe nawo ndi achinyamata. Augustus, mfumu yoyamba ya Roma, anadziwa Greek, koma sanalembe izo.

thanzi

Octavian anali munthu chowawa, koma moyo wake kwa nthawi yaitali - zaka 76. Iye sanavomereze onse kutentha ndi kuzizira. Chimfine mphuno anatsagana naye pafupi nthawi zonse ndi ukalamba anapambana la misempha.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dzina la mfumu yoyamba ya Roma ankavala ndi mfumu yake yomaliza, amene m'nthawi mwamwano anatiitana, si dzina zonse, koma Avgustenkom.