Amene anatulukira bomba la atomiki? Mbiri ya bomba la atomiki

Aliyense anatulukira bomba la atomiki, kuposa mavuto amene yomwe ingathe ndi Kutulukira zodabwitsa za m'ma XX. Pamaso superweapon izi ndi chimwemwe cha anthu a m'mizinda Japanese wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, zachitikira kutali kwambiri.

chiyambi

Mu April 1903, ku Paris munda wotchuka wa sayansi ya abwenzi ake anasonkhana ku France Paulo Langevin. Mwambowo unali motetezera nkhani yolembedwa wachichepere ndi luso asayansi Marii Kyuri. Mwa alendo olemekezeka anali wotchuka British sayansi Sir Ernest Rutherford. Pakati pa zosangalatsa izo chimatha kuunika. Mariya Kyuri analengeza zonse inadzera lero. Ndi wapadera Per Kyuri anapanga chubu ang'ono ndi mchere Analandira, amene umaunikira mu wobiriwira, kuchititsa zapadera pano kusangalala. Kenako alendo otentha analankhula za tsogolo la zodabwitsazi. Onse anagwirizana mu maganizo chifukwa Analandira angayerekeze pachimake vuto la kusowa mphamvu. Izo zonse cholinga latsopano kafukufuku ndi ziyembekezo zina. Ngati, ndiye, iwo anauzidwa kuti zasayansi ntchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya adzakhala woyamba wa XX m'ma chida choopsa, ndi osadziwika kodi angachitire. Zinali ndiye kuti anayamba mbiri ya bomba la atomiki, amene adapha masauzande wamba Japanese.

Game patsogolo pamapindikira

December 17, 1938 German wasayansi Otto Gannom chidatengedwa umboni wosatsutsika oipa a ureniamu mu particles ang'onoang'ono pulayimale. Ndipotu, anatha anagawa atomu. Mu dziko sayansi, anali ankamuona ngati wofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ya anthu. Otto Hahn kodi ndi malingaliro andale a ulamuliro wa Hitler. Choncho, m'chaka chomwecho, mu 1938, wasayansi ya chabwerera ku Stockholm, kumene, pamodzi ndi Fridrihom Shtrassmanom anapitiriza kafukufuku wa sayansi. Poopa kuti Nazi Germany choyamba chida choopsa, iye analemba kalata kwa Pulezidenti American ndi chenjezo zokhudza izo. Uthenga za kufika zotheka kwambiri mantha boma US. Achimereka anayamba kuchita zinthu mwamsanga komanso motsimikiza.

Yemwe adalenga bomba la atomiki? American ntchito

Ngakhale pamaso pa mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, gulu la asayansi American, ambiri a iwo anali othawa kwawo ku German-lopondereza boma ku Ulaya, wapatsidwa kukhala zida za nyukiliya. maphunziro koyamba, tisaiwale, kunachitika mu Nazi Germany. Mu 1940, boma la United States of America kuyamba ndalama pulogalamu yake kupanga zida atomiki. Kwa kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi yakhala allocated ndi ndalama zosaneneka kwa nthawi anthu awiri biliyoni theka dollars. Kukhazikitsa izi chinsinsi ntchito kwambiri sayansi ya XX m'ma tinaitanidwa, pakati pawo kuposa khumi Nobel laureates. Okwana izo nawo ogwira ntchito za zikwi 130, amene anali ndi asilikali komanso anthu wamba. Gulu chitukuko lotsogoleredwa ndi msilikali Leslie Richard minda, bwana anali Robert Oppenheimer. Zinali iye - munthu amene anapanga bomba la atomiki. chinsinsi wapadera zomangamanga nyumbayi inamangidwa Manhattan, yomwe amadziwika kuti tikhale dzina kachidindo "Manhattan Project." Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito chinsinsi ndi fission nyukiliya wa ureniamu ndi nyukiliyazo basi.

Unpacific atomu Igor Kurchatova

Today, aliyense wophunzira adzatha kuyankha funso la amene anapanga bomba la atomiki kuti Soviet Union. Ndiyeno, kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, palibe akudziwa.

Mu 1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov wina wa maphunziro loyamba la phata atomiki kumayambira dziko. Popititsa ngati okonda, Kurchatov mu 1937 amalenga cyclotron loyamba ku Ulaya. Mu chaka chomwecho, iye ndi mtima umodzi anthu ake ndi kulenga woyamba kupanga phata.

Mu 1939 I. V. Kurchatov akuyamba kuphunzira malangizo atsopano - sayansi ya nyukiliya. Pambuyo kupambana angapo mu phunziro zasayansi izi wasayansi chodabwitsa amalandira nazo ake malo kafukufuku chinsinsi, dzina lake "Laboratory № 2". Lero malo ichi chinsinsi amatchedwa "Arzamas-16."

M'dera chandamale cha malo anali kufufuza kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya. Tsopano zimaonekeratu amene analenga bomba la atomiki kuti Soviet Union. gulu lake linali ndiye anthu khumi.

Atomiki bomba kukhala

Pofika kumapeto kwa 1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu kutsindikiza kusonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu asayansi anthu oposa zana. Maganizo abwino a specializations zosiyanasiyana za sayansi kubwera mu labu kuchokera ku dziko kumanga zida za nyukiliya. Pambuyo kugwera ya bomba la atomiki pa Hiroshima ndi ku America, asayansi Soviet anazindikira kuti izi zikhoza kutheka ndi Soviet Union. "Laboratory № 2" analandira kuchokera kasamalidwe kuwonjezeka dziko lakuthwa mu ndalama ndi kuchuluka chachikulu cha anthu aluso. Udindo ngati ntchito yofunika anatumizidwa Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. ntchito yaikulu asayansi Soviet tagwira zipatso.

Semipalatinsk

Bomba la atomiki mu USSR anali woyamba anawayesa mayeso malo mu Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). August 29, 1949 nyukiliya chipangizo mphamvu 22 kilotons anagwedeza Chikazaki dziko. Nobel Prize-kuwina sayansi Otto Hants anati: "Umenewu ndi uthenga wabwino. Ngati Russia adzakhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndiye kudzakhala nkhondo. " Ndi izi bomba la atomiki mu USSR, monga encrypted mankhwala nambala 501, kapena RDS-1, lithe ndi okhawo US pa zida za nyukiliya.

The atomiki bomba. 1945 TH

M'mawa pa July 16, "The Project Manhattan" linali ndi bwino mayeso oyamba a chipangizo ndi atomiki - ndi nyukiliyazo basi bomba - pa malo boma Alamogordo US wa New Mexico.

Ndalama padera pa ntchitoyi, akhala ntchito. The yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu atomiki kuphulika anapangidwa maola 5 ndi 30 minutes m'mawa.

"Tachita ntchito za Mdierekezi," - ananena Robert Oppenheimer - amene anatulukira bomba la atomiki mu United States, anadzatchedwa "tate wa bomba la atomiki."

Japan sanali ndikupereka

Ndi nthawi ya kuyezetsa chomaliza bwino bomba la atomiki, asilikali a Soviet ndi ogwirizana potsiriza anagonjetsedwa Nazi Germany. Komabe, unakhalabe boma limodzi, limene alonjeza nkhondo lalikulu ndi Pacific. Kuyambira m'ma April mpaka m'ma July 1945, asilikali a ku Japan mobwerezabwereza ikuchitika kunyanyala mpweya ndi anagwirizana mphamvu, motero kuchititsa zomvetsa katundu wa Army US. Kumapeto kwa July 1945 asilikali a boma Japanese anakana kufunika kwa anagwirizana kugonja malinga ndi Potsdam Declaration. Mmenemo, makamaka, iwo anati kuti ngati kusamvera, asilikali a ku Japan chikuyembekezera chiwonongeko mwamsanga ndipo wathunthu.

pulezidenti akugwirizana

Boma US wasunga mawu ake ndi chiyambi cha mabomba a akulimbana ndi Japanese malo a asilikali. Air kunyanyala sanapereke mukufuna, ndi pulezidenti Garri Trumen amalingalira za mliri wa asilikali US ku Japan. Komabe, asilikali limawaletsa pulezidenti ake ochokera zochita, kutchula chakuti American kuwukira kuti zikuphatikizapo ambiri akuvutika.

Malingaliro a Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson ndi Dwight David Eisenhower anaganiza kuti titengere njira yabwino kwambiri kuthetsa nkhondo. A wochirikiza ikuluikulu ya bomba la atomiki, Purezidenti wa United Mlembi States Dzheyms Frensis Birns, ankakhulupirira kuti ndi bomba la gawo Japanese definitively nkhondo ndi kuika United States mu malo amphamvu amene amakhudza zabwino mu njira zina za zochitika unawonongedwa dziko. Choncho, pulezidenti Garri Trumena kukhulupirira kuti ichi ndi chokhacho zolondola mwina.

The atomiki bomba. Hiroshima

Monga chandamale woyamba asankhidwa kale yaing'ono Japanese mzinda wa Hiroshima ndi anthu anthu oposa 350 zikwi, yomwe ili mkati mwa mailosi mazana asanu ku likulu la Japan Tokyo. Atafika pa US panyanja m'munsi pa chisumbu cha Tinian kusinthidwa B-29 yoponya mabomba "Enola Gay", bomba la atomiki anaikidwa pa thabwa ndegeyo. Hiroshima anali kuona kanthu mapaundi 9 zikwi za ureniamu-235.

zida izi ndigwira osadziwika ankafuna kuti anthu wamba m'tauni yaing'ono Japanese. Yoponya mabomba mkulu anali msilikali Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US atomiki bomba anali ndi dzina amakayikira za "Mwana The". M'mawa wa pa August 6, 1945, pafupifupi 8 maola ndi mphindi 15, American "Kamnyamata" yagwera pa Hiroshima Japanese. 15 zikwi matani TNT kuwononga moyo zonse mwa utali wozungulira linali lalikulu asanu. anthu zana limodzi zikwi makumi anayi anaphedwa pa nkhani ya masekondi. Opulumuka Japanese anafa anafa mozunzika matenda poizoniyu.

Iwo anawononga American nyukiliya "mwana." Komabe, chisoni Hiroshima sanazichite agonje atangochimwa Japan, monga chonchi, onse anayembekezera. Ndiye anaganiza bombardment ina ya m'gawo Japanese.

Nagasaki. Sky pa moto

American atomiki bomba "Mafuta Man" anaikidwa pa thabwa ndege B-29 9 August 1945 onse mu malo amodzi, pa US panyanja m'munsi pa Tinian. Panthawi imeneyi, mkulu ndege anali Major Charlz Suini. Poyamba, chandamale njira mumzinda wa Kokura.

Komabe, nyengo sanalole kuzindikira zolinga zathu, kupewedwa mitambo yaikulu. Charlz Suini anapita kubwera kwachiwiri. Pa 11 koloko 02 Mphindi American nyukiliya "Mafuta Man" kuwameza Nagasaki. Zinali zamphamvu kwambiri zowononga mpweya kuukira, lomwe ndi mphamvu yake ndi kangapo kuposa bomba la Hiroshima. Nagasaki anakumana chida atomiki pafupi mapaundi 10 zikwi ndi kilotons 22 TNT.

Malo Hrs wa mzinda Japanese yafupika zotsatira muchite. Chinthu ndi mzinda m'chigwa yopapatiza pakati pa mapiri. Choncho, chiwonongeko cha dera lalikulu 2.6 sanali kuulula angathe zonse zotheka zida American. Mayeso a bomba la atomiki ku Nagasaki imatengedwa analephera "Manhattan Project."

Japan linagonja

Masana pa August 15, 1945 Mfumu Hirohito analengeza kugonja dziko wake adiresi wailesi kwa anthu a Japan. uthenga mwamsanga inafikira dziko. Mu United States anayamba chikondwerero cha kugonjetsa Japan. Anthuwo anasangalala.

September 2, 1945 m'ngalawa ya US ankadikira "Missouri", atazikika mwa Tokyo Bay, zinasaina pangano ofunda kuthetsa nkhondo. Choncho anathetsa nkhondo kwambiri nkhanza zoipitsitsa m'mbiri ya anthu.

anthu padziko lonse kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anapita tsiku yofunika iyi - 1 September 1939, pamene akatemera woyamba anachotsedwa mwa Nazi Germany mu Poland.

maatomu Mtendere

Zonse mu Soviet Union 124 mabomba nyukiliya kunachitika. Khalidwe ndi kutengedwa kunja kwa phindu la chuma cha dziko. atatu a iwo okha anali ngozi zimene zinachititsa kutayikira la zinthu nyukiliya. Program ntchito mphamvu mtendere nyukiliya akuyendera yekha m'mayiko awiri - United States ndi Soviet Union. Nyukiliya mphamvu mtendere amadziwa ndi zitsanzo za ngoziyo lonse, pamene pa April 26 1986 , pa chachinayi unit wa ku Chernobyl nyukiliya riyakitala kuphulika zinachitika.