Mbadwo - ndi njira chidziwitso cha mtundu wa

Popanda chidziwitso cha kale zosatheka m'tsogolo. Wotchuka tsiku ndi tsiku ntchito mawu amene agwiritsidwa ntchito mabuku amakono - mbadwo - buku la mtengo banja ndi kufufuza makolo awo. Ndipotu, zinthu siziri mophweka. Mbadwo - chiphunzitso ichi ndi malamulo ake ndi mfundo, amene ali ovuta kwambiri kuti chikumbumtima layman.

ena terminology

Mbadwo - ndi wothandiza mbiri chilango, chimene Cholinga - kuphunzira za chiyambi cha kubadwa ndi interconnections pakati pawo. Buku la mbiri ya moyo wake makolo banja - ndi mmodzi wa ntchito wa makolo. Amachokera kwa Greek mawu genealogia, amene anapanga ndi mawu akuti "kubadwa", "mtundu" ndi "mawu." Mbadwo - si yopapatiza-kujambula banja mtengo, komanso kusanthula mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe chitukuko cha gulu lililonse.

Ntchito ndi nkhani

Mbadwo wa vuto ngati sayansi - Khadili malo ndi tanthauzo la izi kapena kuti mtundu mu mbiriyakale, tanthauzo la chilengedwe chikhalidwe magulu a anthu mu nthawi zakale, chizindikiritso cha malamulo osiyana mapulani kusankha anthropological, ethnographic ndi zaziwerengero mavuto ena. Phunziro la sayansi wa makolo - nkhani za mabanja ena ndi genera (kuphatikizapo akalonga ndi boyars).

A mbiri pang'ono

History othandiza mbadwo kumayambira Russia m'zaka XI ndi mibadwo anasunga mu mbiri ya. Mfundo mbadwo makamaka za mabanja a boyars ndi atumiki, amene mibadwo atumikira iwo. Popeza XVI m'ma pedigrees kasamalidwe amakhala mwadongosolo, ndi kufufuza za wochititsidwa yekha wamwamuna mbeu. Kenako mu pedigrees ndi analowa ndi mkazi wake monganso wolowa nyumba wa ziwembu ndi katundu pa maziko ofanana ndi ana. Petulo ofesi Geroldmejstersky, omwe chili ndipo anapitiriza zikalata mibadwo ya chiyambi cha mabanja a amazikonda anthu otchuka. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pedigree akapeza mtengo monga chizindikiro cha mwayi mtundu.

Science mbadwo zaka XIX-XX

Ngati tikambirana nkhani monga mwambo sayansi, M'pofunikanso kukumbukira asayansi, amene amapangitsa chitukuko. Pa mapeto a XIX ndi oyambirira XX atumwi mbadwo - ndi amafotokoza anapereka ntchito Feofana Prokopovicha "Pedigree utoto chachikulu akalonga ndi tsars la Russia" (1719), buku M. M. Scherbatova, A. E. Knyazeva ndi ena. Kuyambira 1797 izo lasindikizidwa Armorial General, ndipo mu 1855 anafalitsa magazini kalonga P. V. Dolgorukogo "buku Russian mbadwo" ndi buku ndi AB Lobanov-Rostovsky ndi V. V. Rummelya wowonjezera zambiri m'buku lino. Pambuyo 1917 ku Russia mbadwo iyiwalika, ndi kokha mu 90s mochedwa ya atumwi otsiriza chidwi pedigree akuyamba kukula.

DNA mbadwo

chibadwa maselo, masiku ano amatchedwa mbadwo kafukufuku potengera kusanthula kapangidwe ka DNA, m'lingaliro wodziika wakhala kuphunzira ndiponso kuganizira mphamvu ya kudzikundikira masinthidwe DNA anthu. Mawu akuti "DNA mbadwo" anakhala ambiri mu 1992, pa yogwira kuphunzira chibadwa maselo a DNA kwa mayitirokondiriyoni. Iwo DNA ili wadutsa kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana amene mawonekedwe zikutsatiridwa, ndi kusanthula mphamvu ya masinthidwe osakaniza ndi mbali ya dongosolo la ingatithandize kudziwa za ubale wa anthu onse a dzikoli ndi magwero ofanana mitundu munthu. Chiphunzitso cha umodzi "mayi Hava" walandira zinthu zimenezi khumi otsiriza, ndipo izo zachokera kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka DNA kwa mayitirokondiriyoni anthu a mu madera osiyana a dziko.

Chidwi mizu ndi chiyambi cha mtundu anali chibadidwe mwamuna nthawi zonse. M'nyengo zina, ndicho chiyambi cha mtundu, ndi amafotokoza za anthu otchulidwa wake anatsimikiza za chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi wachokera wake kwa gulu linalake m'kalasi. Masiku ano, anthu ambiri a ku Russia ndi chidwi ndi chiyambi cha kubadwa kwake ndi nkhani za makolo. Ndipo ngakhale kudziwa zimenezi si zoopsa kwa anthu onse m'dziko, koma iwo kupereka kumvetsa chiyambi ndi kutumikira monga gwero la kunyada.