Amoniya - ndi antipode ndi analogue ... madzi?

Fungo mpweya amadziwika kuti aliyense - mukhoza kumva izo pomwepo pamene inu kutsegula mtsuko ndi ammonia. Chinachake katundu, tinauzidwa ku sukulu. Komanso amadziwika Komabe, ali mmodzi wa mankhwala chifungulo cha makampani mankhwala kuti: ndicho ndi zovuta kusintha asafe, amene sakonda kulowa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Amoniya - iyi ndiyo nthawi yoyamba imene kuyamba kupanga asafe mankhwala ambiri: nitrites zosiyanasiyana ndi ku feteleza, mabomba ndi aniline utoto, asatayike ndi mapulasitiki ...

Background

Dzina la thunthu lachokera ku Greek «hals ammoniakos», amene anamasuliridwa ngati ammonia. Amoniya molekyulu ndi zina kufanana piramidi, ndi vertex amene ndi asafe atomu ndi pansi - maatomu wa hydrogen atatu. Chilinganizo pawiri ichi - NH3. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, amoniya - ndi mpweya colorless ndi lakuthwa fungo lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma. kachulukidwe ake pa -33,35 ° C (otentha kutentha) wofanana 0,681 g / masentimita ^3. mankhwala A isungunuke pa -77,7 ° C. Molar misa la ammonia ndi magalamu 17 pa Mole. Mavuto 0,9 MPa firiji, amachititsa amoniya kuti kuotcha. Mgonerowo mwa makampani opanikizika kudzera othandizira kaphatikizidwe wa hydrogen ndi oxygen. Phula amoniya - kwambiri moyikirapo feteleza refrigerant. Ndi nkhaniyi ayenera kusamala, chifukwa ndi poizoni ndi zachiwawa.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Phula amoniya ali ndi katundu chochititsa. Kunja izo akufanana madzi opanda. Ngati H ₂ O, izo mwangwiro amasungunula ambiri organic ndi mankhwala zochita kupanga. salt kwambiri m'menemo dissociate mu ayoni pamene kusungunuka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mankhwala anachita mosiyana ndi madzi, kumachitika mosiyana.

Data mu tebulo kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti madzi amoniya - malo apadera kwa ena zochita kuwombola amene yotheka mu njira amadzimadzi. Mwachitsanzo:

2AgCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2} = 2AgNO ₃ + BaCl _2.

Chifukwa NH ₃ ndi amphamvu purotoni acceptor, asidi acetic, ngakhale kuti adaponderezedwa, izo prodissotsiiruet kwathunthu, monga kuchita asidi amphamvu. Chidwi kwambiri ndi njira mu madzi amoniya zitsulo soda. Back mu 1864, akatswiri anaona kuti ngati inu kuwapatsa nthawi zina, amoniya ukuphwera, ndipo chitayiko idzakhala chitsulo koyera. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi woona ndi njira amadzimadzi mchere. kusiyana ndi kuti zitsulo soda, ngakhale zedi kakang'ono komabe anachita ammonia, potero kupanga amides mchere monga:

2Na + 2NH ₃ = 2NaNH ₂ + H _2.

Yotsirizira ndi zinthu khola ndithu, koma kukhudzana ndi madzi yomweyo n'kugwa:

NaNH2 + H ₂ O = NH ₃ + NaOH.

Mu kufufuza za katundu wa akatswiri madzi amoniya aona kuti pamene zitsulo kusungunuka mmenemo, yankho buku amakhala akuluakulu. Komanso, pamene kachulukidwe ake amachepetsa. Izi kusiyana wina ankaona zosungunulira ndi madzi wamba. N'zovuta kukhulupirira, koma anaikira ndi kuchepetsedwa njira ya zitsulo aliyense soda mu amoniya amadzimadzi kusakanizidwa ndi mzake, ngakhale kuti zitsulo mu zonsezo yemweyo! Zikomo ku mayesero zonse anapeza mfundo yatsopano zodabwitsa. Choncho, anapezeka kuti zii mu madzi njira amoniya wa sodium wochuluka ndi laling'ono kwambiri kukana, choncho, NH ₃ angagwiritsidwe ntchito kubala dongosolo superconducting. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mpweya uwu ndi njira zake ndi chidwi maganizo a sayansi ndi akatswiri.