Analemba wamba ndi ndani? Izi ndi chidwi funso za malo a wamba mu Russia

Mwa mibadwo wamba 18-19 zigwire zosiyanasiyana magulu. Chidwi makamaka possessional kunena wamba. Ndi gawo lalikulu la anthu wamba, amene mwalamulo ankaona kuti chuma cha boma, koma kwenikweni pansi yokumba aakulu ndi eni mafakitale ndi mafakitale.

Nkhani ya angongole wamba gulu

XVII m'ma m'mbiri ya Russia ndi nthawi ya kubadwa kwa zikumera woyamba wa bizinesi. Ndi ulamuliro wa Alexei Mikhailovich Maonekedwe a manufactories, kuphatikizapo phiri Urals. Kuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi ndi pakutchulidwa kugwirizana mfundo monga alimi analemba. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndi kufunika kokhala ntchito pa mabizinezi latsopano mu zikhalidwe monga kutsirizitsa (mu 1649) a serfdom. wamba yonseyi kuti anali m'magulu awiri lalikulu la serfs ndi chernososhnye (mkhalidwe).

Woyamba sanathe momasuka wopeza, ndi yamasika sankafuna migodi ndi ntchito zitsulo mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa ntchito. M'nkhani ya amalonda anapempha thandizo kwa boma la kusowa aakulu antchito. Mochedwa kuyamba kunenera kwa amphawi zomera boma ndi chikhalidwe chimene obereketsa kuti kulipira iwo msonkho kafukufuku ndi zopereka. M'tsogolo mchitidwe POFUNA anawonjezera ku mafakitare boma.

Wamba zimachitika ku mafakitare

Poyamba, ntchito wamba la ogwira ntchito za mafakitale, anali amaziona ngati dalitso - mwachitsanzo thandizo zosakhalitsa kumbuyo kwa ntchito ina monga: ulendo nkhuni, malasha, chitsulo miyala, chitsulo. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti alimi ndi ntchito ndalama zimene kupereka State obereketsa alipire wa mangawa awo. Koma m'kupita zinthu zinasintha. Utsogoleli fakitale ndi zambiri anakopeka ntchito kuchokera osauka, ambiri a iwo anakhala Anthuwa. Ntchito izi zina linalipiridwa, koma pa yochepa. Analemba wamba pansi Peter 1 anayamba kupeza wonyong'onya mlandu kudutsa Russia ntchito m'mafakitale pa ntchito yotentha kumunda. Mlimi ndi kavalo - masenti 10, ndipo horseless - masenti 5. Koma, mwachizolowezi mu Russia, malamulo si nthawi zonse kukakamizidwa. Ndipo popeza kunali koyenera kutsatira ntchito "moyo wa munthu" aliyense, khololo wachibale kugwira ntchito kwa chaka chimodzi pa zomera kwa bambo ake okalamba, ana aang'ono. Mwa makonzedwe mbewu pamalo pomwe kuwalanga antchito wosafunika. Analemba wamba kuoneka ngati ukapolo. Udabuluka ambiri magwero olembedwa madandaulo a eni fakitale, ndi mtsutso zofunika kwambiri chotenga mbali m'magulu odana ndi boma, makamaka kugalukira Emelyana Pugacheva. Choncho, udindo wa Amaya zimachitika kwa mbewu, n'zotheka opotoka kuti serfdom.

wamba possessional

Kuyambira 1649 munakhala okhawo a otchuka ndi boyars mu malo a wamba, kuphatikizapo kuthekera zogulitsa awo. Koma Petro 1 anakumana ndi kufunika kuthandiza bourgeoisie nascent kuthetsa nkhani ya ntchito kwa mafakitale awo. Choncho, malamulo inakhazikitsa mu 1721, amene amalola kwa ogulidwa manufactories wamba olemekezeka, kukonza mabizinesi awo paokha. gulu chikhalidwe wotchedwa wamba possessional. Iwo sakanakhoza kugulitsa kapena kubweza kupatukana mbewu ndi ntchito ntchito yawo ntchito yachilendo. Motero, boma ang'onoang'ono kuthetsedwa vuto la kusowa kwa ntchito kwa achinyamata makampani Russian. Motero, osawuka m'ma 18 analemba - si possessional. M'tsogolo, chiŵerengero cha mawu kusintha.

Analemba possessional ndi wamba m'ma 19

Pofika m'zaka 18 mochedwa, boma anasiya mchitidwe kupatsa kwa zomera osauka boma. Nchifukwa chake zipolowe zonse mu Urals ndi kulira kwa eni. Mu 1807, Alexander ndinatenga poyambira kuwonongedwa kwa gulu la alimi. Ambiri a iwo asamagwire ntchito kuvomerezedwa mokomera mbewu, unakhalabe osachepera pofuna ntchito mosalekeza. Mwatsoka, mphatso imeneyi imagwiranso yekha Urals. Mawu akuti "analemba wamba" Mwamsanga malinga ndi malo 1807. Komabe, sanatanthauze kuthetsa masuku pamutu osauka zomera lonse. A owerengeka wamba anachoka mu obereketsa wamng'ono, zinadziwika kuti "antchito singasiyanitsidwe." Iwo mwalamulo anamukwiyira ukugwira wamba possessional. Pokhapokha chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom makampani Ural ndi mafakitale ena anakakamizika kusuntha ntchito aganyo.

ena ziwerengero

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo ya kalembera wa anthu wamba ku mafakitare ndi kunayamba chaka cha 1633, ndi mawu kachulukidwe, iwo anali anthu pang'ono oposa mazana atatu. Ambiri mwachangu ndondomeko zimenezi zinachitika zoyambirira za m'ma 18, pambuyo wamakono wa Petro. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, gulu oposa 312 000 anthu. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 1861, oposa 170.000 alimi analandira possessional chifuniro cha mfumu-mpulumutsi.