Anti-demokalase ankhanza. Opondereza ndi authoritarian ankhanza: mbali yaikulu ya

The ndale za boma - ndi njira yokonza dongosolo kuti amasonyeza mtima wa akuluakulu ndi mtundu uliwonse wa anthu, ufulu chikhalidwe ndi moyo malamulo a dziko.

Ambiri katundu awa chifukwa mbali zina chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi zinthu zakale za mapangidwe boma. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti dziko lililonse anapanga wapadera ndi chosiyana yake politrezhim. Komabe, ochuluka zizindikiro zawo zofanana tingaupeze m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

magwero Scientific mabuku kufotokoza mitundu iwiri ya zipangizo umoyo malamulo:

• odana ndi demokalase ankhanza;
• demokalase ankhanza.

Zizindikiro za demokalase

Zinthu zofunika kuti ndi khalidwe la demokalase ndi:

• Ukulu wa zochita malamulo;
• mphamvu kugawidwa ndi mitundu;
• kuli awa ufulu zandale ndiponso nzika;
• osankhidwa matupi;
• pamaso pa otsutsa ndi maganizo chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika kwambiri.

Zizindikiro za odana ndi demokalase

Mawonekedwe odana ndi demokalase a boma agawanika pa opondereza ndi authoritarian. katundu Aika:

• ulamuliro wa gulu limodzi phwando;
• ulamuliro wa mawonekedwe umodzi umwini;
• siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu ku moyo ndale;
• njira kuponderezedwa ndi chogonedwa monyengeleredwa cha mphamvu;
• siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la chikoka cha matupi Wosankhidwa;
• kulimbitsa mphamvu wamkulu;
• kuletsa kuti kuli mabungwe otsutsa gulu;
• kuletsa polipartiynosti ndi inomysliya;
• chilakolako cha boma oyang'anira madera onse a moyo chikhalidwe ndi ubale pakati pa anthu.

Zizindikiro za boma authoritarian (authoritarian) alinso chakuti mphamvu anaikira mu manja a munthu kapena gulu, koma kunja kwa dera ndale amasungidwa digiri wachibale ufulu. Chotero ufulu chikhalidwe ndi malamulo Mulimonsemo sindikukana makhalidwe a mtundu wa boma. Features ya ulamuliro wankhanza - chimalimbikitsidwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi akuluakulu muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu.

makhalidwe poyerekeza

Kaperekedwe ankhanza odana ndi demokalase

boma Authoritarian Umaoneka mphamvu anaikira mu manja a munthu wosakwatira kapena gulu la anthu. Kawirikawiri pamodzi ndi kupondereza authoritarian. Kapangidwe Kutsutsidwa nthawi zimenezi sizingatheke, koma m'munda zachuma, monga zachikhalidwe kapena mwachinsinsi, kudziyimira pawokha munthu ndi kukhalabe ena mosamala.

mphamvu opondereza amapangidwa pamene m'mbali zonse za moyo anthu akulamulidwa ndi boma kuti monopolize mphamvu (anthu kapena magulu a anthu), pomwe pali kupezeka kwa dziko limodzi kwa anthu onse okhala m'dzikolo. Pakalibe inomysliya aliyense analenga amphamvu zolimbana ndi ulamuliro, kuvutitsidwa apolisi, kukakamiza. Chotero ankhanza odana ndi demokalase kungadzutse umunthu chabe, amene amakonda kumvera nkhani zonse chikhalidwe.

mphamvu za ulamuliro wankhanza

Ulamuliro - mwatsatanetsatane akulamulira boma, malire alowererepo pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu, kuphatikizapo kuli pa nkhani ya kasamalidwe ndi ulamuliro awo malamulo. Lingaliro kwambiri anatuluka mu makumi mochedwa zaka za m'ma 20, pamene ena a sayansi ndale anayesa kugawanitsa zokomera ndi demokalase dziko ndi kuyang'ana kumvetsa za Bomali.

Features za ulamuliro wankhanza

1. kuli limodzi, oikamo chipani, yemwe walunjika ndi banga (pamaso pa anthu), mtsogoleri, ndipo powonjezera - ndi reunification enieni a chipanichi ndi boma la zinthu structural. M'mawu ena, akhoza kutchedwa "boma chipani." Pali mu Pachithunzipa mu makwerero masanjidwe akukhala ofesi yaikulu ya bungwe phwando, ndipo boma ndi njira kumayambiriro kwa moyo wa opondereza dongosolo nsanja.

2. Centralization ndi monopolization ulamuliro. Ndiko kuti, poyerekeza ndi chuma, chipembedzo normative zachikunja, ndale (kumvera ndi kukhulupirika ku gulu opondereza) abwere kutsogolo ndi kukhala ofunika. Zotayika malire pakati pa malo a boma ndi ena a boma ili (dziko monga gulu). Njira yonse ya moyo wa anthu a pansi pa lamulo, mulimonse, khalidwe lenileni (payekha) kapena anthu ali. Akuluakulu paliponse kwaiye njira bureaucracy ndi chatsekedwa zambiri ndipo sanali deta ngalande.

3. A umodzi mphamvu yovomerezeka mfundo zimene zimafalitsidwa, kuphunzira, ndi njira zokopa oletsa anthu monga yekha zolondola, njira yoona ya maganizo. Pano akugogomezera osati munthu, ndi "tchalitchi" mfundo (mtundu uliwonse, fuko ndi zina zotero. D.). Mbali wauzimu wa anthu amakhala ndi tsankho aliuma ndipo inomysliyu "inodeystviyu", monga mwa ulamuliro wa "amene ali nafe -. Kapena zotsutsana nafe"

4. thupi ndi maganizo kwamwanako, boma apolisi boma aliko, limene maziko a malamulo chachikulu chimakhala chogwidwa ndi izi: "amaloledwa yekha zimene kulangidwa ndi maulamuliro, chirichonse ndikoletsedwa." Pakuti zimene anachita anapanga ghettos ndi zozunzirako, amene ntchito yakalavula gaga, nkhanza anthu, yimitsira chifuniro yapachiweniweni kupewa chiwonongeko Unyinji wa anthu osalakwa.

Chotero opondereza njira kulamulira ali m'gulu chikominisi ndi lopondereza ankhanza odana ndi demokalase.

authoritarianism

An boma authoritarian - Dziko ndi njira yotero ya moyo umene amakhala ndi boma kuzichita munthu wosakwatira ndi njira pamanja kulamulira. Izi "kukondera" pakati opondereza ndi demokalase boma, siteji Transitional pakati pawo.

ulamuliro Authoritarian wokongola pafupi ndi opondereza mizere ndale za kasamalidwe, ndi demokalase - zachuma, kuti, anthu amene alibe ufulu ndale, kuvekedwa ndi chidzalo cha Economics.

Mbali yaikulu ya boma authoritarian

Mtundu uwu wa odana ndi demokalase ulamuliro wa boma lili ndi mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Ali ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, osati pansi pa ulamuliro ndi centralized mu manja a munthu wosakwatira kapena gulu la anthu. Izi zikhoza kukhala wolamulira, ndi junta asilikali ndi zina zotero.
2. Angathe ndi enieni amadza chifukwa cha mavuto mphamvu. mode uwu sungakhoze ntchito zochita chachikulu kuponderezedwa ndi amene amakonda kuzindikira yokwanira ya anthu ambiri. Komabe, boma singakwanitse kutenga njira iliyonse poyerekezera ndi nzika kuti iwo kumvera.
3. The monopolization wa mphamvu zandale moyo, osalola kuti kuli mabungwe chitsutso, yekha popanda kanthu, ntchito malamulo m'dziko. Chotero chikhalidwe sikumangotikhudza kuli mopanda malire Party mabungwe mabungwe malonda ndi mayanjano zina, koma ntchito yawo ndi mosamalitsa nkhani kulamulira ndi malamulo ndi akuluakulu.
4. Kusakasaka ndi cadres atsogoleri mwa okha-kubwezeretsa, osati mpikisano mu nthawi chisanadze chisankho, chosowa njira mlandu kupitiriza ndi kulanda mphamvu. Chotero ankhanza odana ndi demokalase nthawi zambiri kudzera mwa coups ntchito zachitetezo komanso kukakamiza.
5. Akuluakulu chinkhoswe yekha popereka wotetezedwa, kuti chikhalidwe, ngakhale amatha kulimbikitsa zofunika chitukuko chuma, kuti agwire ntchito mfundo yogwira chikhalidwe, popanda kuwononga dongosolo lake lamulo msika mwini.

mbali tafotokozazi kupereka malo amanena kuti authoritarian ulamuliro - ". analola zonse kupatula ndale" njira za boma ndi moralism zosalongosoka

Mitundu zina zipani

Pamene dongosolo kapolo zotsatirazi mitundu ya boma:

• wankhanza;
• iziyenda bwino;
• monarchical;
• achifumu;
• demokalase.

Dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, nayenso lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu:

• militarist-apolisi;
• wokomela anthu onse;
• zachipembedzo-ang'onoang'ono;
• absolutist;
• "Ankawunikiridwa" absolutism.

zida Bourgeois, motero, lagawidwa:

• wokomela anthu onse;
• lopondereza;
• asilikali ndi apolisi;
• Bonapartist.

Gulu la zipani SA Komarov

SA Komarov mode ukugawa mphamvu ya anthu kuti:

• kapolo;
• ang'onoang'ono;
• bourgeois;
• Socialist demokalase.

ankhanza Antidemocratic anasiyanitsidwa ndi malamulowa pa:

• opondereza;
• lopondereza;
• autocratic.

inawo, nayenso lagawidwa munthu (despotism, nkhanza, mphamvu munthu mode) ndi gulu (la oligarchy ndi apamwamba).

zipani pa siteji pano

Pa gawo lino akukhulupirira kuti demokalase - akafuna zotsogola, monga kuyenera aliyense undemocratic. Izi si zolondola kwathunthu. umboni wotsimikizira zikusonyeza kuti opondereza limati (a mbali zina) ndithu bwino kulibe ndi ntchito zake, mwachitsanzo ku Democratic Republic of Korea. Powonjezera, Ulamuliro kwakukulukulu akhoza kusonkhanitsa anthu onse a boma kuti ndikhudze ena (osati zosafuni- ndi zovuta) mavuto a boma.

Mwachitsanzo, Soviet Union anatha kupambana ntchito asilikali ndi Nazi Germany, ngakhale opondereza Germany pa chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zake mphamvu mkati asilikali. Mu zaka lonse itatha, njira iyi umoyo malamulo walenga kukula mbiri zachuma wa USSR. Ngakhale anali akwaniritsa mtengo ndithu. Choncho, opondereza ndi odalirika modes yodziwika monga mbali zabwino kapena zoipa.