Bulgakov SERGEY Nikolaevich, ndi Russian nzeru zapamwamba, wazaumulungu, wansembe Orthodox: Wambiri

Russian nzeru zapamwamba ndi zaumulungu, Sergei Bulgakov - anthu amakhumudwa tsogolo. Iye anali kupita kupyola kukaikira ndi kupeza njira yawo kwa Mulungu atalenga chiphunzitso wake Sophia, anatha kugonjetsa sakhulupirira abwenzi ndi zampingo kusavomereza komanso kutsatira chikumbumtima ndi chikhulupiriro.

Childhood ndi Banja

Bulgakov anabadwa SERGEY N. 16 (28) July 1871 mu Livny, mu wansembe banja lalikulu, ndi abbot wa mpingo waung'ono pa manda. Atate Sergei kuphunzitsa ana (ndi apo iye anali zisanu ndi ziwiri) mu mwambo Orthodox. Banja nthawi zonse kupita ku tchalitchi, ana anamvetsera, ndipo kenako kuwerenga malemba okha. SERGEY akuyamikira ndi kukumbukira ubwana wake, pamene anakumana ndi chilengedwe chokongola Russian, mothandizidwa ndi ulemerero wapadera wa mapemphero a. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi anthu ambiri mgwirizano wolimba ndi Mulungu. Iye analeredwa monga Mkhristu, mu zaka zoyambirira iye ankakhulupirira moona mtima mwa Mulungu.

zaka kuphunzira

Mu zaka 12, Bulgakov SERGEY anayamba kuphunzira pa sukulu ya zamulungu, iye anali pa nthawi ino, m'mawu ake, "mwana wokhulupirika wa Mpingo." Atamaliza sukulu, anayamba seminare mu mzinda wa kwawo wa Livny. Nthawi imeneyi, kwambiri kuganizira mmene kulumikiza moyo wake ku utumiki wa Mulungu. Patatha zaka zinayi, kulemba amachita ku koleji, Bulgakov akulowa seminare mu Orel. Apa iye anaphunzira kwa zaka zitatu, koma pa nthawi ino pali atasintha mumtima mwake, iye akukumana kwambiri mavuto achipembedzo dooms iye sakhulupirira Mulungu. Anataya chikhulupiriro mu Mpingo Orthodox, mu 1987, Bulgakov anasiya seminare kenako zaka ziwiri zoonjezera za kuphunzira mu chakale sukulu ya galamala mu Yelets. Kenako analowa Moscow University State, mphamvu ya Chilamulo. Mu 1894 iye bwinobwino kupirira chiyeso chomaliza ndipo analandira digiri mbuye ndi malangizo bwino.

maganizo oyambirira

Kale mu seminare chaka choyamba Bulgakov SERGEY akukumana kukayikira kwambiri mu postulates achipembedzo ndi kupulumuka mavuto zozama za chikhulupiriro kuti amakankhira iye yekha kusamalira ku seminare, komanso kuyandikira wotchuka kwambiri pa nthawi iyi ya Marxists. Iye amagwira ntchito mwakhama latsopanoli nzeru zaumunthu malangizo okha mofulumira anakhala theoretician kutsogolera Marxism mu Russia. Komabe, posakhalitsa amaona kuti kulephera chiphunzitso ndi evolves kwa chabe. Mu 1902, iye analemba nkhani yakuti "Kuchokera Marxism kwa chabe," limafotokoza zimene kusintha maganizo ake.

Izi kusintha maganizo ake zogwirizana ndi mzimu wa nthawiyo anzeru Russian wa nthawi imeneyo anali yodziwika ndi chikoka cha chomwe German ndipo kenako yachipembedzo. Ankadziwa Bebel ndi Kautsky, mabuku a Vladimir Soloviev ndi Tolstoy chimtsogolera kufufuza m'munda wa andale Mkhristu pofuna kuthana ndi vuto zabwino ndi zoipa. Kwa nthawi yaitali, Bulgakov amakonda cosmism, pambuyo Nikolaem Fedorovym. Pofunafuna imeneyi, yomwe ikhale "Christianity chikhalidwe" zoyenera mwamtheradi mu zamoyo wa Russian nthanthi ganizo nyengo.

Pang'ono ndi lingaliro la Bulgakov kukula ndi mawonekedwe, njira atsale nthanthi mwangwiro analanda woyamba ntchito yake yaikulu - buku "Kuwala chosasuluka".

ntchito yophunzitsa

Atamaliza maphunziro Sergei Bulgakov (yonena kuti chikugwirizana osati ndi nzeru komanso ndi chiphunzitso) ndi mu dipatimenti kuti kulemba zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii, iye anayamba kuphunzitsa chuma ndale pa sukulu yophunzitsa maluso Imperial mu Moscow. Mu chaka cha 1898, Yunivesite atumiza kwa zaka ziwiri paulendo kafukufuku Germany. Mu 1901 anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake ndipo analandira udindo wa pulofesa mu dipatimenti ya chuma ndale wa Kiev Polytechnic Institute. Mu 1906 iye anakhala katswiri pa Moscow malonda Institute. nkhani Bulgakov amasonyeza njira chofuna wake, ambiri a iwo lofalitsidwa monga ntchito ndi akatswiri umoyo ndi zachuma. Kenako ankagwira ntchito yophunzitsa za chuma ndale ndi pulofesa Tauride University za zamulungu, ndi lamulo ovomerezeka ndi zamulungu ku Prague.

Zachitikira ntchito chikhalidwe

Pambuyo kugwirizana Marxists mu 1903. Bulgakov SERGEY chinkhoswe mu oletsedwa woyamba msonkhano wa Union of Kumasuka, amene mamembala anali Berdyaev, Vladimir Vernadsky, VI manda. Monga mbali ya ntchito ya Union Bulgakov kufalitsa malingaliro dziko lawo, monga mkonzi wa magazini "New Way". Mu 1906, nzeru zapamwamba amatenga nawo mbali mu kulengedwa kwa Union of ndale Mkhristu, kumene kumachitika kazembe lachiwiri la State Duma mu 1907. Komabe, posakhalitsa maganizo antimonarchist Kusiya kuyandikana naye, ndi iye amapita ku mbali ina. Kuyambira pamenepo, iye salinso amafuna kuchita kayendedwe chikhalidwe Ikufotokozanso ntchito yake pa kulemba ntchito ndi akatswiri journalistic.

chipembedzo

Mu 1910, Sergei Bulgakov, amene nzeru akubwera mfundo yaikulu ya chitukuko, anakumana ndi Pavlom Florenskim. Ubwenzi anzeru awiri kwambiri Polemeretsedwa inu lingaliro Russian. Nthawi imeneyi Bulgakov potsiriza kubwerera ku chifuwa cha chipembedzo, Mkhristu. Iye ankamusamalira mu mbali mpingo zothandiza. M'chaka cha 1917 buku la lake m'buku gawo "ndi chosafota Kuwala," komanso chaka chino SERGEY watenga mbali mu Zonse-Russian Council Local, lomwe labwezeretsa mabishopu mu dziko.

Wafilosofi nthawi kuti kwambiri za kuganiza za njira ya chitukuko cha dziko ndi aluntha. Iye anakumana ndi ulimi monga imfa ya onse omwe anali okondedwa kwa iye mu moyo. Bulgakov anakhulupirira izo mu kamphindi yovuta pa mapewa a ansembe ndi ntchito yapadera kuti apulumutse anthu ndi uzimu. The nkhondo yapachiweniweni analimbitsa tanthauzo la Chivumbulutso ndi kuwakweza Sergei Nikolaevich kwa zochita zikuluzikulu m'moyo.

wansembe Way

Mu 1918, Bulgakov ndinadzozedwa wansembe. Kudzipereka zikuchitika pa June 11 pa Danilovsky obisika. Atate Sergio limodzi ndi mkulu wa mabishopu Tikhon kenako amayamba yofunika mwachilungamo kwambiri mu Mpingo Russian, koma zasintha nkhondo. Mu 1919 iye anapita ku Crimea kukatenga banja lake, koma kubwerera ku Moscow iye sakanakhalanso zoyembekezeka. Pa nthawi iyi, Bolsheviks Bulgakov kukusalani kwa chiphunzitso ndodo ya Moscow malonda Institute. Mu Simferopol, iye amagwira ntchito pa yunivesite ndipo anapitiriza kulemba ntchito nzeru za anthu. Koma kudali boma la Soviet posachedwa kumuchititsa mwayi uwu.

emigration

Mu 1922, Sergei Bulgakov, amene mabuku sanalandire latsopano akuluakulu, Soviet, anatumizidwa Constantinople ndi banja lake. Iye anapatsidwa siginecha pa chikalata chofotokoza kuti iye anatumizidwa ku RSFSR kalekale ndi vuto la kubwerera adzakhala anaphedwa. Ku Constantinople Bulgakov anasamukira ku Prague.

SERGEY sanayambe anafuna kuchoka kwawo, amene anali wokondedwa kwambiri. moyo wake wonse analankhula ndi kunyada za chiyambi chake Russian ndi othandiza yogwira chikhalidwe Russian, anakakamizika kulibe kunja. Analota nthawi kukaona Russia, koma sanali kukhala. Kunyumba anali mwana wa Bulgakovyh Fedor, amene iwo simunayambe mwaziwonapo.

Prague nthawi

Mu 1922, Bulgakov SERGEY adza kwa Prague, komwe anayamba kugwira ntchito mu Institute of mphamvu ya Chilamulo Russian. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Prague ankatchedwa "Russian Oxford" apa pambuyo ulimi m'gulu oimira ngati a chipembedzo monga Lossky, G. Vernadsky, Struve, P. Novgorodtsev. Patangotha zaka ziwiri, Bulgakov anaphunzitsa zamulungu pano. Komanso, iye anachita utumiki mu mpingo wa wophunzira wa Prague, mu umodzi wa m'matchalitchi wakunja kwatawuni.

Bulgakov ankakhala anayambitsa kogona amatchedwa "Svobodarna", zimene zinabweretsa pamodzi ndi gulu wanzeru asayansi Russian ndi anzeru. Atate Sergio anali tate wa magazini "Dziko wauzimu wa wophunzira," zomwe zinali nkhani zosangalatsa zomwe zili za maphunzira auzimu. Iye anakhala mmodzi wa okonza yaikulu ya "Russian Student Christian Movement", umene anthu akupita Russian anzeru emigre ndi asayansi.

Paris nthawi

Mu 1925, bambo Sergio ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Paris, komwe ndi kutenga mbali yake yogwira ntchito, anatsegula woyamba Orthodox Theological Institute, mkulu ndi pulofesa limene iye akukhala. Popeza 1925, akupanga zambiri maulendo, anayenda pafupifupi onse m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi North America. Paris nthawi komanso umasiyana tima nthanthi ntchito Bulgakov. Lotchuka kwambiri mwa ntchito zake nthawi awa: trilogy "Mwanawankhosa wa Mulungu", "Mkwatibwi wa Mwanawankhosa," "nkhoswe" buku "Chitsamba Choyaka Moto". Monga mkulu wa St. Sergio Bulgakov, Sergei amalenga malo weniweni wauzimu chikhalidwe Russian mu Paris. Upanga bungwe ntchito pa ntchito yomanga zovuta, lotchedwa "SERGEY House." Kwa zaka 20 utsogoleri wake ukuoneka yaing'ono nyumba m'tawuni mipingo. Atate Sergio ntchito ndi achinyamata, kukhala mphunzitsi wotchuka awathandize bwinobwino ophunzira.

mayesero akuluakulu anapirira ndi Bulgakov mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, iye anali pa nthawi imeneyo kale kudwala kwambiri, koma ngakhale mu zinthu izi sanaleke ntchito yake kulenga ntchito achipembedzo aumunthu. Ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri za tsogolo la kwawo ndi ku Ulaya.

Sophiology Bulgakov

The filosofe a Bulgakov ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi zamulungu. Chapakati lingaliro - Sophia Nzeru ya Mulungu - sanali zatsopano achipembedzo, iwo mwachangu anayamba Soloviev, koma Atate Sergio anasanduka kwambiri mumtima zinachitikira, vumbulutso. mabuku achipembedzo nthanthi Bulgakov analibe wokhulupirika ndi kugwirizana, kani, izo anavomereza mu mabuku awo, akulankhula za zimene zinamuchitikira lachinsinsi. Lingaliro Main wauzimu wa chiphunzitso chake, Sophia nzeru ya Mulungu, ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana: kuchokera mwiniwake wa ukazi maziko a dziko waukulu zinathandiza mphamvu zinthu, nzeru chilengedwe ndi ubwino. Chiphunzitso cha Bulgakov anatsutsidwa ndi Mpingo Orthodox, iye sanali mlandu wotsutsana ndi tchalitchi, koma analozera zolakwa miscalculations. chiphunzitso sanali wabweza mtundu wathunthu ndi anakhalabe mu mawunikidwe mwachilungamo osiyanasiyana.

moyo

Bulgakov SERGEY Nikolaevich anakhala zochitika wolemera moyo. Back mu chaka cha 1898, anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa mwininyumba Elene Ivanovne Tokmakovoy, amene adatenga zonse mwa mayesero a moyo, ndipo panali anthu ambiri. Banjalo ana asanu, koma awiri okha ndi amene anapulumuka. Imfa ya zitatu Ivasheka anakhala kwambiri, nkhani yomvetsa chisoni chifukwa Bulgakov, akukankha woganiza kusonyeza pa nzeru za dziko. Mu 1939, wansembe anapezeka ndi khansa pakhosi, anamuchita opaleshoni yaikulu pa kholigo lake amapilira, koma kuliphunzira mwa kuchita khama kwambiri kuti pambuyo pake. Komabe, mu 1944 iye sitiroko, zimene zinachititsa kuti imfa ya 13 July 1944.