Byzantine kalembedwe zomangamanga ku Russia

Mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe tanthauzo la Byzantium sitingalephere kukambapo. The Russian Byzantine cholowa angapezeke onse pa zinthu zauzimu ndi chuma. Mogwirizana chikhalidwe anapulumuka magawo angapo, ndipo ngakhale mu chikhalidwe zamakono zomangamanga ndi zizindikiro za chikoka izi. Kumbali lonse, chikhalidwe Russian anali wolowa chachikulu ndi continuer miyambo ndi malamulo wauzimu Ufumu wa Byzantine.

Chiyambi cha kalembedwe Byzantine

Kutha kwa ufumu wa Roma mu 395 AD zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa Ufumu yatsopano, anadzatchedwa Byzantium. Amaona kuti kukhala m'malo mwa miyambo yakale, chikhalidwe ndi nzeru. Byzantine kalembedwe ukapezeka chifukwa cha anthu ambiri njira mapulani alipo. The mapulani a boma latsopano nthawi yomweyo okha ntchitoyo kumenya zikayenda Roma. Choncho, mwachibadwa odzipereka zonse zabwino zimene wakhala anatulukira ndi Aroma ndi Agiriki, kulenga katswiri watsopano, kutenga vuto nthawi ndi kupeza mapangidwe latsopano ndi njira mapulani.

Mapangidwe chikhalidwe Byzantine zinachitika osati pa kubalana ndi kusintha zinachitikira wakale Agiriki ndi Aroma, komanso chifukwa amphamvu kum'maŵa chikoka, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa chilakolako zapamwamba, lonse, anakopekanso.

Chifukwa chakuti mu Constantinople, zikukhazikitsa kum'mawa nthambi ya Chikhristu, dziko adzafunika mipingo yatsopano. Kwa malingaliro atsopano imafunanso pamalo yake. mavuto awa anathana ndi ojambula zithunzi zabwino za dziko, amene amapita ku Constantinople ndi kulenga ntchito wapadera, amene anakhala achipembedzo atsopano, chikhalidwe, anthu ndi mapulani ovomerezeka.

Features wa kalembedwe Byzantine

Amisiri wa Constantinople anali kuthetsa mavuto zingapo zofunika structural, amene makamaka anaonekera zomangamanga mpingo. Cathedral wa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox kuti chidwi pa wowerenga ndi sikelo yake ndi ulemerero, kachisi kugwirizana ndi Ufumu wa Mulungu, choncho, amisiri zofunika njira yatsopano ya mawu, kufufuza zimene iwo ankachita. Kwa maziko a dongosolo Byzantine mpingo si Greek tchalitchi anatengedwa, ndi Roma tchalitchi. Makoma zinamangidwa zigawo njerwa ndi lalikulu kulumikiza yankho. Izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mwa zinthu zapadera nyumba Byzantine - akukumana njerwa kapena miyala nyumba ya mitundu mdima ndi kuunika. Mozungulira wapakamwa nthawi zambiri linaikidwa Arcade wa mizati ndi mabasiketi mitu.

Kalembedwe Byzantine amagwirizana ndi mtundu wa mtanda ozungulira tchalitchi. The wamanga anatha kupeza njira yosavuta pawiri wa mzikiti kuzungulira ndi m'munsi lalikulu, kotero panali "kupalasa" imene analenga mphamvu ya kumvana wholeness. Mwapang'ono zenera ndi anamaliza pamwamba, anaika pa awiri kapena atatu lotsatira - ndi chizindikiro yofunika kwambiri nyumba Byzantine.

Kunja nyumba processing nthawizonse wakhala odzichepetsa kuposa m'katikati - ichi ndi chinthu china nyumba Byzantine. Mfundo za kamangidwe mkati anali kuyengedwa, kuchuluka ndi kukongola, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito mtengo kwambiri, chidwi zipangizo kuti anachititsa chidwi kwambiri anthu.

Byzantine chikoka pa zomangamanga akale

Mu Middle Ages chikoka cha Byzantium kufalitsa ku mayiko onse a ku Ulaya, iyo inali ndale, a zachuma komanso mwauzimu. Kalembedwe Byzantine a zomangamanga wa Ages Middle kunapezeka kukhala gwero lamphamvu zosintha. Italy kunadetsa anazindikira Byzantine zomangamanga zaluso: mtundu watsopano wa mpingo ndi zithunzi njira. Choncho, mipingo akale a Ravenna, pachilumba cha Torcello, Palermo anakhala zizindikiro za chikoka Byzantine.

Kenako, azimuth linafalikira m'mayiko ena. Choncho, tchalitchi mu Aachen ku Germany ndi chitsanzo cha mphamvu Byzantine mu kuwala kwa ambuye Italy. Komabe, mphamvu kwambiri ya Byzantium anali pa mayiko amene ayamba Orthodoxy: Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia ndi Ancient Russia. Apa pali chenicheni chikhalidwe kukambirana ndi kuwombola, zomwe zimachititsa wamakono kwambiri miyambo mapulani alipo.

Byzantine chikoka pa zomangamanga a Russia wakale

Aliyense akudziwa za m'mene gululo Russian kukaona Rome ndi Constantinople pofufuza chipembedzo abwino anadabwa kwambiri ndi kukongola kwa Hagia Sophia, ndipo anaganiza zotsatira za mlanduwo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo amphamvu kutengedwa miyambo, malemba, miyambo pa dziko Russian. Mbali yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito imeneyi ndi mpingo zomangamanga, amene mwachangu chinayamba mu mawonekedwe atsopano. Byzantine kalembedwe pa zomangamanga akachisi anaonekera chifukwa chakuti lonse ambuye timu kubwera kwa Ancient Russia kumanga aang'ono luso kutengerapo ndi kumanga fano watsopano wa dziko. Komanso zambiri mapulani anapita Constantinople, kuphunzira zidule ndi zidule yomanga.

ambuye Russian zaka za m'ma 10, osati kutengera mwambo Byzantine, komanso Awalemeza, amathandizana njira ndi mbali yofunika ya tchalitchi. Traditional mtanda ozungulira Byzantine kachisi Lazaro amapeza nave zina ndi tambirimbiri mphamvu kwambiri. Kuti akonze nyumba yatsopano kalembedwe kuoneka luso m'madera zokhudzana: kupanga njerwa, mabelu akuponya zithunzi - zonsezi ali ndi mizu Byzantine, koma kukonzedwa ndi amisiri Russian mu mzimu wa luso dziko. Chitsanzo chabwino cha processing amenewa ndi Cathedral Nzeru Mulungu mu Kiev, kumene Byzantine nave mawonekedwe amakhala kumanga tambirimbiri ndi zisanu panyanja ndi mitu isanu 12 wodzilemekeza ndi domes wina waung'ono.

Byzantine chitsanzo kachisi

Kalembedwe Byzantine a zomangamanga, makamaka tiganizire, maziko kamangidwe nzeru za kachisi. tingachidziwe anabadwa kuchokera zofuna mwangwiro yothandiza: kuonjezera kachisi danga, kugwirizana yosavuta ya mzikiti ndi tsinde, kuwala kokwanira. Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti zimene wapanga mtundu wapadera wa zomangamanga, anasintha lonse kachisi zomangamanga mdziko. Traditional Byzantine kachisi ali apakati kapena amakona anayi m'munsi mtanda mzikiti dongosolo. Pakuti chigawo chapakati cha apse ndi zomera pafupi. The kuwonjezera mphamvu kwachititsa kuti zikamera mu zogwiriziza zina mwa mawonekedwe a mizati, anasiyanitsidwa mu naves atatu tchalitchi. Nthawi zambiri, kachisi tingachipeze powerenga ali mutu umodzi, makamakanso 5 Windows ndi archways ophatikizana 2-3 pansi Chipilala wamba.

Features mu Russian Byzantine kalembedwe zomangamanga mpingo

The nyumba yoyamba ya akachisi watsopano wa Mpingo anali mu mwambo Russian, Agiriki sanathe kuwakhudza, kuyambira akachisi awo anamanga zomangidwa ndi miyala. Choncho, choyamba luso - ambiri mutu, zomwe zikugwiritsidwa akuyendera mwachangu njira mapulani. Mwala woyamba mpingo mu Russia limapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 9 ndipo ali ndi dongosolo mtanda ozungulira. Lero kachisi sanakhale ndi moyo, titero kwa kulunjika ake zotheka. Kwa mipingo mu Russia linali lofunika kwambiri ndalama, ngakhale amisiri woyamba anakakamizika kuthana ndi vuto la kukula malo mkati mwa kachisi, kumanga kuwonjezapo timipata zina ndi tambirimbiri.

Today kalembedwe Byzantine mu Russia, zithunzi za nyumba yomwe Tingaone mu guidebooks ambiri ukufanizidwa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu. Inamangidwa mu Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod chigawo, Pechora, Vladimir, Pskov. Pali akachisi ambiri amene ali mbali zoonekeratu Byzantine, koma ndi nyumba osiyana ndi njira yapadera mapulani. Yotchuka kwambiri monga Saint Sophia Cathedral ku Novgorod Chiwalitsiro Cathedral mu Chernigov, Nereditsa Church, Utatu mpingo agulupa Pechersk.

Byzantine kalembedwe pa zomangamanga European

State Byzantium lilipo kwa zaka zoposa 10, sakanakhoza kulephera kusiya chizindikiro chake mu mbiri ya dziko. Pa zomangamanga a ku Ulaya ndipo lero ife tikhoza kuwona mbali yapadziko lapansi ya cholowa Byzantine. Ambiri olemera akutenga ndalama ndi kupitiriza pa Ages Middle, pamene mapulani ndi mukutengera maganizo nzeru za anzake ndi kumanga akachisi Mwachitsanzo, mu Italy, yemwe anali womvera kwa chikoka Byzantine. Mphamvu ya Republic Venetian anali amisiri amene anabwera kuchokera ku Byzantium, ndi ambirimbiri zakale, anabweretsa pano pambuyo adani a Constantinople. Ngakhale chachikulu cha San Marco ku Venice zikuphatikizapo amajambulapo maluwa okongola ambiri Byzantine ndiponso anthu ake.

Palibe udindo zosafuni- ankaimba ndi zomangamanga Byzantine ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Mtundu pakati-ozungulira chigamulo cha zomangamanga, amene wabwera kuchokera kudziko lino, alandira ambiri. Features a mipingo Byzantine angapezeke osati nyumba zachipembedzo, komanso nyumba yakale. Mapulani ku Brunelleschi kuti Bramante ndi Andrea Palladio. Munthu akhoza kuona zinthu komanso ofuna kumanga njira Byzantines mu nyumba ngati wotchuka ngati tchalitchi cha St. Peter ku Roma, Paulo Woyera mu London, ndi Pantheon ku Paris.

Byzantine kalembedwe pa zomangamanga European monga sizinatero, ngati si kuganizira chikale la dzikoli, koma mfundo za zomangamanga a dongosolo alipobe mpaka, iwo kusintha malamulo ndi modernized, koma ndi tsinde limene zomangamanga European limakula. Byzantium anakhala malo kuteteza miyambo wakale, amene ndiye anabwerera ku Ulaya ndipo anayamba adazindikira mwa iye monga mizu m'mbiri.

Mapangidwe kalembedwe Chirasha Byzantine

kalembedwe Byzantine pa zomangamanga Russian aumbike chifukwa cha zaka zambiri rethinking ndi zo maganizo a mapulani ku Constantinople. Anapanga kalembedwe amene kale liri azikhala malingaliro kum'mawa ndi Russian pakati pa zana la 19. Izo ndiye akuyamba maluwa a zomangamanga, imene zomwe wa mapulani Byzantine mwakuya reworked, kukodzedwa ndi ntchito njira zatsopano. Choncho, Russian Byzantine kalembedwe m'zaka 19 - si kukopera zomwe wa Constantinople, ndi chilengedwe cha "zochokera" zinyumba, ndi kulolerana lalikulu maganizo enieni Russian.

Periodization wa Russian Byzantine kalembedwe pa zomangamanga

Kodi akutchulidwa mu chiphunzitso cha zomangamanga monga "kalembedwe Byzantine", kupangidwa mu m'ma 19. ideologists ake ndi okopa anali wamanga KA tani. Harbingers wa kalembedwe kuonekera mu 20s kwa zaka za m'ma 19, ali kuonekera nyumba monga Mpingo wa Chachikhumi mu Kiev, Aleksandra Nevskogo mpingo mu Potsdam.

Koma nthawi yoyamba mapangidwe kalembedwe ukugwa pa zaka 40 ndi 50 tili, koma makamaka noticeable mu nyumba AV Gornostaeva ndi D. Grimm. Chachiwiri nyengo - ndi 60s, pamene mzimu wa eclecticism nyumba lalikulu bwinobwino kusakaniza mbali Byzantine ndi Russian. Nthawi imeneyi, kalembedwe kumaoneka makamaka nyumba G. G. Gagarina, VA Kosyakova ndi EA Borisova.

zaka 70-90 - nthawi Kuvuta kwa kalembedwe, mapulani amakonda yokongola kwambiri, kupanga mfundo raznostilevyh yomanga ake. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20 ndipo oyambirira 20 m'ma Byzantine wapamwamba ku Russia ayamba kutanthauziridwa momasuka kwambiri, akubwera palimodzi mu mzimu wa Art Nouveau ndi masitayilo ena. Mu zaka 90 za m'ma 20 Zikuoneka zoyerekeza-Byzantine kalembedwe, amene Tingaone kenako accretions, koma anaganiza makhalidwe makolo.

Chinyezimiro cha kalembedwe Byzantine m'katikati

Constantinople kalembedwe chimaonekera kamangidwe wa ulemerero mkati mwa nyumba. Pakuti Interiors kalembedwe Byzantine amakhala ndi ulemerero wolemera, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokwera mtengo: golide, mkuwa, siliva, miyala ya mtengo wake, mtengo wapatali. Bright chizindikiro cha mkati mu kalembedwe imeneyi ndi Zithunzi pa makoma ndi pansi.

Chinyezimiro cha kalembedwe Byzantine pa zomangamanga Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 19

Nthawi yowala pa zomangamanga, potengera miyambo ya Constantinople, ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19. Panthawi imeneyi Byzantine kalembedwe mamangidwe a St. Petersburg kukhala olamulidwa. Chitsanzo momveka bwino nyumba kalembedwe imeneyi ndinu Mpingo wa Wachisoni Amayi a Mulungu mu wopalasa ngalawayo Harbor (Kosyakova ndi Prussians), Greek mpingo Dmitriya Solunskogo (R. I. Kuzmina), Kusinthanitsa House Stoll ndi Schmidt (W. Schroeter). Mu Moscow, ndi, ndithudi, anamanga tani: Khristu Mpulumutsi Cathedral, Grand Kremlin Palace.

amajambulapo maluwa okongola Byzantine pa zomangamanga ya m'zaka 20

Pambuyo Soviet nyengo, ndi kumangidwanso kwa ziphunzitso anatsogolera chakuti kalembedwe Byzantine pa zomangamanga a Russia ayambanso zogwirizana. Pali zimamangidwa mu Russian Byzantine kalembedwe m'mizinda yambiri Russian. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi Mpingo pa Magazi polemekeza Oyera Mtima ndani unawala m'Dziko Russian mu Yekaterinburg ndi Carlo Efuraimu.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 20-21 anapanga otchedwa "chachiwiri Chirasha Byzantine kalembedwe," lomwe limapezeka mu nyumba mpingo watsopano. Iye akhoza zimachitika aang'ono monga Panteleimon mpingo mu Izhevsk, Mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu mu Omsk, Mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu mu Moscow ndi nyumba zambirimbiri m'dzikoli. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti lingaliro la Byzantium atagonjetsa kwambiri mu chikhalidwe Russian ndi lero limodzi ndi izo.

nyumba zamakono kalembedwe Byzantine

mapulani ano, makamaka zomangamanga mpingo, ndipo kubwerera ku miyambo ya Constantinople monga gwero la njira chikhalidwe. Iwo ndithudi reinvented titsimikize kutenga nkhani ya umisiri watsopano, koma mzimu wa Byzantium ankamvera. Tikhoza kunena kuti lero moyo Byzantine kalembedwe zomangamanga ku Russia. Zitsanzo za izi zikhoza m'mizinda yambiri ya dziko: Mpingo wa Women Woyera Mure wopatsa St. Petersburg, St. Nicholas mpingo Nadym, Seraphim mpingo Moore ndi ena.