Chibuddha ku China komanso zotsatira zake pa chikhalidwe cha dzikoli

Chikoka cha Buddhism pa chikhalidwe cha China ndi chachikulu, kupatulapo chiphunzitso ichi chiri ndi mizu yozama m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma kodi chikoka ichi ndi chiyani chomwe chimabweretsa kwa anthu? Kodi anthu amtunduwu amvetsetsa zikhulupiliro zenizeni za chikhulupiliro ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi malangizo a Buddha wamkulu? Pambuyo pake m'nkhaniyi, tiona zomwe Buddhism zimawoneka ngati ku China. Ndipo popeza nkhaniyi ndi yaikulu kwambiri, timangolongosola mwachidule mfundo zazikuluzikulu.

Pang'ono ponena za Buddhism

Musanayambe kupita ku mutu waukulu wa nkhaniyo, munthu ayenera kumvetsa zomwe Buddhism ndi. Mosakayikira, aliyense wa ife wamvapo mawu awa nthawi zambiri ndipo ali ndi lingaliro lofotokozera lomwe liri. Koma chidziwitso ichi chikhoza kuphatikizidwa kapena cholakwika ngati iwo achokera ku malo osatsimikiziridwa. Ndizowonjezera kuti izi zikhale zochepa kuti muphunzire mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Buddhism.

Kodi Chibuddha chinayamba kuti monga chiphunzitso? Iye anawonekera kumpoto kwa India, kumene kwenikweni mayiko akale monga Magadha ndi Kosala anali. Chiyambi cha chipembedzo ichi chinachitika mu Zakachikwi BC. E.

Tsoka ilo, chidziwitso cha asayansi ndi chosowa kwambiri pa nthawi iyi, koma ngakhale kuchokera ku deta yomwe ilipo n'zotheka kupeza mfundo zina. Kotero, kwa nthawi yeniyeni, vuto la chipembedzo cha Vedic ndilofunika, ndipo monga tikudziwira, nthawi zonse zimathandiza kuti pakhale chinachake chatsopano, kutuluka kwa ziphunzitso zina. Omwe amapanga njira yatsopanoyi anali oyendayenda wamba, amuna okalamba, abambo komanso amonke. Ena mwa iwo anali mtsogoleri wa Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama, yemwe anadziwika kuti ndiye woyambitsa.

Kuonjezera apo, panthawiyi panali mavuto a ndale. Akuluakulu ankafuna mphamvu, kuwonjezera pa ankhondo, zomwe zingathandize anthu kukhala omvera. Mphamvu iyi inakhala Buddhism. Iye akuyeneranso kuti ndi chipembedzo chachifumu. Zikudziwika kuti zinangokhalapo m'madera omwewo omwe olamulira awo anali nawo maganizo a Chibuddha.

Philosophy ya China Chakale: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism

Zitatu zomwe zimatchedwa mafunde ndizofunikira kwambiri mufilosofi ya China. Mchitidwe wachipembedzo wa dzikolo umamangidwa kwathunthu pa zochitika zitatu izi, zomwe ziri zofanana kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Bwanji atatu? Chowonadi ndi chakuti gawo la China ndi lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo zinali zovuta kupeza chinenero chosiyana kwa anthu osiyana zipembedzo. Ndichifukwa chake mafunde osiyanasiyana anapangidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi onsewa anasandulika kukhala umodzi mwa zipembedzo zitatu zotchedwa zipembedzo.

Kodi mafundewa ali ofanana bwanji? Chofunika kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa mulungu amene akuyenera kupembedzedwa. Awa ndi mfundo yofunikira kwambiri imene imasiyanitsa Chibuda ndi zipembedzo zina za dziko lapansi, momwemo nthawi zonse Mulungu wamkulu. Komanso, ziphunzitsozi zimadziwika ndi nzeru za dziko lapansi. M'mawu ena, apa simungapeze malangizo omveka bwino, malamulo kapena malangizo, chifukwa munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha. Ndipo chinthu chofunika kwambiri chachitatu ndi chakuti njira zitatu izi zikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zaumunthu komanso kudzipangira.

Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism ku China sanabadwire nthawi imodzi. Chipembedzo choyambirira choyamba chinali Chibuddha, chomwe chinali ndi chiwerengero chowonjezereka cha omvera chaka chilichonse. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Chibuddha cha Chigayan (Ch'an Buddhism) chinali chosiyana ndi chomwe chinali chotchuka ku India. Anasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi Taoism, yomwe imadziwika mpaka lero. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimafotokoza za njira ya uzimu ndikuthandizira kuchipeza molondola.

Ndipo kumaliza kunali Confucianism, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ponena kuti cholinga cha moyo wa munthu aliyense ndi kulenga madalitso kwa ena, umunthu ndi chilungamo. Confucianism, Buddhism ku China ndilofala kwambiri. Ngakhale lero, zipembedzo ziwirizi zili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha otsatira okhulupirika ku China.

Kulowa kwa Chibuddha ku China

Chibuddha ku China chinabadwa pang'onopang'ono. Nthaŵi ya mapangidwe ake anali kumapeto kwa nthawi yathu ino. Zoona, pali umboni wakuti alaliki achi Buddha amawonekera ku Chinese chinenero, koma palibe umboni wa izi.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chidziwitso cha asayansi ndi chosiyana kwambiri moti ena amati Buddhism inachokera ku China panthaŵi yomwe Taoism ndi Confucianism idali kale. Bukuli silingakhale ndi umboni weniweni, koma asayansi ambiri amawakonda.

Zoona zake n'zakuti Confucianism, Buddhism ku China inalumikizana kwambiri. Ngati otsatila awiriwa sanagwirizane ndi zizindikiro za zipembedzo, ndiye kuti zikanakhala zofanana. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi chifukwa chakuti Buddhism ku China wakale inali m'njira zosiyana ndi makhalidwe a Confucianism.

Amalonda omwe adatsata Njira Yaikulu ya Silika kuchokera m'mayiko ena adabweretsa chipembedzo ku China. Pafupifupi m'zaka za zana lachiŵiri AD Buddhism imayamba kukondwera ndi bwalo la mfumu.

Koma kodi anthu a Chitchaina akanatha kungosiya zakale, ngati zili choncho, ndikukhulupirira chiphunzitso chatsopano? Chowonadi ndi chakuti Chibuddha chinkazindikiridwa ndi Chitchaina ngati mtundu wa kusintha kwa Taoism, osati mkhalidwe watsopano kwenikweni. M'kupita kwanthawi, Taoism ndi Buddhism ndizophatikizana kwambiri, ndipo mpaka lero, mazira awiriwa ali ndi mfundo zambiri zothandizira. Mbiri ya kulowera kwa chiphunzitso cha Buddha ku China kumatha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachiwiri, pamene "Sutra 42 zida" zinakhazikitsidwa - chilembo cholembedwa cha chiphunzitsochi.

Mon An Shigao

Tikudziwa amene anayambitsa Buddhism, koma ndani amene amadziwika ngati kholo la chipembedzo ichi ku China? Munthu wotereyu analidi wotchedwa Shigao. Anali mchenga wachi Parthian yemwe anadza ku mzinda wa Luoyang. Iye anali munthu wophunzira, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi iye anachita ntchito yayikulu. Inde, iye sanadzigwire yekha, koma ndi gulu la othandizira. Palimodzi iwo anasulira pafupi ntchito 30 za Buddhist.

Nchifukwa chiyani uwu ndi ntchito yaikulu? Chowonadi ndi chakuti sivuta kumasulira lemba lachipembedzo, koma kuti lichite molondola, kumvetsa zolinga za wolembayo ndi kufotokoza maganizo ake sikutanthauzira aliyense. Shigao inapambana, ndipo adapanga mabaibulo okongola omwe amasonyeza bwino za chiphunzitso cha Buddhist. Kuphatikiza pa izi, amonke ena amachitanso izi, zomwe zinamasulira sutras. Pambuyo pakuwonekera kwa matembenuzidwe oyamba odalirika, chiŵerengero chowonjezeka cha anthu anayamba kuyamba chidwi ndi chikhalidwe chatsopanocho.

Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, zolemba za nthawi imeneyo zinkatchulidwanso za zikondwerero zazikulu zomwe zinkachitika ndi amwenye a Chibuda. Zopembedza zinkatchuka kwambiri chaka chilichonse, ndipo m'mayiko munali amishonale ambiri akunja. Koma ngakhale kuti kuwonjezeka kwa njira zonsezi, zaka zina zonse sizinazindikiridwe ku China pampando.

Nthawi ya Mavuto

Chibuddha cha ku China chakale chinalandiridwa bwino, koma nthawi inapita patsogolo, anthu ndi mphamvu anasintha. Kusintha kwakuzindikirako kunachitika m'zaka za zana lachinayi, pamene izi zatsopano zinayamba kugonjetsa olamulira aakulu. N'chifukwa chiyani chipembedzo chatsopano chinatchuka kwambiri?

Zodabwitsa za Buddhism ku China zimagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti zimabwera nthawi za mavuto, pamene anthu sakhutira ndi kusokonezeka. Kotero izo zinachitika nthawi ino. Nthaŵi yayamba mu mkhalidwe wa chisokonezo. Maulaliki achi Buddha adayendetsedwa ndi anthu ambiri, chifukwa mawuwa ankatonthoza anthu ndikubweretsa mtendere, osati mkwiyo komanso chiwawa. Kuphatikizanso, kusungunuka kotereku kunali kofala kwambiri pakati pa anthu achikunja.

Olemekezeka a South China adafuna kudzipatula okha, ndipo anthu wamba amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi, mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Panthawi yovuta imene anthu ankafuna kulowa mu dziko lawo, adzipeza okha enieni ndikuwamvetsa ena. Izi ndizopadera za Buddhism ku China - adapatsa otsatira ake mayankho ku mafunso onse osangalatsa. Mayankhowo anali osayenerera, aliyense amasankha mwaulere njira yawo.

Poyang'ana zopezekadi zowona, tinganene kuti pa Buddhism nthawi imeneyo, mtundu wautaliwu unakula kwambiri m'dzikoli, momwe kudaliranso kwakukulu kwa kusinkhasinkha. Ndi chifukwa cha izi kwa nthawi yaitali kuti anthu adziwa zatsopano zatsopano monga kusintha kwa Taoism kale.

Izi zinayambitsa chiphunzitso cha anthu omwe amati Laos Tzu adachoka kudziko lakwawo ndikupita ku India komwe adakhala mphunzitsi wa Buddha. Nthano iyi ilibe umboni, koma a Taoist nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito pamakutu awo ndi a Buddhist. Pa chifukwa ichi, mumasulidwe oyambirira, mawu ambiri adalandiridwa ku chipembedzo cha Taoist. Panthawiyi, Buddhism ku China ikudziwika ndi kuti pali chinenero china cha Chinese Buddhist, chomwe chimaphatikizapo Mabaibulo achi Chinese, malemba ochokera ku Sanskrit ndikugwira ntchito kuchokera ku India.

Tiyenera kudziwika kuti Monk Taoan, amene adapereka chithandizo chachikulu pa chitukuko cha Buddhism ku China. Ankachita nawo ntchito yaumishonale ndi ndemanga, adakhazikitsa ndondomeko yachinyengo, ndipo adayambitsa chipembedzo cha Buddha Maitreya. Anali Daoan amene anayamba kuwonjezera mayina a amonke a Chibuda omwe anali chiganizo "Shi" (chifukwa Gautam Buddha anachokera ku fuko la Shakya). Wophunzira wa monki uyu adakangana ndi kuteteza chiphunzitso cha kusamvera chipembedzo kwa wolamulira, komanso adayambitsa chipembedzo cha Amitabha, yemwe adakhala wotchuka komanso wotchuka mulungu ku Far East.

Kumarajiva

Nthaŵi zina zinkayikidwa kuti China ndilopakatikati mwa Buddhism. Malingaliro amenewo analipo mu nthawi imeneyo pamene boma linayesedwa kwa mafuko angapo osakhalitsa. Chipembedzo chidapindula ndi mfundo yakuti mafuko ambiri asokonekera ku China. Mitundu ikubwera idalimbikitsa chikhulupiliro chatsopano, monga chidawakumbutsa matsenga ndi shamanism.

Kumarajiva ndi mlaliki wodziwika wotchedwa Monk kumpoto kwa China. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mu gawo ili la boma kuti chipembedzo chinapangidwa ndi ulamuliro wolimba kwambiri kuchokera kwa mfumu. Anali Kumarajiva amene adayala maziko a sukulu ya Buddhist ku China. Anagwirizananso ndi kumasuliridwa kwa malemba oyambirira ndi kulalikira. M'zaka za m'ma V-VI, kufotokoza momveka bwino za chipembedzo pa nthambi kunayamba (izi zinayamba ku Kumaradjiva). Mwachidziwitso panali ndondomeko ya "kuyanjanitsa" ndi kuvomereza mfundo zenizeni za Buddhist. Otsatirawo adagawanitsidwa, zomwe zinapatsa sukulu 6 zosiyanasiyana. Kotero, Ch'an-Buddhism ku China inakhazikitsidwa potsiriza.

Sukulu iliyonse inagulukidwa motsatira wotsatira wake, komanso malemba ena (Chi Chinese kapena Chibuddha choyambirira). Anali wophunzira wa Monk Kumarajivi yemwe adalenga chiphunzitso chakuti mzimu wa Buddha ulipo m'zinthu zamoyo zonse, komanso kuti munthu akhoza kupulumutsidwa ndi "kuunikiridwa mwadzidzidzi".

Mzera wa Liang

Chikoka cha Taoism ndi Buddhism pa chikhalidwe cha China chachita ntchito yake. Kale mu Buddhism wazaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri anakhala chipembedzo chovomerezeka komanso chachikulu. Komabe, monga tikudziwira kale, izi zikhoza kuchitika popanda kuthandizidwa ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba. Ndani anathandizira izi? Kuwukitsidwa kwa Buddhism kwachatsopano, Mfumu Wu-di kuchokera ku mafumu a Liang. Iye anapanga kusintha kwowonekeratu. Mabanja achi Buddha anakhala amasiye ambiri, ndipo anayamba kubweretsa ndalama ku khoti lachifumu.

Ngati mufunsa mtundu wa Buddhism uli ku China, ndiye palibe amene angakupatseni yankho lolondola. Inali nthawi ya mfumu ya Liang, yomwe idatchedwa zipangizo zitatu zachipembedzo, kapena san jiao. Chiphunzitso chirichonse cha atatuwo chinagwirizanitsa china. Anakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso cha Chibuda chimasonyeza nzeru zamkati ndi zinsinsi za achinenero achi China . Komanso pa nthawiyi, Buddhism inalandira malo ake, omwe adatenga malo oyenerera pa mwambo wa anthu a Chitchaina, - ndizo zokhudza miyambo ya maliro.

Gawo ili likudziwika ndikuti Achi China anayamba kusangalala tsiku la chikumbutso cha othawa pamapepala ndikukondwerera tsiku lobadwa la Buddha. Chipembedzocho chinkafalikira mochulukirapo, chomwe chinkafika ku kumasulidwa kwa zamoyo. Chipembedzo ichi chinachokera ku chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo zonse zili ndi gawo la Buddha mwa iwo okha.

Zipembedzo za Buddhism

Kufalikira kwa Buddhism ku China kunachitika mwamsanga ndithu. Mu kanthawi kochepa, masukulu ena a Buddhism a Chani adakhazikitsa, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri miyambo ya Far East. Sukulu zonse zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwazigawo zitatu: masukulu a mankhwala, sutras ndi dhyans.

Sukulu ya chipatala inali yochokera ku ziphunzitso za ku India. Otsatira a chikhalidwe ichi amachita zambiri ndi mafunso a filosofi kusiyana ndi kufalitsa kwa ziphunzitso zawo. Anthu wamba ndi amonke omwe anali a sukuluyi, analemba zolemba zafilosofi, naphunziranso zinthu zomwe zinalembedwa kale. Mndandanda wina wa ntchito yawo unali kumasulira malemba kuchokera ku India mpaka ku China.

Sukulu ya sutras inali yozungulira mndandanda umodzi waukulu, umene unasankhidwa ndi mtsogoleri. Zili pa lemba ili ophunzira onse adatsata, ndipo mwa iwo adapeza mau apamwamba kwambiri a nzeru za Buddha. Monga tazindikira kale, sukulu za sutras zinali zokhudzana ndi ziphunzitso zina komanso zachipembedzo. Ngakhale zili choncho, otsatirawa adafunsanso mafunso ambiri a zachipembedzo ndi afilosofi. Anakhalanso ndi machitidwe ovuta omwe amawavuta kuti azindikire kwa Indian text.

Sukulu ya dhyana ndi sukulu ya opaleshoni. Pano, otsatira ankachita yoga, kusinkhasinkha, kupemphera komanso kuchita zamaganizo. Ananyamula chidziwitso chawo kwa anthu, nam'phunzitsa njira zosavuta kuti athetse mphamvu zawo ndikuziwongolera njira yoyenera. Pano pali chiwerengero cha masewera achimuna ndi sukulu ya chilango cha monastic.

Chibuda ndi Chikhalidwe

Palibe kukayikira kuti Buddhism imathandiza kwambiri ku chikhalidwe cha China. Chikoka cha chipembedzo ichi chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri m'mabuku, zomangamanga ndi luso la dzikoli. M'nthaŵi ya amonke a Buddhist panali ambili a nyumba, amachisi, mphanga ndi miyala. Iwo anali olemekezeka ndi kukongola kwamakono.

Mapangidwe a nthawi ino akudziwika ndi kukongola ndi zokoma, zomwe zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha achibuddha chosagonjera. Nyumba zatsopano zachipembedzo zinakonzanso nyumba zakale ndi zonyansa za ku China. Iwo amadziwika ndi madenga ambirimbiri, omwe amaimira miyamba. Nyumba zonse ndi maofesi apansi omwe amamangidwa ndiwumboni wamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Mafresko, bas-reliefs ndi ziboliboli zojambulidwa zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomangamanga.

Nyumba zowonjezereka zinali zotchuka ku China kwa nthawi yaitali, koma m'nthaŵi ya amonke a Chibuddha, amafalitsa ambiri. Pakadali pano, mu kachisi aliyense wa ku China mungapeze zithunzi zojambula zomwe zimabwerera ku chikhalidwe cha Indo-Chinese. Pamodzi ndi chipembedzo, nyama yatsopano yafikanso kudziko, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka pazojambula zosiyanasiyana - mkango. Mpaka chikhulupiliro cha Gautama, chinyama ichi sichidziwika kwa anthu a Chitchaina.

Anali Chibuddha chomwe chinapangitsa chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina kukhala mtundu wa chikondi cha pulojekiti yowonetsa, yomwe inali isanakhale ikufalikirapo kale. M'kupita kwanthawi, mabuku amayamba kukhala mtundu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri wojambula bwino kwa munthu wa Chitchaina. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kuyambika kwa machitidwe ojambula ku China kunayambitsa kulengedwa kwa mitundu yambiri, monga buku loyambirira.

Kuti Chibuda Zen amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe kupenta Chinese. Kwa ojambula zithunzi Sung Buddha School kupezeka mu zonse kupambana kumbuyo udindo wapadera, kotero kuti zithunzi awo sanali malingaliro liniya. Mchitidwe umenewu anakhala Mungapezenso mauthenga, monga mwaupeza, kusinkhasinkha ndiponso analemba mabuku awo wamkulu wa ansembe, ojambula zithunzi, olemba ndakatulo ndi akatswiri ambiri ankaphunzitsa. anthu amenewa monga anabwera ansembe ndi kusiya dziko lakunja ndi kutsatira mkati njira yako ya kulenga. Tikumbukenso kuti poyamba Chimonko Chinese anatulukira chipika kusindikiza i.e. yosindikiza lemba mwa chulutsa ndi masanjidwewo ndi (matabwa ndi makhalidwe galasi).

chikhalidwe Chinese ndi m'kamwa kwambiri kudzadza kuyamika nthano Chibuda ndipo nthano. Philosophy ndi nthano ndi zogwirizana mu malingaliro a anthu, zomwe zapangitsa ngakhale ena poyerekezera ndi zinthu zomwe zinachitika mbiri. Great chikoka pa maganizo nthanthi ya China anali M'buda lingaliro la choonadi mwadzidzidzi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale odziwika bwino tiyi Chinese mwambo alinso chiyambi chake mu obisika Chibuda. Akukhulupirira kuti luso kumwa tiyi inayamba panthawi imene Chimonko adafunafuna njira ndi kusinkhasinkha kuti tisagone. Pakuti ichi kupangidwa ndi zothandiza ndi invigorating kumwa - tiyi. Malinga ndi nthano, mmonke anagona pa kusinkhasinkha ndiponso zambiri zikuchitika izi, iye anadula nsidze wake. Wagwa nsidze anapereka mphukira ya chitsamba tiyi.

pano

Ndi apo lero Chibuda ku China? The yochepa yankho la funso limeneli ndi kovuta. Chinthu ndi kuti zinthu zakale ngati kuti kuyambira 2011 ntchito ya Abuda lolamulidwa ndi okhwima mu China. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti masiku ano mphamvu Chinese kuyambira 1991, ndi mfundo lolimba. Boma palokha kuzichita malamulo a mmene tiyenera Chibuda ku China.

Makamaka, Chimonko anayenera kusiya wotchedwa Dalai Lama XIV, kotero kuti kuphunzira malemba chikominisi. Abuda mwachibadwa akamva zimenezi n'zomveka. Chibuda ku China ali mwayi kukhala ndi kupeza otsatira atsopano. lamuloli a boma zinachititsa kuti milandu yambiri ya kumangidwa ndi umasinthasintha. Mwatsoka, chibwenzi, China salandira Chibuda mu mawonekedwe zachilengedwe. Mwina mtsogolo adzasintha, chifukwa mbiri anthu Chinese ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zimene Abuda wa moyo.

Polongosola mwachidule, tisaiwale kuti nzeru za Chibuda wakale China amaona ngati zofanana ndi mbadwa. Kugonjera maganizo a chipembedzo ndi nthanthi ya dziko Sindingachite popanda malingaliro Abuda. Mawu monga "China", "chipembedzo", "Buddhism" ndi mbiri zogwirizana ndi limodzi.