Chidule cha "Luban". "Kumeneko ukapolo wa kuthengo umakokera pamapiko"

Funso la kukhazikitsa serfdom ku Russia likutsutsidwa ndi masukulu osiyanasiyana a mbiriyakale ndi patsiku la masiku pafupifupi makumi asanu. Wina akutsamira cha 1649, kwa otchedwa "Cathedral Code" yomwe idapangidwa pansi pa Romanovs, wina amawona kuti tsiku la 1592 ndi lolondola kwambiri, pamene gawo laufulu la eni nthaka kuchokera kwa mwini nyumba kupita ku lina, "Yuryev Day", linathetsedwa.

Kodi iwo anachita chiyani atafalitsa bukuli ndi A.N. Radischeva

Kufufuza kwa serfdom nthawizonse wakhala akuyang'aniridwa mosamala. Pansi pa izi, A.N. Radishchev sanachite mantha kufalitsa buku limene adalemba panyumba ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, kufalitsa. Kwa ife, zikuwoneka kuti sizowononga, koma Catherine II adachitapo chisokonezo chofanana ndi cha Pugachev. Radishchev anali kuopsezedwa ndi chilango cha imfa, chimene chinalowetsedwa ndi kutchulidwa. Kuchokera pamenepo adapulumutsidwa kokha ndi imfa ya Catherine II ndi ulamuliro wa Paul I. Paulendo wake adali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo adatumizidwa ku mudzi wake womwe unali m'chigawo cha Borovo ndi kumene adakali mwana.

Chidule cha mutu wakuti "Lubani"

Ili ndilo gawo lachitatu la Alexander Nikolaevich atachoka. Anayenda m'chilimwe ndipo adayang'ana pamsewu, pafupi ndi wolimira, yemwe anali m'manja mwake omwe anali ndi zipangizo zakale kwambiri. Ndipo akulima nthawi yotentha, pamene aliyense akufuna kubisala ku dzuwa lotentha. Zimagwira bwino, sokh imatembenuka mosavuta. Tsiku la chikondwerero, limene siligwira ntchito, Lamlungu. Ndipo woyendayenda uja adapeza kuchokera ku zokambirana ndi mlimi kuti masiku onse asanu ndi limodzi adagwirira ntchito kwa mbuyeyo. Ngakhalenso kavalo, amapereka mpumulo, kumamangirira ndi kumanga kachiwiri, kupumula, ndipo amagwira ntchito popanda kusokoneza. Iye ndi ena onse ali pa corvee, osati pa malipiro. Kuchokera pa zokambirana pamsewu kumayambira mwachidule cha "Lubani", chaputala chodzipereka kwa ntchito yolemera ya anthu osauka, yomwe ilibe mapeto.

Obrok ndi corvee

Barshchina ndi ntchito ya mlimi wolimbikitsidwa amene amamvera zokhazokha za mwini wake. Kodi mwini nyumba akufuna nthawi yayitali bwanji, mlimi adzamugwirira ntchito, chifukwa ndi kapolo wopanda pake yemwe alibe ufulu.

The obrok ndi malipiro a mlimi kwa mbuye. Kwa osiya ntchito, amphawi angapite kukagwira ntchito ngakhale mumzinda, koma kubweretsa ndalama zina kwa mbuye wake. Ichi ndi katundu wolemera, koma osati mwini nyumba aliyense ankafuna kuchigwiritsa ntchito.

Nthaŵi zina, makamaka eni eni amphawi, obrok pamodzi ndi corvee. Nthawi izi muyenera kuzidziwa mwa kuwerenga mwachidule "Lubani".

Kupitiliza kukambirana

Kuchokera pa zokambiranazo, tsiku lachikulire likugwira ntchito pa mbuyeyo lidutsa usiku wonse. Madzulo onse akapolo amanyamula msipu ku bwalo la manor. Koma izi si zokwanira. Azimayi ndi atsikana amafunikanso kugwira ntchito kwa mwiniwake - pitani ku nkhalango kwa zipatso ndi bowa. Zomwe zili mu mutuwu "Lubani" zimapereka mwayi wophunzira za mavuto omwe anthu amatsengawo amakhala nawo. Zimakhalanso kuti alimi ali ndi ana atatu aamuna ndi ana atatu aakazi, ndipo kuti awathandize, wina ayenera kugwira ntchito usiku - palibe nthawi ina.

Mitundu ina ya mazunzo a anthu osauka

Kwa mbuye wa serf, ndithudi, sizingagwire ntchito molimbika, ndipo nkulondola, chifukwa palibe amene angayamikire ndipo sadzalipira kalikonse ndipo sanganene kuti zikomo. Mlimiyo ananena izi momveka bwino. Werengani zonse zokhudzana ndi "Lubani". Koma galasiyi inalongosola momwe mungapangire mphamvu zonse kuchokera kwa anthu. Iwo amapatsa mudziwo lendi. Ndalama zimachotsedwa kwa mwini wake, ndipo amayesa kudzipatulira yekha ndikuchotsa chirichonse kwa nandolo. Ndipo palibe yemwe angadandaule. Monga momwe wolembayo ananenera, "khungu limachotsedwa," osasiya kanthu kwa anthu. Ndiwo mtundu wa kuzunzika omwe abambo anabwera nawo, akunena mwachidule chidule cha Luba.

Ndipo lamulo likuti chiyani

Choyamba, alimi, monga aliyense adadziwira nthawi imeneyo, anagawidwa kukhala boma ndi eni eni. Chuma chapafupi chinali chophweka. Analipira ndalama zokwanira, ndipo sanafunse zambiri kwa iwo, ndipo a mbuye wawo - momwe mwiniwake amafunira. Ndipo palibe lamulo likugwira ntchito kwa iwo. Iwo ali pamaso pake "akufa," monga momwe woyendayo anakhalira. Omwe ali anthu a Lubani. Amphawi amaima pamaso pa lamulo kokha ngati akuopseza anthu. Ndiye iye ndi wochimwa, ndipo iye ayenera kuti aziweruzidwa. Ndipo mwini nyumba sanalembere lamulo. Kuphatikizapo m'mudzi wa Lubanya, nkhani yochepa yomwe ikufotokozedwa pano.

Zomwe wam'thawa adzidzudzula yekha

Anasiya wolima, ngakhale kuti sanadandaule za zowawazo, koma sanazitenge, ndikuganizira momwe adayendera ndi Petrushka. Anamugunda chifukwa chakuti wophunzirayo alibe nthawi yomuthandizira kuvala. Ndipo woyendayendayo adamva manyazi kwambiri moti adakweza dzanja lake kwa iye amene sanayesere kuyankha ndi chilango. Paziwonetsero izi, iye anafika ku positi yotsatira.

Izi zimathetsa chidule cha mutu wakuti "Lubani" Radishchev. Koma ulendo wawo udangoyamba, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zonyansa zomwe zingadzutse mphamvu zodabwitsa za anthu, wolemba adzawona panjira yake. Kwafotokozera izi, iye adzalipira kwambiri, koma mabuku ake oonongeka adzalembedwa. Palibe kukangana kwa olamulira kuli wamphamvu pa mawu omwe amabweretsa choonadi ndi ufulu.