Chigawo cha Fergana (Uzbekistan): zigawo, mizinda

M'dera lokongola la Ferghana Valley, dera la Fergana (Uzbekistan) lilipo. Ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zakale komanso zokongola za dzikoli. Pali mizinda yayikulu ndi mizinda yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi miyambo ya moyo. Chigawo cha Fergana chimapereka chithandizo chachikulu ku chuma cha boma ndipo chili ndi chidwi chachikulu pa zokopa alendo.

Geography ndi biology

Pakati pa Central Asia ndi Republic of Uzbekistan. Chigawo cha Ferghana chiri kumwera kwa chigwa cha Fergana ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo 13 za dera komanso zachuma. Malo ake ali 68 km². Chigawocho chili ndi malo okwera ndi kukwera pang'ono pamwamba pa nyanja mpaka kumwera chakum'maŵa. Chigwacho chikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yonse ya malo: chili otetezedwa ndi Altai Range, ndipo mbali yakumpoto imakhala ndi ziphuphu. Derali liri ndi madzi ambiri. Mitsinje ikuyenda kuchokera kumapiri imapanga madzi ambirimbiri, omwe amasonkhana mumtsinje wa Syr Darya. Nyanja ya Central-Fergana imapereka madzi ena osungira madzi.

Malo opambana bwino m'chigwa chachonde amachititsa kuti dziko lapansi la zomera ndi zinyama za ku Fergana likhale lolemera kwambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakula pano. Makamaka zomera zonse zimachokera ku chikhalidwe, popeza zomera zachilengedwe ndi mchere wotchedwa solonchak yomwe imaphatikizapo ndi oases. Komabe, mwamunayo adasandutsa dziko lino kukhala chitsamba chenicheni cha paradaiso. Dziko la zinyama ndilokonzanso kwambiri. Pakati pa zinyama zazikulu pano mungathe kukumana ndi nkhumba zakutchire, nkhandwe, mimbulu. Koma mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana imapezeka muzilombo zing'onozing'ono ndi mbalame.

Mbiri yothetsera

Dera la Ferghana linayamba kukhala anthu kutalika kwambiri mpaka m'zaka za zana la 1-2, pamene mafuko osiyanasiyana a Turkki anayamba kukulitsa gawo lino. Komabe, malo akale a anthu omwe amapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula mabwinja a zaka za m'ma 700 mpaka 5 BC. Kumadera a derali anapeza zipangizo za miyala ndi zotsalira pafupi ndi malo otsekemera a Selengur. Ponseponse, asayansi anawerenga chikhalidwe cha 13 pa dziko lino lapansi. Kuyambira 1709, Kokand Khanate inakhazikitsidwa pamalo a Fergana. Shahrukh II ndi mbadwa zake adagonjetsa dziko lino, akufutukula malire awo pogula madera oyandikana nawo.

Mu 1821, Madali Khan wazaka 12 anayamba kulamulira, panthawi yomwe ulamuliro wake udakhazikitsa kwambiri mphamvu zake ndi kulimbitsa. Khanate inali gulu lamphamvu kwambiri ndipo adagonjetsa ulamuliro wake kufikira 1842, mpaka mayiko atapita kwa wolamulira wa Kirghiz. Mphamvu pa dziko lodalitsika kotero, nthawi zonse panali nkhondo yambiri pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito ku Sarts ndi anthu ambiri a Kipchaks. Mitu ya dzikoli inasintha nthawi zonse. Mbiri ya dera ili ndi zochitika zoopsa. Kusokonezeka kwapakatiponse kunachititsa kuti dzikoli lisatetezedwe, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mphamvuyi ilandidwe ndi Emir Bukharian, yomwe inagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a ku Russia pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900.

Russia ndi Soviet nthawi

Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1855, dera la Fergana, lomwe kale linali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Turkestan, linayambitsidwa ndi moto wa internecine. Khudoyar Khan, bwanamkubwa wa Bukharian ku Kokand, sankatha kukhala ndi mphamvu pa mafuko omwe akukwera ndipo, pozunzidwa ndi a Russia, anakakamizidwa mu 1868 kuti avomereze mgwirizano wamalonda ndi ufumu wa Russia. Tsopano, anthu a ku Russia ndi a Kokand anapatsidwa ufulu woyenda mwaufulu, malonda, omwe anayenera kulipira msonkho wa 2.5%. Khudoyar Khan anakhalabe kazembe wa gawolo. Mu 1875, Chipchaks motsogoleredwa ndi Abdurahamn-Avtobachi adayambitsa chipwirikiti cha ulamuliro wa Khudoyar, umene unayanjanitsidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso otsutsa a Russia. Mphamvu yatsopano ya anthu pafupifupi zikwi khumi inagonjetsa maiko omwe anali pansi pa Russia, anazinga mzinda wa Khojent ndipo anakhazikika ku linga la Mahram.

Pa August 22, 1875, General Kaufman ndi gulu lake lankhondo adagonjetsa opandukawo kuchokera ku nsanja ndipo anatenga Kokand ndi Margelan. Malowo anali pansi pa mfumu ya Russia. Komabe, asilikaliwo atangochoka, chisangalalo chinayambanso. General Skobelev, yemwe anali woyang'anira Dipatimenti ya Namangan, anachitira moopsa ndi opandukawo, ndipo gawo lonse la fuko la Fergana linalumikizidwa ku boma la Russia. Skobelev anakhala bwanamkubwa woyamba wa dera la Fergana. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa dziko la Russia, ulamuliro wa Soviet unafika ku Uzbekistan. Mu 1924, kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kunayendetsedwa, ndipo gawo lotsogolera Kokand linakhala gawo la Uzbek Socialist Republic. Mu 1938 gawo latsopano linakhazikitsidwa - dera la Fergana. Pa nthawi ya Soviet, derali likukhala ndi anthu a ku Russia, mafakitale akuchitika, ndipo zipangizo zamakono zimangidwanso.

Mkhalidwe wamakono

Pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR, Ferghana Oblast, yomwe zigawo zake zinalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndichuma, zinakhala mbali ya Uzbekistan, yomwe idalengeza kuti idawombola mu 1991. Mu 1989-90 panali kusamvana kwakukulu ndi anthu a Kyrgyz, ndipo kusamukira kunayamba. Lerolino dera la Fergana likubwerera ku moyo wake wapamwamba. Chigawo cha mafakitale chimapereka njira zamalonda. Chigawochi, monga dziko lonse, chibwezeretsa miyambo ndi chikhalidwe cha Muslim, ngakhale kuti mgwirizano ndi Russia sizitayika. Pakati pa zaka 25 za ufulu, zikhalidwe zatsopano ndi zachuma zikukhazikitsidwa. Mzinda wa Fergana lero umaphatikizapo zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha Uzbek.

Nyengo

Fergana Valley ndi malo apadera. Ulendowu uli ndi mapiri, uli ndi nyengo yapadera. Sizinatchedwe pachabe kutchedwa ngale ya Uzbekistan, monga apa pafupifupi zonse zabwino zomwe zimakhalira moyo waumunthu zimalengedwa. Chigawo cha Fergana chimakhala ndi nyengo yowonongeka, ndipo nyengo yozizira ndi yotentha. Avereji nyengo ya chisanu ndi madigiri -3, kutentha kwa chilimwe ndi28.

Vuto lokhalo la nyengo ya mderalo ndi mphepo yamkuntho, makamaka m'chaka, yomwe imamera nthaka, imanyamula chomera chomera, ndikusowa pansi. Chigawochi chimadziwikanso ndi kuchepa kwa mvula, koma zosowa za ulimi mu chinyezi zimaphimbidwa ndi ulimi wothirira ndi madzi. Mzinda wa Fergana uli ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri kuposa m'madera oyandikana nawo a chigwachi. Pano, nyengo imakhala yokhazikika, mwakuya kwakukulu. M'deralo zinthu zabwino zakhala zikukonzedwa kuti kulima mbewu zambiri zotchedwa thermophilic, kuphatikizapo thonje, mpunga, ndi tiyi.

Anthu

Chigawo cha Fergana (Uzbekistan) - derali liri ndi anthu ambiri. Pafupifupi theka la anthu onse m'dzikoli amakhala pano. Kuchuluka kwake ndi anthu 450 pa 1 km². Chikhalidwe cha derali ndi chosiyana. Anthu okwana 82% ali a Ubeks. Mitundu ina imayimilidwa ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono: Tajiks - pafupifupi 4%, Russia - 2.6%, Kazakhs - 1%.

Chilankhulo chovomerezeka ndi Uzbek, ngakhale anthu okhala m'deralo amalankhulanso bwino Russian, ndipo achinyamata amaphunzira Chingelezi m'njira yawo. Chipembedzo chovomerezeka, chomwe anthu 95% amavomereza, ndi Islam. Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu m'derali ndi 1-2% pachaka. Pang'onopang'ono, pafupifupi nthawi ya moyo imakula, yomwe lero ili ndi zaka 70. Avereji ya zaka za kumudzi wa Fergana ndi zaka 23. Masiku ano anthu akuwonjezeka kwambiri m'midzi.

The Economy

Masiku ano dera la Fergana ndilo gawo lachilengedwe. Ngakhale likulu la derali ndi malo akuluakulu azachuma ndi mafakitale. Pali mabungwe ambiri akuluakulu a mankhwala, zakudya, kuwala, mafuta ogulitsa mafuta. Pano amapanga zipangizo zopangira, mipando, feteleza, galasi, simenti komanso katundu wina. Kupereka kwakukulu ku chuma cha derachi kumapangidwa ndi makampani opanga ulimi omwe amalima thonje, mpunga, ng'ombe, kupereka zosoŵa zapakhomo zokha, komanso kuchita malonda ndi mayiko ena. Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma kumathandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mchere: mafuta, sulfure, gasi, miyala ya limestone, yomwe ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chotumiza kunja.

Sitimayi ikuyenda kudera la derali, ikugwirizanitsa mizinda ikuluikulu ya dzikolo ndi dera. Njira yonse yayitali ndi 200 km.

Kugawikana ndi mizinda

Dera la Fergana linagawidwa m'magulu 15 - madera oyang'anira. Aliyense amatsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri yemwe wasankhidwa ndi hakim. Mizinda ikuluikulu ya dera la Fergana (Uzbekistan): Fergana, Kokand, Margilan, Kuvasai - ali ndi udindo woyang'anira chigawo. Ambiri mwa chiwerengero cha chigawochi akuyikira pamenepo.

Fergana

Mzinda waukulu ku dera la Ferghana ndilo likulu lake. Kale kutanthauzira dzina kuchokera ku Persian - "osiyanasiyana" - kunena zambiri za malo awa. Pano pali anthu pafupifupi 350,000 ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mzindawu uli ndi mbiri yake kuyambira 1876, pamene Kazembe wa Russia wa mayikowa, General Skobelev, adayambitsa likulu latsopano. Kwa kanthawi mzindawu unadzitcha dzina lake. Mbiri yooneka ngati imeneyi inkaonekera ku mawonekedwe akunja a Ferghana. Poyamba, idamangidwa ndi maofesi a ku Ulaya: msonkhano wa alonda, positi ofesi, nyumba ya bwanamkubwa, likulu, malo owonetserako, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - zonsezi zinali chiyambi cha mzinda wapadera, wotchuka ku Central Asia. Pomwepo adayambitsa nyumba yokonzedwa ndi misewu yolunjika.

Fergana ikukula mofulumira kwambiri mu nthawi ya Soviet, makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene pali makampani ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale omwe akumangidwa pano, zipatala zapamwamba zikutsegulidwa.

Lero Fergana ndi mzinda wokongola komanso wobiriwira. Pali minda yambiri ndi mapaki pano. Malo okongola kwambiri mumzindawu ndi Officers 'House, omwe kale anali Maofesi a Nyumba - masewera, mzikiti wa Zhome Masjid, nyumba yachifumu yakaleyo.

Kokand

Chigawo china chachikulu ndi mzinda wa Kokand (dera la Fergana). Mbiri yake imayamba m'zaka za m'ma 5 mpaka 6th. Kumeneko ankakhala mafuko akale. Kuchokera mu 1709 mzindawu ndi likulu la mphamvu ya Kokand Khanate. Malo abwino pa msewu wa Silik adalimbikitsa chitukuko ndi chuma cha Kokand, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakopa owononga. Mbiri yakale ya mzindawo ndi mndandanda wa nkhondo ndi kusintha kwa olamulira. Kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu za Soviet, mzindawo wathazikika, ndipo atalengeza ufulu, Uzbekistan ikubwerera ku dziko lawo komanso miyambo yawo.

Lero, mzindawu uli ndi anthu pafupifupi 260,000. Pano pali mabungwe akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale, mankhwala, makina ogulitsa ndi makina. Malo osangalatsa oyendayenda akuyamba kukhala mumzindawu: maofesi akugwiritsidwa ntchito, nyumba zosungiramo zinyumba zimatsegulidwa, zomangamanga zikukula. Zochitika zazikulu za Kokand ndizovuta za Norbutabi (kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800), mzikiti wa Jomi (1800) ndi nyumba ya Khudoyar Khan yomangidwa mu 1871.

Margilan

Peyala ina ya deralo ndi dera la Fergana, Margilan. Mzinda wakale umenewu umatchedwa likulu la silika. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale apeza zitsanzo za kukhalapo kwa anthu kumalo ano m'zaka za m'ma 300 BC. Mbiri ya mzindawu ikugwirizana ndi kupanga ndi kugulitsa nsalu. Lero, pano pali fakitale yaikulu kwambiri ya silika m'dzikoli, ndipo mukhoza kuona mitengo yambiri ya mabulosi. Pafupi anthu zikwi 220,000 amakhala mu mzindawu. Zochitika zazikulu za Margilan ndizozikumbutso za Pir Siddiq (zaka za zana la 18), madrassah a Said-Ahmad-Khoja (zaka za m'ma 1900) ndi fakitale ya silk "Yedgorlik".