China: The zigawo zikuluzikulu za Crisis chisanadze chosintha

Okoloburzhuaznye oyendetsera dziko lachifumu ndipo bourgeois mabwalo, kutsogozedwa ndi Chzhan Tszyanem adamfunsa osati zamasiku, koma wamakono kwenikweni China mu mzimu wa akuzigawo chenjezo makomiti amafuna 1909- 1911 biennium. Kuopa mabwalo owolowa manja kwa dziko tsoka, Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ya 1904-1905., Kukuchitika pa nthaka Chinese, chitsanzo yoopsya ya Korea, mu 1910 linalanda ndi Japan, kuleza ataima mkangano kuwatsutsa lalikhulu ladziko ndipo sakufuna kusiya malo awo Manchu despotism analenga chigawo choyamba cha chisanadze chosintha mavuto.

Icho chinali chigawo chachiwiri cha chosintha kayendedwe demokalase kutsogoleredwa ndi otchuka Chinese chosintha Sun Yat-sen. Iwo mu 1894, analengedwa "chitsitsimutso cha China Union" kugonjetsa Manchu ulamuliro. Ndi 1905, China kale anali mabungwe chosintha. Mothandizidwa woyamba Russian zisinthe wa 1905 poyera kuti nyengo ya "kudzutsidwa Asia" anayamba kukula mofulumira kunachitika odana Manchu mtima. Dziko kumasulidwa kuyenda mu China walowa siteji latsopano. Mu 1905, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Sun Yat-sen ndi Huang Sina ophatikizidwa magulu osiyanasiyana chosintha mu "Association of Union." zigawo China prerevolutionary mavuto ...

The chigawo chachitatu cha mavuto chisanadze chosintha anali kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu "zachiwawa wakale Chinese", mwachitsanzo. E. Natural ndipo zidzabalalika odana Manchu, antinalogovyh zipolowe ndi njala (mpunga) zipolowe, nthawi zambiri kutsogoleredwa ndi Poro. Izi yaikulu onse kayendedwe kukula kwambiri anagwedeza Qing boma.

Wachinayi chigawo chimodzi cha kukhwima kwa zinthu chosintha anali "chuma" kayendedwe bourgeoisified olemekezeka, nzika ndi bourgeoisie pokana ulamuliro wa likulu lina. Kuyambira 1905 mpaka 1911, dziko wadutsa mndandanda wa boycotts antiinostrannyh (1905-1908), kulimbana "kubwerera ufulu" kuti anagwira zokambirana yachilendo migodi (1906- 1910), ndi ngongole lina kwa yomanga njanji ndi kugula zokambirana njanji (1907-1908 ). Panali kampeni misa mu thandizo amakampani zoweta, makamaka pa ntchito yomanga maofesi kwa Chinese Huguanskih njanji, ndiyeno - "Chitetezo cha njanji" (1911). Nationalization wa Qing boma la makampani sitima Huguanskih misewu amayambitsidwa September-October 1911 chiwembu mu Sichuan - gawo loyamba la Xinhai utasintha. October 10, 1911 panali zipolowe m'madera Wuchang "khamu latsopano" kutsogoleredwa ndi boma. mzinda analengedwa ndi Boma la asilikali, amene atalengeza chiwonongeko cha Qing mafumu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko la China.

Zitatha izi, 14 zigawo ananena paokha ku Beijing. Atalephera ndi yimitsira za kayendedwe chosintha, ndi Ch'ing anapatsa mphamvu yeniyeni ku likulu kuti General n'chokwana Shikai - protege zotani mkati ndi mphamvu imperialist. Mu December, nthumwi za maiko palokha anasonkhana Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen anasankhidwa pulezidenti ndi mutu wa boma Nanking. Pomaliza, inali "mphamvu wapawiri" - zimachitika ankatsutsa chosintha North South. The ukali wa zimene m'deralo ndi mphamvu za boma Nanking, komanso kusintha olekerera con stitutsionalistov mbali ya n'chokwana Shikai analenga mwayi mokomera North. Sun Yat-sen anayenera kusiya utsogoleri ambiri izi pousinthanitsa ndi renunciation wa Manchu mafumu mu 1912. Pambuyo kugwa kwa Qing ufumu wadziko n'chokwana Shikai analandira kuchokera otchedwa mphamvu .zaem ziŵalo kuti mphamvu zake kulimbikitsa. M'chaka cha 1913 iye anamira mu magazi ukuperekedwa kwa gulu lake mu chapakati ndi kum'mwera zigawo.

China: The zigawo zikuluzikulu za mavuto chisanadze chosintha