Chiwerengero cha Andorra: chiwerengero, dziko

Mzinda waung'ono womwe ukukwera kumtunda wakumwera kwa Pyrenees pafupi ndi France ndi Spain, Andorra, uli ndi mbiri yakale komanso yapadera. Anthu okhala m'chigawo cha Andorra ndi osakanizika a mitundu, koma anthu a m'dzikoli amadzitcha okha Andorrans ndipo amanyadira dziko lawo. Ndani avala dzina lodzikuza - Andoran? Ganizirani makhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe za anthu a dzikoli.

Zolinga za boma

Wolemekezeka wa Andorran Valley ndizozigawo zazing'ono za ku Ulaya. Dziko lapadera ndiloti, ngakhale kuti okhala moyandikana nawo monga Spain ndi France, akhala akudzilamulira okha kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu a Andorra chisanafike chaka cha 1993 adalipira ulamuliro wawo ku boma la France ndi Bishop wa Uruguay.

Bungwe lolamulira lalikulu la dzikolo ndi General Council of the Valleys. Kuchokera nthawi zakale, mphamvu ya dzina la akalonga yakhala ikusungidwa, koma lero ikugwira ntchito zambiri. Dzikoli, mogwirizana ndi anthu akuluakulu oyandikana nawo, alibe asilikali, France ndi Spain ali kuteteza dzikoli, mkati mwake amathandizidwa ndi apolisi.

Khoti lalikulu ku Andorra limatchedwa Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo, palinso makhoti apamwamba, akuluakulu komanso apandu. Likulu la dzikoli ndi mzinda wa Andorra la Vella, womwe uli pamwamba pamapiri. Dzikoli liri ndi chikhalidwe chapadera chomwe mizu ya Chisipanishi ndi Chifaransa imasakanikirana, koma lingaliro lodziwika ndi kudziimira limakhazikitsa maziko a miyambo ndi kudzidzimva kwa anthu ake. Kwa okhala m'dziko laling'ono ndikofunikira kuti akhalebe osiyana ndi oyandikana nawo, ndipo a Andorra amasunga mosamala miyambo yawo ndi miyambo yawo. Pali zikondwerero zambiri ndi zikondwerero, zomwe zambiri zimakhala zachipembedzo.

Geography

Andorra ndi dziko lamapiri, palibe malo amodzi pansi pa mamita 900 pamwamba pa nyanja. Dziko laling'ono, lachisanu ndi chimodzi mwaling'ono kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lili m'chigwa cha kum'mwera kwa Pyrenees. Malo ake ali pafupi makilomita 450.

Malo a dzikoli ndi mapiri, okhala ndi mitsinje yambiri, ndi nkhalango ndi zigwa zazing'ono m'mipata pakati pa mapiri. Anthu a Andorra amazoloŵera kuti ayenera kukhala m'malo ovuta. Pali malo ang'onoang'ono omwe angathe kulima, koma chifukwa cha pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndikuphimba ndi mapiri ochokera kumpoto kwa mlengalenga, nyengo ya m'mapiri ikuwonekera pano, yomwe imathandiza kwambiri pa thanzi. Pano pali nyengo yozizira koma yofatsa ndi mvula yambiri. Nthawi zambiri kutentha kwapachaka m'zigwa ndi +22 madigiri. M'mapiri, ndithudi, ndi yozizira, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira.

Chilankhulo

Anthu a ku Andorra amalankhula chilankhulo cha Chi Catalan. Ilo linakhazikitsidwa mkati mwa gulu la Gallo-Roman. ChiCatalani chiri pafupi ndi Chifalansa, zomwe zimakhala ndi miyambo yofanana ndi ya Chisipanishi, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu imodzi yokha. Pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya anthu a m'dzikoli amalankhula chinenerochi. Pang'ono ndi 30% amalankhula Chisipanishi, pafupifupi 15% - mu Chipwitikizi. Mitundu yotsalirayo ikuwerengera anthu ochepa. Komanso, Chingerezi chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri ku Andorra, makamaka m'madera okaona malo.

Mbiri yothetsera

Malo oyambirira m'madera a akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akubwerera ku chisanu. Anthu oyamba okhala ku Andorra ndi Aroma, amene analanda mayikowa mu 220 BC, akubweretsa chiyankhulo chawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo kuno. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Roma, gawoli linatsalira mpaka zaka 414. Pambuyo pake, dzikoli linayendetsedwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi mafuko a Visigothik.

Maziko a boma la Andorra amadziwika ndi Karl Wamkulu, yemwe mu 790 anatsimikizira ufulu wa dzikoli. Anagonjetsa asilikali a Saracens mothandizidwa ndi anthu okhala m'chigwa cha Andorran. Chifukwa cha ichi iye adawatcha anthu kukhala mfumu ndipo adamupatsa chitetezo chake. Dziko linakhala mbali ya bishopu wa Urchelian.

Mu 817 dzikoli linakhazikitsidwa kukhala gawo la Ufumu wa Frankish, Louis the Pious anapereka mwapadera Chikhazikitso Chachikulu cha Ufulu. Kwa zaka mazana angapo dzikoli linagonjetsedwa ndi adani, koma likuwoneka bwino. Mu 1278, mgwirizano unalembedwa pa ulamuliro wadziko lonse wa Andorra. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, iye anapereka msonkho (monga chakudya) kwa France ndi Bishop Urhel (Spain). Izi zinapitiliza mpaka 1993, pamene lamulo latsopano la Andorra linakhazikitsidwa. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, boma lakhala membala wa UN, mu 1994 ndi membala wa Council of Europe.

Mphamvu za anthu ndi kuchuluka kwake

Andorra, anthu (okhala ndi anthu 71,000 mu 2015) ali ndi chizoloŵezi chochepa chokwanira, kumasiyanitsa ndi kukulitsa chonde ndi kulimbana ndi imfa. Khama limeneli limapereka zotsatira, chizindikiro choyamba lero chikuposa kawiri kuposa chachiwiri. Chaka chonse, ana pafupifupi 700 akuyembekezeredwa kubadwa ndipo pafupifupi 450 akufa. Mlingo wa kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ayenera kukhala munthu mmodzi pa tsiku mu 2016.

Gawo la Andorra ndi makilomita 468 lalikulu. Iwo amakhala, monga taonera, anthu zikwi 71. Motero, zowerengeka zosavuta zimathandiza kuti kumvetsetsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu cha dzikolo ndi anthu 153 pa kilomita imodzi. Icho chikuphatikizapo 48 pa dziko mu chizindikiro ichi. Poyerekeza, mu dziko lina lachilendo - Monaco - chiwerengero ndi anthu 16,000 pa kilomita imodzi.

Kusiyana kwa mafuko

Ku Andorra, pali zovuta kwambiri kwa anthu othawa kwawo, kotero pali ochepa okhala pano, makamaka kusamukira kumagwirizana ndi mafunde a mbiriyakale. Koma dzikoli silinagwidwe ndi chizoloŵezi cha ku Ulaya konse kusuntha anthu. Choncho, anthu a Andorra, omwe mayiko awo akuyimira mosiyana, sangathe kutchedwa kuti homogeneous. Mitundu yake ikuwonetsera ndondomeko ndi zochitika za kukhazikitsidwa kwa dzikoli. 45.9% ya anthu ali Andorans. Chilumba chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu akunja ndi anthu a ku Spain (26.37% mwa anthu onse). Achipwitikizi amapanga 14.2%, a French - chabe pansi pa 5%, British - 1.27%, mitundu ina - 7.32%.

Kusiyanitsa zaka

Kugawidwa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu a m'dzikoli ndi zaka zotsatirazi. Avereji ya zaka za okhala ku Andorra ndi zaka 42.4. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi 82.6 zaka, malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi dziko liri pamalo asanu ndi awiri padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, 15,6% ya chiwerengero cha Andorrans ndi ana osakwana zaka 15.

Anthu a ku Andorra, ana omwe ali ochepa, ali ndi nkhawa, popeza pali chiopsezo chothamangira ku mayiko ena a ukalamba. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la anthu okhalamo ndilo anthu omwe ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 64, zomwe ndi 71.4%. Okalamba ndi 13%. Chiwerengero cha anthu achikulire komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chiyembekezo cha moyo chikhoza kutcha Andorra dziko la anthu okalamba. Zidzakula pang'onopang'ono chiŵerengero cha anthu a zaka zolemekezeka, izi zingachititse mavuto aakulu azachuma, choncho boma likuchita nawo kuthetsa vutoli.

Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu

Mu 2016 anthu a Andorra ali anthu zikwi 71, omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri - anthu ambiri. Chizindikiro ichi chimatilola ife kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu - ndi 40%. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chimatanthawuza zotsatirazi: anthu ambiri angathe kuthandiza ana awo mosavuta. Kuwerengera kwa chiŵerengero pakati pa anthu okalamba ndi okalamba kumatheketsa kuwerengera katundu wa penshoni, ku Andorra ndi 18.2%. Zonsezi, ndi chiwerengero chokhala ndi moyo wochulukirapo komanso kukula kochepa, ichi ndi chizindikiro chochititsa mantha, chomwe chimasonyeza kuti zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti dziko likhale lothandiza anthu ogwira ntchito pantchito yawo.

M'badwo wa Andorran ndi piramidi ya kugonana ndi izi:

- ali ndi zaka 15, amuna lero m'dzikoli ndi 5760, akazi - 5456;

- ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 65 amuna 26726, akazi - 24602;

- ali ndi zaka zoposa 65 amuna ndi akazi - 4661.

Chitsanzo choterechi chikusonyeza kuti Andorra ndi dziko locheperachepera, lokhazikika kapena lokalamba. Choncho chiwerengero cha ndalama zapenshoni, ndi chiyembekezo choopsa cha dzikoli chothandizira okalamba. Chizoloŵezi chimenechi chimakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi mayiko onse a ku Europe, ndipo boma lirilonse limayesetsa kuthetsa vutoli mwa njira yake. M'mayiko ambiri amachotsedwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu othawa kwawo, koma ku Andorra njirayi ndi yosatheka.

Kusiyana kwa kugonana

Ziwerengero za kugawidwa kwa kugonana kwa anthu a m'dzikoli zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha akazi mmenemo chiri osachepera cha amuna. Ali ndi zaka 15, kusiyana kuli pafupi ndi anthu 300. Pakukula, kusiyana kumeneku ndi anthu 2,000, ndipo pa ukalamba chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi chimafanana. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa chakuti anthu a Andorra, amuna omwe amakhala nawo ambiri ndi ochepa kuposa akazi, samakula ndi zochepa zowonjezereka, koma amakhala ndi malire a kubereka kwachibadwidwe, ndipo anyamata amakhala obadwa nthawi zambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi zaka zingapo.

The Economy

Poganizira anthu a Andorra, omwe akugawidwa m'dziko lonselo, mukhoza kuona mbali yapadera. Ngakhale posachedwapa, anthu okhalamo amakhala m'midzi yaing'ono kwa mabanja asanu ndi asanu ndi limodzi, koma kukula kwa nyumba zonsezi kunali kwakukulu.

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amakhala kumidzi, ndipo midzi ya Andorra ndi yochepa. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha zofunikira za chuma cha dziko. Andorra ndi boma lomwe liripo makamaka chifukwa cha zokopa alendo (80% ya ndalama). Iyi ndi paradaiso weniweni wa kusewera kwa mapiri, ndipo chaka chilichonse pafupifupi alendo 9 miliyoni amabwera kuno.

Malingana ndi GDP, dzikoli lili pa malo 19 pa dziko lapansi. M'gawo lake, makamaka fodya, mipando, ubweya wa nkhosa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi manja. Zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Andorra zimatulutsidwa. Chithandizo chachikulu ku chuma ndicho mgwirizano wa malonda opanda ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa katundu wambiri kukhala wotsika kuposa m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Spain ndi a ku France azibwera ku Andorra tsiku limodzi kukagula, kugula fodya ndi zakumwa za mowa nthawi zambiri.

Ntchito ya anthu

Chodziwika bwino cha chuma cha dziko chimapangitsa kuti 94,4% a anthu azigwira ntchito mu gawo lautumiki, osachepera 1% mu ulimi, 4.7% mu malonda. Kwa nyengo yapamwamba, anthu ambiri othawa kwawo akubwera ku Andorra, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti athetse kufunika kwa ntchito zina zowonjezera. Komabe, izi zimapangitsanso vuto ndi ntchito kwa anthu amderalo. Kulephera kwa ntchito m'dzikolo ndi 2.9%. Zowona za msika wogwira ntchito zimapangitsa kuti anthu a Andorra, makamaka akazi, sangathe kupeza ntchito nthawi zonse. Momwemo, izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa kugonana kwabwino pakati pa zaka 25-45 ndi maphunziro apamwamba.